RESUMO
The aim of this study was to develop poly(ethyl-2-cyanoacrylate) (PECA) epirubicin-loaded nanoparticles (EPI-NP). A 2(3) factorial design was adopted with the type of surfactant, surfactant concentration and the pH of the polymerization medium as independent variables. The particle size, entrapment efficacy and polydispersity index of eight formulations were then evaluated. Two optimal EPI-NP formulations, 2% Tween 80 EPI-NP (TW80 EPI-NP) and 0.5% pluronic F68 EPI-NP (F68 EPI-NP) at pH 2.5 were developed. The sizes of TW80 EPI-NP and F68 EPI-NP at maximum intensity were 90 and 220 nm, respectively. Both TW80 EPI-NP and F68 EPI-NP showed potent cytotoxicity against human bladder cancer T24 and RT4 cells, compared with aqueous solutions of epirubicin (EPI-AQ). The penetration and accumulation of EPI-NPs in pig urothelium were studied by tissue concentration-depth profiles and fluorescence microscopy. The cumulative amounts of epirubicin following EPI-AQ, TW80 EPI-NP and F68 EPI-NP treatments were 842.48+/-24.66, 1314.66+/-33.07 and 595.21+/-24.16 microg, respectively. The current study showed the successful development of urothelium adhesive and penetrative PECA EPI-NPs. This has potential for the in vivo application of epirubicin-loaded nanoparticles for intravesical instillation in bladder cancer therapy.
Assuntos
Portadores de Fármacos/síntese química , Portadores de Fármacos/farmacocinética , Sistemas de Liberação de Medicamentos/métodos , Epirubicina/administração & dosagem , Epirubicina/farmacocinética , Nanopartículas/química , Administração Intravesical , Animais , Antibióticos Antineoplásicos/administração & dosagem , Antibióticos Antineoplásicos/química , Antibióticos Antineoplásicos/farmacocinética , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Cianoacrilatos/química , Portadores de Fármacos/química , Epirubicina/química , Humanos , Projetos de Pesquisa , Tensoativos/química , Urotélio/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
The article focuses on integrated play groups (IPGs) as a model to support children with ASD in play with typically developing peers/siblings, and its recent adoption with children in a home and school setting in Taiwan. The first part provides a brief overview of the IPG model and its essential features. The second part reports on a pilot investigation that combined quantitative and qualitative methods to examine the effects of participation in IPGs on the symbolic and social play of two early elementary-aged children with autism. Preliminary findings suggest that each child made notable gains in reciprocal social interaction and symbolic/pretend play while participating in play groups. Implications are discussed in terms of play's role in enhancing socialization, imagination and peer cultural inclusion.
