Comprehensive Analyses of Prognostic Values and Immune Infiltration of KDM3 Gene Family in Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most commonly diagnosed malignancy globally with a pessimistic prognosis. Previous studies have demonstrated that abnormal expression of genes in the lysine-specific histone demethylase 3 (KDM3) family with epigenetic changes and dysregulation of enzymes promotes cancer progression. In this study, multiomics analyses were utilized to analyze differential expression, prognostic value, genetic alteration, protein-protein interaction, associated biological pathways and immune cell infiltration of KDM3s in patients with HCC. KDM3A-C were significantly upregulated to different extents based on pathologic and tumor grades in patients with HCC compared to normal tissue. Of note, higher KDM3A expression was associated with poor survival in HCC patients, whereas KDM3B and KDM3C were not associated with survival. Furthermore, KDM3A-B genetic alterations had significant effects on survival in patients with HCC. Analyses of the KEGG pathway and miRNAs targets of KDM3A and KDM3B in HCC may provide potential value in tumor behaviors and treatment. The differential expression of the KDM3 family has a strongly significant correlation with the infiltration of the abundance of immune cells, including B cells, CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells in HCC. This study indicates that KDM3A may have the potential to be a promising molecular target in terms of prognostic biomarkers or therapeutic targets for HCC treatment.

A Comprehensive Evaluation of Prognostic Value and Immune Infiltration of KDM1 Family in Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

INTRODUCTION: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most lethal malignancies in the world. Previous studies indicated that the expression of the KDM1 genes (KDM1s), members of the amine oxidase superfamily, has prognostic value for breast and prostate cancer and malignant neuroblastoma. This study aimed to investigate the expression of KDM1s, their prognostic value, and their correlation with immune infiltration in patients with HCC. METHODS: Multiomics analyses were utilized to analyze differential expression, prognostic value, genetic alteration, and immune cell infiltration of KDM1s in patients with HCC. RESULTS: The high expression of KDM1A indicated poor overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival, whereas the high expression of KDM1B was significantly associated with poor OS. The genetic alterations and biological interaction network of KDM1s may provide detailed information for the dysregulated function of KDM1s in patients with HCC. KDM1-related signaling pathways and miRNA targets were explored and may provide value as therapeutic targets or tumor progression markers. The increased mRNA expression of KDM1s was significantly correlated with the infiltration of diverse immune cells in HCC. CONCLUSIONS: This data-driven study indicates that KDM1s are promising prognostic biomarkers for survival and have the potential to become novel molecular targets in HCC treatments.

Enhanced bioenergy recovery from oil-extracted microalgae residues via two-step H2/CH4 or H2/butanol anaerobic fermentation.

Algae-based biodiesel is considered a promising alternative energy; therefore, the treatment of microalgae residues would be necessary. Anaerobic processes can be used for treating oil-extracted microalgae residues (OMR) and at the same time for recovering bioenergy. In this study, anaerobic batch experiments were conducted to evaluate the potential of recovering bioenergy, in the forms of butanol, H2, or CH4, from pretreated OMR. Using pretreated OMR as the only substrate, a butanol yield of 0.086 g/g-carbohydrate was obtained at carbohydrate of 40 g/L. With supplemented butyrate, a highest butanol yield of 0.192 g/g-carbohydrate was achieved at pretreated OMR containing 25 g/L of carbohydrate with 15 g/L of butyrate addition, attaining the highest energy yield of 3.92 kJ/g-OMR and energy generation rate of 0.65 kJ/g-OMR/d. CH4 production from pretreated OMR attained an energy yield of 8.83 kJ/g-OMR, but energy generation rate required further improvement. H2 production alone from pretreated OMR might not be attractive regarding energy yield, but it attained a superb energy generation rate of 0.68 kJ/g-OMR/d by combining H2 production from pretreated OMR and butanol production from pretreated OMR with supplementary butyrate from H2 fermentation supernatant. This study demonstrated an integrated system as an option for treating OMR and recovering bioenergy.

Biological butanol production from microalgae-based biodiesel residues by Clostridium acetobutylicum.

This study conducted batch experiments to evaluate the potential of butanol production from microalgae biodiesel residues by Clostridium acetobutylicum. The results indicated that with 90 g/L of glucose as the sole substrate the highest butanol yield of 0.2 g/g-glucose was found, but the addition of butyrate significantly enhanced the butanol yield. The highest butanol yield of 0.4 g/g-glucose was found with 60 g/L of glucose and 18 g/L of butyrate. Using microalgae biodiesel residues as substrate, C. acetobutylicum produced 3.86 g/L of butanol and achieved butanol yield of 0.13 g/g-carbohydrate via ABE fermentation, but the results indicated that approximately one third of carbohydrate was not utilized by C. acetobutylicum. Biological butanol production from microalgae biodiesel residues can be possible, but further research on fermentation strategies are required to improve production yield.

Sub-wavelength GaN-based membrane high contrast grating reflectors.

The GaN-based membrane high contrast grating (HCG) reflectors have been fabricated and investigated. The structural parameters including grating periods, grating height, filling factors and air-gap height were calculated to realize high reflectivity spectra with broad bandwidth by the rigorous coupled-wave analysis and finite-difference time-domain method. Based on the optimized simulation results, the GaN-based membrane HCGs were fabricated by e-beam lithography and focused-ion beam process. The fabricated GaN-based membrane HCG reflectors revealed high reflectivity at 460 nm band with large stopband width of 60 nm in the TE polarization measured by using the micro-reflectivity spectrometer. The experimental results also showed a good agreement with simulated ones. We believe this study will be helpful for development of the GaN-based novel light emitting devices in the blue or UV region.