Biofuel cell-based self-powered immunosensor for detection of 17ß-estradiol by integrating the target-induced biofuel release and biogate immunoassay.

A novel biofuel cell (BFC)-based self-powered electrochemical immunosensing platform was developed by integrating the target-induced biofuel release and biogate immunoassay for ultrasensitive 17ß-estradiol (E2) detection. The carbon nanocages/gold nanoparticle composite was employed in the BFCs device as the electrode material, through which bilirubin oxidase and glucose oxidase were wired to form the biocathode and bioanode, respectively. Positively charged mesoporous silica nanoparticles (PMSN) were encapsulated with glucose molecules as biofuel and subsequently coated by the negatively charged AuNPs-labelled anti-E2 antibody (AuNPs-Ab) serving as a biogate. The biogate could be opened efficiently and the trapped glucose released once the target E2 was recognized and captured by AuNPs-Ab due to the decreased adhesion between the antigen-antibody complex and PMSN. Then, glucose oxidase oxidized the glucose to produce a large number of electrons, resulting in significantly increased open-circuit voltage (EOCV). Promisingly, the proposed BFC-based self-powered immunosensor demonstrated exceptional sensitivity for the detection of E2 in the concentration range from 1.0 pg mL-1 to 10.0 ng mL -1, with a detection limit of 0.32 pg mL-1 (S/N = 3). Furthermore, the prepared BFC-based self-powered homogeneous immunosensor showed significant potential for implementation as a viable prototype for a mobile and an on-site bioassay system in food and environmental safety applications.

A self-powered electrochemical aptasensor for the detection of 17ß-estradiol based on carbon nanocages/gold nanoparticles and DNA bioconjugate mediated biofuel cells.

17ß-Estradiol (E2) is an important endogenous estrogen, which disturbs the endocrine system and poses a threat to human health because of its accumulation in the human body. Herein, a biofuel cell (BFC)-based self-powered electrochemical aptasensor was developed for E2 detection. Porous carbon nanocage/gold nanoparticle composite modified indium tin oxide (CNC/AuNP/ITO) and glucose oxidase modified CNC/AuNP/ITO were used as the biocathode and bioanode of BFCs, respectively. [Fe(CN)6]3- was selected as an electroactive probe, which was entrapped in the pores of positively charged magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles (PMNPs) and then capped with a negatively charged E2 aptamer to form a DNA bioconjugate. The presence of the target E2 triggered the entrapped [Fe(CN)6]3- probe release due to the removal of the aptamer via specific recognition, which resulted in the transfer of electrons produced by glucose oxidation at the bioanode to the biocathode and produced a high open-circuit voltage (EOCV). Consequently, a "signal-on" homogeneous self-powered aptasensor for E2 assay was realized. Promisingly, the BFC-based self-powered aptasensor has particularly high sensitivity for E2 detection in the concentration range of 0.5 pg mL-1 to 15 ng mL-1 with a detection limit of 0.16 pg mL-1 (S/N = 3). Therefore, the proposed BFC-based self-powered electrochemical aptasensor has great promise to be applied as a successful prototype of a portable and on-site bioassay in the field of environment monitoring and food safety.

An electrochemical biosensor for T4 polynucleotide kinase activity identification according to host-guest recognition among phosphate pillar[5]arene@palladium nanoparticles@reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite and toluidine blue.

T4 polynucleotide kinase (T4 PNK) helps with DNA recombination and repair. In this work, a phosphate pillar[5]arene@palladium nanoparticles@reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite (PP5@PdNPs@rGO)-based electrochemical biosensor was created to identify T4 PNK activities. The PP5 used to complex toluidine blue (TB) guest molecules is water-soluble. With T4 PNK and ATP, the substrate DNA, which included a 5'-hydroxyl group, initially self-assembled over the gold electrode surface by chemical adsorption of the thiol units. Strong phosphate-Zr4+-phosphate chemistry allowed Zr4+ to act as a bridge between phosphorylated DNA and PP5@PdNPs@rGO. Through a supramolecular host-guest recognition connection, TB molecules were able to penetrate the PP5 cavity, where they produced a stronger electrochemical response. With a 5 × 10-7 U mL-1 detection limit, the electrochemical signal is linear in the 10-6 to 1 U mL-1 T4 PNK concentration range. It was also effective in measuring HeLa cell lysate-related PNK activities and screening PNK inhibitors. Nucleotide kinase-target drug development, clinical diagnostics, and screening for inhibitors all stand to benefit greatly from the suggested technology, which offers a unique sensing mechanism for kinase activity measurement.