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1.
Pharmaceutics ; 14(5)2022 Apr 27.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35631536

RESUMO

(1) Background: An important concomitant of stroke is neuroinflammation. Pomalidomide, a clinically available immunomodulatory imide drug (IMiD) used in cancer therapy, lowers TNF-α generation and thus has potent anti-inflammatory actions. Well-tolerated analogs may provide a stroke treatment and allow evaluation of the role of neuroinflammation in the ischemic brain. (2) Methods: Two novel pomalidomide derivatives, 3,6'-dithiopomalidomide (3,6'-DP) and 1,6'-dithiopomalidomide (1,6'-DP), were evaluated alongside pomalidomide in a rat middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) stroke model, and their anti-inflammatory actions were characterized. (3) Results: Post-MCAo administration of all drugs lowered pro-inflammatory TNF-α and IL1-ß levels, and reduced stroke-induced postural asymmetry and infarct size. Whereas 3,6'- and 1,6'-DP, like pomalidomide, potently bound to cereblon in cellular studies, 3,6'-DP did not lower Ikaros, Aiolos or SALL4 levels-critical intermediates mediating the anticancer/teratogenic actions of pomalidomide and IMiDs. 3,6'-DP and 1,6'-DP lacked activity in mammalian chromosome aberration, AMES and hERG channel assays -critical FDA regulatory tests. Finally, 3,6'- and 1,6'-DP mitigated inflammation across rat primary dopaminergic neuron and microglia mixed cultures challenged with α-synuclein and mouse LPS-challenged RAW 264.7 cells. (4) Conclusion: Neuroinflammation mediated via TNF-α plays a key role in stroke outcome, and 3,6'-DP and 1,6'-DP may prove valuable as stroke therapies and thus warrant further preclinical development.

2.
Brain Sci ; 11(11)2021 Oct 20.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34827369

RESUMO

To identify a screening tool for poor self-reported sleep quality at 12 weeks according to non-invasive measurements and patients' characteristics in the first week after mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), data from 473 mTBI participants were collected and follow-ups were performed at 12 weeks. Patients with previous poor self-reported sleep quality prior to the injury were excluded. Patients were then divided into two groups at 12 weeks according to the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index based on whether or not they experienced poor sleep quality. The analysis was performed on personal profiles and heart rate variability (HRV) for 1 week. After analyzing the non-invasive measurements and characteristics of mTBI patients who did not complain of poor sleep quality, several factors were found to be relevant to the delayed onset of poor sleep quality, including age, gender, and HRV measurements. The HRV-age-gender (HAG) index was proposed and found to have 100% sensitivity (cut-off, 7; specificity, 0.537) to predicting whether the patient will experience poor sleep quality after mTBI at the 12-week follow-up. The HAG index helps us to identify patients with mTBI who have no sleep quality complaints but are prone to developing poor self-reported sleep quality. Additional interventions to improve sleep quality would be important for these particular patients in the future.

3.
J Neurotrauma ; 38(10): 1445-1449, 2021 May 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25747875

RESUMO

Over 2 million people suffer from mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) each year. Predicting symptoms of mTBI and the characterization of those symptoms has been challenging. Biomarkers that correlate clinical symptoms to disease outcome are desired to improve understanding of the disease and optimize patient care. Bone marrow kinase on chromosome X (BMX), a member of the TEC family of nonreceptor tyrosine kinases, is up-regulated after traumatic neural injury in a rat model of mTBI. The aim of this investigation was to determine whether BMX serum concentrations can effectively be used to predict outcomes after mTBI in a clinical setting. A total of 63 patients with mTBI (Glasgow Coma Score [GCS] between 13 and 15) were included. Blood samples taken at the time of hospital admission were analyzed for BMX. Data collected included demographic and clinical variables. Outcomes were assessed using the Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI) questionnaire at baseline and 6 weeks postinjury. The participant was asssigned to the case group if the subject's complaints of dizziness became worse at the sixth week assessment; otherwise, the participant was assigned to the control group. A receiver operating characteristic curve was constructed to explore BMX level. Significant associations were found between serum levels of BMX and dizziness. Areas under the curve for prediction of change in DHI postinjury were 0.76 for total score, 0.69 for physical score, 0.65 for emotional score, and 0.66 for functional score. Specificities were between 0.69 and 0.77 for total score and emotional score, respectively. Therefore, BMX demonstrates potential as a candidate serum biomarker of exacerbating dizziness post-mTBI.


Assuntos
Concussão Encefálica/sangue , Concussão Encefálica/complicações , Tontura/sangue , Tontura/etiologia , Proteínas Tirosina Quinases/sangue , Adulto , Idoso , Biomarcadores/sangue , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade
4.
Int J Mol Sci ; 21(8)2020 Apr 21.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32326191

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Stroke is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide and places a heavy burden on the economy in our society. Current treatments, such as the use of thrombolytic agents, are often limited by a narrow therapeutic time window. However, the regeneration of the brain after damage is still active days, even weeks, after stroke occurs, which might provide a second window for treatment. Emodin, a traditional Chinese medicinal herb widely used to treat acute hepatitis, has been reported to possess antioxidative capabilities and protective effects against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. However, the underlying mechanisms and neuroprotective functions of Emodin in a rat middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model of ischemic stroke remain unknown. This study investigates neuroprotective effects of Emodin in ischemia both in vitro and in vivo. METHODS: PC12 cells were exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation to simulate hypoxic injury, and the involved signaling pathways and results of Emodin treatment were evaluated. The therapeutic effects of Emodin in ischemia animals were further investigated. RESULTS: Emodin reduced infarct volume and cell death following focal cerebral ischemia injury. Emodin treatment restored PC12 cell viability and reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and glutamate release under conditions of ischemia/hypoxia. Emodin increased Bcl-2 and glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-l) expression but suppressed activated-caspase 3 levels through activating the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-1/2 signaling pathway. CONCLUSION: Emodin induced Bcl-2 and GLT-1 expression to inhibit neuronal apoptosis and ROS generation while reducing glutamate toxicity via the ERK-1/2 signaling pathway. Furthermore, Emodin alleviated nerve cell injury following ischemia/reperfusion in a rat MCAO model. Emodin has neuroprotective effects against ischemia/reperfusion injury both in vitro and in vivo, which may be through activating the ERK-1/2 signaling pathway.


Assuntos
Emodina/farmacologia , Sistema de Sinalização das MAP Quinases/efeitos dos fármacos , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/farmacologia , Traumatismo por Reperfusão/etiologia , Traumatismo por Reperfusão/metabolismo , Animais , Biomarcadores , Sobrevivência Celular , Suscetibilidade a Doenças , Hipóxia/metabolismo , Imuno-Histoquímica , Células PC12 , Ratos , Traumatismo por Reperfusão/tratamento farmacológico
5.
Brain Res ; 1720: 146301, 2019 10 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31226324

RESUMO

Although a good deal is known about the genetics and pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease (PD), and information is emerging about its cause, there are no pharmacological treatments shown to have a significant, sustained capacity to prevent or attenuate the ongoing neurodegenerative processes. However, there is accumulating clinical results to suggest that physical exercise is such a treatment, and studies of animal models of the dopamine (DA) deficiency associated with the motor symptoms of PD further support this hypothesis. Exercise is a non-pharmacological, economically practical, and sustainable intervention with little or no risk and with significant additional health benefits. In this study, we investigated the long-term effects of voluntary exercise on motor behavior and brain biochemistry in the transgenic MitoPark mouse PD model with progressive degeneration of the DA systems caused by DAT-driven deletion of the mitochondrial transcription factor TFAM in DA neurons. We found that voluntary exercise markedly improved behavioral function, including overall motor activity, narrow beam walking, and rotarod performance. There was also improvement of biochemical markers of nigrostriatal DA input. This was manifested by increased levels of DA measured by HPLC, and of the DA membrane transporter measured by PET. Moreover, exercise increased oxygen consumption and, by inference, ATP production via oxidative phosphorylation. Thus, exercise augmented aerobic mitochondrial oxidative metabolism vs glycolysis in the nigrostriatal system. We conclude that there are clear-cut physiological mechanisms for beneficial effects of exercise in PD.


Assuntos
Doença de Parkinson/metabolismo , Esforço Físico/fisiologia , Animais , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Corpo Estriado/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Dopamina/metabolismo , Proteínas da Membrana Plasmática de Transporte de Dopamina/metabolismo , Neurônios Dopaminérgicos/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Transgênicos , Mitocôndrias/metabolismo , Atividade Motora/fisiologia , Doença de Parkinson/terapia , Substância Negra/efeitos dos fármacos , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo , Tirosina 3-Mono-Oxigenase/metabolismo
6.
Cell Transplant ; 28(4): 439-450, 2019 04.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31094216

RESUMO

Stroke is a leading cause of death and severe disability worldwide. After cerebral ischemia, inflammation plays a central role in the development of permanent neurological damage. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in the mechanism of post-ischemic inflammation. The activation of several inflammatory enzymes produces ROS, which subsequently suppress mitochondrial activity, leading to further tissue damage. Pomalidomide (POM) is a clinically available immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory agent. Prior cellular studies demonstrate that POM can mitigate oxidative stress and lower levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, particularly TNF-α, which plays a prominent role in ischemic stroke-induced brain damage and functional deficits. To evaluate the potential value of POM in cerebral ischemia, POM was initially administered to transgenic mice chronically over-expressing TNF-α surfactant protein (SP)-C promoter (SP-C/TNF-α mice) to assess whether systemically administered drug could lower systemic TNF-α level. POM significantly lowered serum levels of TNF-α and IL-5. Pharmacokinetic studies were then undertaken in mice to evaluate brain POM levels following systemic drug administration. POM possessed a brain/plasma concentration ratio of 0.71. Finally, rats were subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) for 60 min, and subsequently treated with POM 30 min thereafter to evaluate action on cerebral ischemia. POM reduced the cerebral infarct volume in MCAo-challenged rats and improved motor activity, as evaluated by the elevated body swing test. POM's neuroprotective actions on ischemic injury represent a potential therapeutic approach for ischemic brain damage and related disorders, and warrant further evaluation.


Assuntos
Inibidores da Angiogênese/uso terapêutico , Isquemia Encefálica/tratamento farmacológico , Talidomida/análogos & derivados , Inibidores da Angiogênese/farmacologia , Animais , Masculino , Camundongos , Ratos , Talidomida/farmacologia , Talidomida/uso terapêutico
7.
Behav Neurol ; 2019: 4364592, 2019.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31110595

RESUMO

Introduction. Over 1 million mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) cases are reported annually worldwide and may result in cognitive, physical, and emotional deterioration; depression; anxiety; and sleep problems. However, studies on long-term mTBI effects are limited. This study included 440 patients, and regular follow-ups of psychological assessments were performed for 2 years. Four questionnaires, including the Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI), Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS), Beck's anxiety inventory (BAI), and Beck's depression inventory (BDI), were used to evaluate sleep problems, daytime sleepiness, anxiety, and depression, respectively. Results show that BAI and BDI scores considerably improved at the 6th-week, 1st-year, and 2nd-year follow-ups compared to baseline, yet these remained significantly different. In addition, anxiety and depression were prominent symptoms in a select subgroup of patients with poor initial evaluations, which improved over the 2 years. However, the ESS and PSQI scores fluctuated only mildly over the same time span. In conclusion, the mTBI patients showed a gradual improvement of anxiety and depression over the 2 years following injury. While anxiety and depression levels for mTBI patients in general did not return to premorbid status, improvements were observed. Sleep disorders persisted and were consistent with initial levels of distress.


Assuntos
Concussão Encefálica/complicações , Concussão Encefálica/psicologia , Adulto , Ansiedade/psicologia , Depressão/psicologia , Transtorno Depressivo , Feminino , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Escalas de Graduação Psiquiátrica , Psicometria/métodos , Sono , Transtornos do Sono-Vigília/psicologia , Inquéritos e Questionários
8.
J Neurotrauma ; 36(7): 1054-1059, 2019 04 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30226403

RESUMO

Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) constitutes 75 ∼ 90% of all TBI cases and causes various physical, cognitive, emotional, and other psychological symptoms. Nogo receptor 1 (NgR1) is a regulator of structural brain plasticity during development and in adulthood. Here, we used mice that, in the absence of doxycycline, overexpress NgR1 in forebrain neurons (MemoFlex) to determine the role of NgR1 in recovery from mTBI with respect to balance, cognition, memory, and emotion. We compared wild-type (WT), MemoFlex, and MemoFlex + doxycycline mice to the same three groups subjected to mTBI. mTBI was induced by a controlled 30-g weight drop. We found that inability to downregulate NgR1 significantly impairs recovery from mTBI-induced impairments. When the NgR1 transgene was turned off, recovery was similar to that of WT mice. The results suggest that the ability to regulate NgR1 signaling is needed for optimal recovery of motor coordination and balance, spatial memory, cognition, and emotional functions after mTBI.


Assuntos
Concussão Encefálica/metabolismo , Cognição/fisiologia , Emoções/fisiologia , Receptor Nogo 1/metabolismo , Equilíbrio Postural/fisiologia , Recuperação de Função Fisiológica/fisiologia , Animais , Concussão Encefálica/fisiopatologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Feminino , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Transgênicos , Neurônios/metabolismo , Receptor Nogo 1/genética , Prosencéfalo/metabolismo , Memória Espacial/fisiologia
9.
Int J Mol Sci ; 19(10)2018 Oct 19.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30347766

RESUMO

Due to its high oxygen demand and abundance of peroxidation-susceptible lipid cells, the brain is particularly vulnerable to oxidative stress. Induced by a redox state imbalance involving either excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) or dysfunction of the antioxidant system, oxidative stress plays a central role in a common pathophysiology that underpins neuronal cell death in acute neurological disorders epitomized by stroke and chronic ones such as Alzheimer's disease. After cerebral ischemia, for example, inflammation bears a key responsibility in the development of permanent neurological damage. ROS are involved in the mechanism of post-ischemic inflammation. The activation of several inflammatory enzymes produces ROS, which subsequently suppress mitochondrial activity, leading to further tissue damage. Pomalidomide (POM) is a clinically available immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory agent. Using H2O2-treated rat primary cortical neuronal cultures, we found POM displayed neuroprotective effects against oxidative stress and cell death that associated with changes in the nuclear factor erythroid derived 2/superoxide dismutase 2/catalase signaling pathway. POM also suppressed nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer (NF-κB) levels and significantly mitigated cortical neuronal apoptosis by regulating Bax, Cytochrome c and Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase. In summary, POM exerted neuroprotective effects via its anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory actions against H2O2-induced injury. POM consequently represents a potential therapeutic agent against brain damage and related disorders and warrants further evaluation.


Assuntos
Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Apoptose , Neurônios/efeitos dos fármacos , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/farmacologia , Talidomida/análogos & derivados , Animais , Células Cultivadas , Córtex Cerebral/citologia , Peróxido de Hidrogênio/toxicidade , Neurônios/metabolismo , Estresse Oxidativo , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Talidomida/farmacologia
10.
Brain Res ; 1677: 118-128, 2017 Dec 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28963051

RESUMO

Stroke commonly leads to adult disability and death worldwide. Its major symptoms are spastic hemiplegia and discordant motion, consequent to neuronal cell death induced by brain vessel occlusion. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is upregulated and allied with inflammation and apoptosis after stroke. Recent studies suggest that AChE inhibition ameliorates ischemia-reperfusion injury and has neuroprotective properties. (-)-Phenserine, a reversible AChE inhibitor, has a broad range of actions independent of its AChE properties, including neuroprotective ones. However, its protective effects and detailed mechanism of action in the rat middle cerebral artery occlusion model (MCAO) remain to be elucidated. This study investigated the therapeutic effects of (-)-phenserine for stroke in the rat focal cerebral ischemia model and oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/RP) damage model in SH-SY5Y neuronal cultures. (-)-Phenserine mitigated OGD/PR-induced SH-SY5Y cell death, providing an inverted U-shaped dose-response relationship between concentration and survival. In MCAO challenged rats, (-)-phenserine reduced infarction volume, cell death and improved body asymmetry, a behavioral measure of stoke impact. In both cellular and animal studies, (-)-phenserine elevated brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) levels, and decreased activated-caspase 3, amyloid precursor protein (APP) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression, potentially mediated through the ERK-1/2 signaling pathway. These actions mitigated neuronal apoptosis in the stroke penumbra, and decreased matrix metallopeptidase-9 (MMP-9) expression. In synopsis, (-)-phenserine significantly reduced neuronal damage induced by ischemia/reperfusion injury in a rat model of MCAO and cellular model of OGD/RP, demonstrating that its anti-apoptotic/neuroprotective/neurotrophic cholinergic and non-cholinergic properties warrant further evaluation in conditions of brain injury.


Assuntos
Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Isquemia Encefálica/tratamento farmacológico , Neurônios/efeitos dos fármacos , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/farmacologia , Fisostigmina/análogos & derivados , Traumatismo por Reperfusão/tratamento farmacológico , Animais , Apoptose/fisiologia , Isquemia Encefálica/metabolismo , Isquemia Encefálica/patologia , Hipóxia Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Hipóxia Celular/fisiologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Sobrevivência Celular/fisiologia , Inibidores da Colinesterase/farmacologia , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Glucose/deficiência , Humanos , Masculino , Neurônios/metabolismo , Neurônios/patologia , Fisostigmina/farmacologia , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Traumatismo por Reperfusão/metabolismo , Traumatismo por Reperfusão/patologia , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/tratamento farmacológico , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/metabolismo , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/patologia
11.
J Neurotrauma ; 33(22): 2044-2054, 2016 11 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26972789

RESUMO

Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is a major public health issue, representing 75-90% of all cases of TBI. In clinical settings, mTBI, which is defined as a Glascow Coma Scale (GCS) score of 13-15, can lead to various physical, cognitive, emotional, and psychological-related symptoms. To date, there are no pharmaceutical-based therapies to manage the development of the pathological deficits associated with mTBI. In this study, the neurotrophic and neuroprotective properties of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), an incretin similar to glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), was investigated after its steady-state subcutaneous administration, focusing on behavior after mTBI in an in vivo animal model. The mTBI rat model was generated by a mild controlled cortical impact (mCCI) and used to evaluate the therapeutic potential of GIP. We used the Morris water maze and novel object recognition tests, which are tasks for spatial and recognition memory, respectively, to identify the putative therapeutic effects of GIP on cognitive function. Further, beam walking and the adhesive removal tests were used to evaluate locomotor activity and somatosensory functions in rats with and without GIP administration after mCCI lesion. Lastly, we used immunohistochemical (IHC) staining and Western blot analyses to evaluate the inflammatory markers, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), amyloid-ß precursor protein (APP), and bone marrow tyrosine kinase gene in chromosome X (BMX) in animals with mTBI. GIP was well tolerated and ameliorated mTBI-induced memory impairments, poor balance, and sensorimotor deficits after initiation in the post-injury period. In addition, GIP mitigated mTBI-induced neuroinflammatory changes on GFAP, APP, and BMX protein levels. These findings suggest GIP has significant benefits in managing mTBI-related symptoms and represents a novel strategy for mTBI treatment.


Assuntos
Concussão Encefálica/tratamento farmacológico , Disfunção Cognitiva/tratamento farmacológico , Polipeptídeo Inibidor Gástrico/administração & dosagem , Mediadores da Inflamação/antagonistas & inibidores , Desempenho Psicomotor/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Concussão Encefálica/metabolismo , Concussão Encefálica/psicologia , Disfunção Cognitiva/metabolismo , Disfunção Cognitiva/psicologia , Humanos , Inflamação/tratamento farmacológico , Inflamação/metabolismo , Inflamação/psicologia , Mediadores da Inflamação/metabolismo , Injeções Subcutâneas , Masculino , Desempenho Psicomotor/fisiologia , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley
12.
Int J Mol Sci ; 17(2): 216, 2016 Feb 06.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26861311

RESUMO

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a primary injury caused by external physical force and also a secondary injury caused by biological processes such as metabolic, cellular, and other molecular events that eventually lead to brain cell death, tissue and nerve damage, and atrophy. It is a common disease process (as opposed to an event) that causes disabilities and high death rates. In order to treat all the repercussions of this injury, treatment becomes increasingly complex and difficult throughout the evolution of a TBI. Using high-throughput microarray data, we developed a systems biology approach to explore potential molecular mechanisms at four time points post-TBI (4, 8, 24, and 72 h), using a controlled cortical impact (CCI) model. We identified 27, 50, 48, and 59 significant proteins as network biomarkers at these four time points, respectively. We present their network structures to illustrate the protein-protein interactions (PPIs). We also identified UBC (Ubiquitin C), SUMO1, CDKN1A (cyclindependent kinase inhibitor 1A), and MYC as the core network biomarkers at the four time points, respectively. Using the functional analytical tool MetaCore™, we explored regulatory mechanisms and biological processes and conducted a statistical analysis of the four networks. The analytical results support some recent findings regarding TBI and provide additional guidance and directions for future research.


Assuntos
Biomarcadores , Lesões Encefálicas/metabolismo , Modelos Biológicos , Biologia de Sistemas , Algoritmos , Animais , Lesões Encefálicas/genética , Ciclo Celular , Biologia Computacional/métodos , Mapeamento de Interação de Proteínas , Mapas de Interação de Proteínas , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Transdução de Sinais , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/metabolismo , Biologia de Sistemas/métodos , Fatores de Tempo
13.
J Surg Res ; 179(1): 138-44, 2013 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23122667

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: In traumatic brain injury animal models, sham or naïve control groups are often used for the analysis of injured animals; however, the existence and/or significance of differences in the control groups has yet to be studied. In addition, recent controversies regarding the decompressive craniectomy trial in which decompressive craniectomies in patients with severe traumatic brain injury and refractory increased intracranial pressure remains unsettled. Although the report demonstrated that the procedure may result in less favorable long-term outcomes despite the decrease in intracranial pressure and shorter length of intensive care unit stay, the study has been criticized, and the debate is still inconclusive partly because of a lack of mechanistic explanation. We have recently discovered epithelial and endothelial tyrosine kinase (Etk) to exhibit upregulation after traumatic neural injury and will compare the effects of craniectomy procedure with those of other procedures inducing different levels of severity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Four groups of rats receiving different procedures (controlled cortical impact, craniectomy, bicortical drilling, and unicortical drilling [UD]) were compared. Polymerase chain reaction, Western blot analysis, and immunoflorescence staining of Etk, S100, and glial fibrillary acidic protein levels were used to analyze the results and compare the different groups. RESULTS: Etk upregulation was statistically significant between craniectomy and UD groups. The level of change for glial fibrillary acidic protein and S100 was only significant when cortex was impacted. CONCLUSIONS: UD may be preferable as a sham control procedure over craniectomy or bicortical drilling. Increases in the expression of Etk in the craniectomy group suggest a possible mechanism by which unfavorable outcome occurs in patients receiving craniectomy procedures.


Assuntos
Lesões Encefálicas/etiologia , Lesões Encefálicas/metabolismo , Craniectomia Descompressiva/efeitos adversos , Proteína Glial Fibrilar Ácida/metabolismo , Proteínas Tirosina Quinases/metabolismo , Proteínas S100/metabolismo , Animais , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Craniectomia Descompressiva/métodos , Masculino , Modelos Animais , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Regulação para Cima
14.
PLoS One ; 7(6): e39226, 2012.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22723969

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Much recent research effort in traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been devoted to the discovery of a reliable biomarker correlating with severity of injury. Currently, no consensus has been reached regarding a representative marker for traumatic brain injury. In this study, we explored the potential of epithelial/endothelial tyrosine kinase (Etk) as a novel marker for TBI. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: TBI was induced in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats by controlled cortical impact. Brain tissue samples were analyzed by Western blot, Q-PCR, and immunofluorescence staining using various markers including glial fibrillary acidic protein, and epithelial/endothelial tyrosine kinase (Etk). Results show increased Etk expression with increased number and severity of impacts. Expression increased 2.36 to 7-fold relative to trauma severity. Significant upregulation of Etk appeared at 1 hour after injury. The expression level of Etk was inversely correlated with distance from injury site. Etk and trauma/inflammation related markers increased post-TBI, while other tyrosine kinases did not. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE: The observed correlation between Etk level and the number of impacts, the severity of impact, and the time course after impact, as well as its inverse correlation with distance away from injury site, support the potential of Etk as a possible indicator of trauma severity.


Assuntos
Lesões Encefálicas/genética , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Neurônios/metabolismo , Proteínas Tirosina Quinases/genética , Animais , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Encéfalo/patologia , Lesões Encefálicas/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Masculino , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/genética , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/metabolismo , Proteínas Tirosina Quinases/metabolismo , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Proteínas S100/genética , Proteínas S100/metabolismo , Índices de Gravidade do Trauma
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