Levetiracetam Prophylaxis for Post-traumatic Brain Injury Seizures is Ineffective: A Propensity Score Analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Early seizures after severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) have a reported incidence of up to 15 %. Prophylaxis for early seizures using 1 week of phenytoin is considered standard of care for seizure prevention. However, many centers have substituted the anticonvulsant levetiracetam without good data on the efficacy of this approach. Our hypothesis was that the treatment with levetiracetam is not effective in preventing early post-traumatic seizures. METHODS: All trauma patients sustaining a TBI from January 2007 to December 2009 at an urban level-one trauma center were retrospectively analyzed. Seizures were identified from a prospectively gathered morbidity database and anticonvulsant use from the pharmacy database. Statistical comparisons were made by Chi square, t tests, and logistic regression modeling. Patients who received levetiracetam prophylaxis were matched 1:1 using propensity score matching with those who did not receive the drug. RESULTS: 5551 trauma patients suffered a TBI during the study period, with an overall seizure rate of 0.7 % (39/5551). Of the total population, 1795 were diagnosed with severe TBI (Head AIS score 3-5). Seizures were 25 times more likely in the severe TBI group than in the non-severe group [2.0 % (36/1795) vs. 0.08 % (3/3756); OR 25.6; 95 % CI 7.8-83.2; p < 0.0001]. Of the patients who had seizures after severe TBI, 25 % (9/36) received pharmacologic prophylaxis with levetiracetam, phenytoin, or fosphenytoin. In a matched cohort by propensity scores, no difference was seen in seizure rates between the levetiracetam group and no-prophylaxis group (1.9 vs. 3.4 %, p = 0.50). CONCLUSIONS: In this propensity score-matched cohort analysis, levetiracetam prophylaxis was ineffective in preventing seizures as the rate of seizures was similar whether patients did or did not receive the drug. The incidence of post-traumatic seizures in severe TBI patients was only 2.0 % in this study; therefore we question the benefit of routine prophylactic anticonvulsant therapy in patients with TBI.

Early surgical intervention and its impact on patients presenting with necrotizing soft tissue infections: A single academic center experience.

OBJECTIVES: Early diagnosis and emergent surgical debridement of necrotizing soft tissue infections (NSTIs) remains the cornerstone of care. We aimed to study the effect of early surgery on patients' outcomes and, in particular, on hospital length of stay (LOS) and Intensive Care Unit (ICU) LOS. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Over a 6-year period (January 2003 through December 2008), we analyzed the records of patients with NSTIs. We divided patients into two groups based on the time of surgery (i.e., the interval from being diagnosed and surgical intervention): Early (<6 h) and late (≥6 h) intervention groups. For these two groups, we compared baseline demographic characteristics, symptoms, and outcomes. For our statistical analysis, we used the Student's t-test and Pearson Chi-square (χ(2)) test. To evaluate the clinical predictors of early diagnosis of NSTIs, we performed multivariate logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: In the study population (n = 87; 62% males and 38% females), age, gender, wound locations, and comorbidities were comparable in the two groups. Except for higher proportion of crepitus, the clinical presentations showed no significant differences between the two groups. There were significantly shorter hospital LOS and ICU LOS in the early than late intervention group. The overall mortality rate in our study patients with NSTIs was 12.5%, but early intervention group had a mortality of 7.5%, but this did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings show that early surgery, within the first 6 h after being diagnosed, improves in-hospital outcomes in patients with NSTIs.

Traumatic intracranial aneurysm in blunt trauma.

INTRODUCTION: Computed Tomography Angiography (CTA) is being used to identify traumatic intracranial aneurysms (TICA) in patients with findings such as skull fracture and intracranial haemorrhage on initial Computed Tomography (CT) scans after blunt traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, the incidence of TICA in patients with blunt TBI is unknown. The aim of this study is to report the incidence of TICA in patients with blunt TBI and to assess the utility of CTA in detecting these lesions. METHODS: A 10-year retrospective study (2003-2012) was performed at a Level 1 trauma centre. All patients with blunt TBI who had an initial non-contrasted head CT scan and a follow-up head CTA were included. Head CTAs were then reviewed by a single investigator and TICAs were identified. The primary outcome measure was incidence of TICA in blunt TBI. RESULTS: A total of 10 257 patients with blunt TBI were identified, out of which 459 patients were included in the analysis. Mean age was 47.3 ± 22.5, the majority were male (65.1%) and median ISS was 16 [9-25]. Thirty-six patients (7.8%) had intracranial aneurysm, of which three patients (0.65%) had TICAs. CONCLUSION: The incidence of traumatic intracranial aneurysm was exceedingly low (0.65%) over 10-years. This study adds to the growing literature questioning the empiric use of CTA for detecting vascular injuries in patients with blunt TBI.

Unveiling posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma surgeons: a national survey.

BACKGROUND: The significance of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in trauma patients is well recognized. The impact trauma surgeons endure in managing critical trauma cases is unknown. The aim of our study was to assess the incidence of PTSD among trauma surgeons and identify risk factors associated with the development of PTSD. METHODS: We surveyed all members of the American Association for Surgery of Trauma and the Eastern Association for Surgery of Trauma using an established PTSD screening test (PTSD Checklist Civilian [PCL-C]). A PCL-C score of 35 or higher (sensitivity > 85%) was used as the cutoff for the development of PTSD symptoms and a PCL-C score of 44 or higher for the diagnosis of PTSD. Multivariate logistic regression was performed. RESULTS: There were 453 respondents with a 41% response rate. PTSD symptoms were present in 40% (n = 181) of the trauma surgeons, and 15% (n = 68) of the trauma surgeons met the diagnostic criteria for PTSD. Male trauma surgeons (odds ratio [OR], 2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2-3.1) operating more than 15 cases per month (OR, 3; 95% CI, 1.2-8), having more than seven call duties per month (OR, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.2-6), and with less than 4 hours of relaxation per day (OR, 7; 95% CI, 1.4-35) were more likely to develop symptoms of PTSD. Diagnosis of PTSD was common in trauma surgeons managing more than 5 critical cases per call duty (OR, 7; 95% CI, 1.1-8). Salary, years of clinical practice, and previous military experience were predictive for neither the development of PTSD symptoms nor the diagnosis of PTSD. CONCLUSION: Both symptoms and the diagnosis of PTSD are common among trauma surgeons. Defining the factors that predispose trauma surgeons to PTSD may be of benefit to the patients and the profession. The data from this survey will be useful to major national trauma surgery associations for developing targeted interventions. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Epidemiologic study, level III.

The physiological effects of hyperosmolar resuscitation: 5% vs 3% hypertonic saline.

BACKGROUND: Use of 5% normal saline (NS) is gaining renewed interest. The primary aim of our study was to compare the physiological effects after the administration of different concentrations of hypertonic saline (3% vs 5%NS) in the initial resuscitation of trauma. METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of a prospectively collected database of all trauma patients who received hypertonic saline during initial resuscitation. Medical records were reviewed for serum electrolytes and serum osmolarity, coagulation parameters, complications, and mortality. RESULTS: A total of 212 patients were included in the study, of which 170 patients received 5%NS and 42 patients received 3%NS. Both groups were similar in age (41.16 ± 19 vs 44.17 + 23.6; P = .45) and ISS score (26 [17 to 29] vs 25 [16 to 27]; P = .6). Mean serum osmolarity (316 ± 20.3 vs 294 ± 22.5; P = .02) and serum sodium levels (143 ± 8.6 vs 137 ± 10.9; P < .001) remained higher in the 5%NS group within 72 hours of admission. The pH was lower in the 5%NS group compared with the 3%NS group at 24 hours (7.29 ± .12 vs 7.33 ± .12; P = .01); however, at 48 and 72 hours (7.40 ± .07 vs 7.41 ± .07; P = .7), no difference was found. There was no difference in blood products requirement (1,734 vs 2,253 mL; P = .11) between the 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS: The 5%NS has sustained higher serum osmolarity and serum sodium concentration within the first 72 hours without any increase in adverse effects in comparison with 3%NS.

Prothrombin complex concentrate use in coagulopathy of lethal brain injuries increases organ donation.

Coagulopathy is a defined barrier for organ donation in patients with lethal traumatic brain injuries. The purpose of this study was to document our experience with the use of prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC) to facilitate organ donation in patients with lethal traumatic brain injuries. We performed a 4-year retrospective analysis of all patients with devastating gunshot wounds to the brain. The data were analyzed for demographics, change in international normalized ratio (INR), and subsequent organ donation. The primary end point was organ donation. Eighty-eight patients with lethal traumatic brain injury were identified from the trauma registry of whom 13 were coagulopathic at the time of admission (mean INR 2.2 ± 0.8). Of these 13 patients, 10 patients received PCC in an effort to reverse their coagulopathy. Mean INR before PCC administration was 2.01 ± 0.7 and 1.1 ± 0.7 after administration (P < 0.006). Correction of coagulopathy was attained in 70 per cent (seven of 10) patients. Of these seven patients, consent for donation was obtained in six patients and resulted in 19 solid organs being procured. The cost of PCC per patient was $1022 ± 544. PCC effectively reveres coagulopathy associated with lethal traumatic brain injury and enabled patients to proceed to organ donation. Although various methodologies exist for the treatment of coagulopathy to facilitate organ donation, PCC provides a rapid and cost-effective therapy for reversal of coagulopathy in patients with lethal traumatic brain injuries.

The BIG (brain injury guidelines) project: defining the management of traumatic brain injury by acute care surgeons.

BACKGROUND: It is becoming a standard practice that any "positive" identification of a radiographic intracranial injury requires transfer of the patient to a trauma center for observation and repeat head computed tomography (RHCT). The purpose of this study was to define guidelines-based on each patient's history, physical examination, and initial head CT findings-regarding which patients require a period of observation, RHCT, or neurosurgical consultation. METHODS: In our retrospective cohort analysis, we reviewed the records of 3,803 blunt traumatic brain injury patients during a 4-year period. We classified patients according to neurologic examination results, use of intoxicants, anticoagulation status, and initial head CT findings. We then developed brain injury guidelines (BIG) based on the individual patient's need for observation or hospitalization, RHCT, or neurosurgical consultation. RESULTS: A total of 1,232 patients had an abnormal head CT finding. In the BIG 1 category, no patients worsened clinically or radiographically or required any intervention. BIG 2 category had radiographic worsening in 2.6% of the patients. All patients who required neurosurgical intervention (13%) were in BIG 3. There was excellent agreement between assigned BIG and verified BIG. κ statistic is equal to 0.98. CONCLUSION: We have proposed BIG based on patient's history, neurologic examination, and findings of initial head CT scan. These guidelines must be used as supplement to good clinical examination while managing patients with traumatic brain injury. Prospective validation of the BIG is warranted before its widespread implementation. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Epidemiologic study, level III.

Repeal of the concealed weapons law and its impact on gun-related injuries and deaths.

BACKGROUND: Senate Bill 1108 (SB-1108) allows adult citizens to carry concealed weapons without a permit and without completion of a training course. It is unclear whether the law creates a "deterrent factor" to criminals or whether it escalates gun-related violence. We hypothesized that the enactment of SB-1108 resulted in an increase in gun-related injuries and deaths (GRIDs) in southern Arizona. METHODS: We performed a retrospective cohort study spanning 24 months before (prelaw) and after (postlaw) SB-1108. We collected injury and death data and overall crime and accident trends. Injured patients were dichotomized based on whether their injuries were intentional (iGRIDs) or accidental (aGRIDs). The primary outcome was any GRID. To determine proportional differences in GRIDs between the two periods, we performed χ analyses. For each subgroup, we calculated relative risk (RR). RESULTS: The number of national and state background checks for firearms purchases increased in the postlaw period (national and state p < 0.001); that increase was proportionately reflected in a relative increase in state firearm purchase in the postlaw period (1.50% prelaw vs. 1.59% postlaw, p < 0.001). Overall, victims of events potentially involving guns had an 11% increased risk of being injured or killed by a firearm (p = 0.036) The proportion of iGRIDs to overall city violent crime remained the same during the two periods (9.74% prelaw vs. 10.36% postlaw; RR, 1.06; 95% confidence interval, 0.96-1.17). However, in the postlaw period, the proportion of gun-related homicides increased by 27% after SB-1108 (RR, 1.27; 95% confidence interval, 1.02-1.58). CONCLUSION: Both nationally and statewide, firearm purchases increased after the passage of SB-1108. Although the proportion of iGRIDs to overall city violent crime remained the same, the proportion of gun-related homicides increased. Liberalization of gun access is associated with an increase in fatalities from guns. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Epidemiologic study, level III.

Clinical outcomes in traumatic brain injury patients on preinjury clopidogrel: a prospective analysis.

BACKGROUND: Patients receiving antiplatelet medications are considered to be at an increased risk for traumatic intracranial hemorrhage after blunt head trauma. However, most studies have categorized all antiplatelet drugs into one category. The aim of our study was to evaluate clinical outcomes and the requirement of a repeat head computed tomography (RHCT) in patients on preinjury clopidogrel therapy. METHODS: Patients with traumatic brain injury with intracranial hemorrhage on initial head CT were prospectively enrolled. Patients on preinjury clopidogrel were matched with patients exclusive of antiplatelet and anticoagulation therapy using a propensity score in a 1:1 ratio for age, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), head Abbreviated Injury Scale (h-AIS), Injury Severity Score (ISS), neurologic examination, and platelet transfusion. Outcome measures were progression on RHCT scan and need for neurosurgical intervention. RESULTS: A total of 142 patients with intracranial hemorrhage on initial head CT scan (clopidogrel, 71; no clopidogrel, 71) were enrolled. The mean (SD) age was 70.5 (15.1) years, 66% were male, median GCS score was 14 (range, 3-15), and median h-AIS (ISS) was 3 (range, 2-5). The mean (SD) platelet count was 210 (101), and 61% (n = 86) of the patients received platelet transfusion. Patients on preinjury clopidogrel were more likely to have progression on RHCT (odds ratio [OR], 5.1; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.1-7.1) and RHCT as a result of clinical deterioration (OR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.8-3.5). The overall rate of neurosurgical intervention was 4.2% (n = 6). Patients on clopidogrel therapy were more likely to require a neurosurgical intervention (OR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.4-3.1). CONCLUSION: Preinjury clopidogrel therapy is associated with progression of initial insult on RHCT scan and need for neurosurgical intervention. Preinjury clopidogrel therapy as an independent variable should warrant the need for a routine RHCT scan in patients with traumatic brain injury. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Prognostic study, level I; therapeutic study, level II.

Repeat head computed tomography in anticoagulated traumatic brain injury patients: still warranted.

Anticoagulation agents are proven risk factors for intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) in traumatic brain injury (TBI). The aim of our study is to describe the epidemiology of prehospital coumadin, aspirin, and Plavix (CAP) patients with ICH and evaluate the use of repeat head computed tomography (CT) in this group. We performed a retrospective study from our trauma registry. All patients with intracranial hemorrhage on initial CT with prehospital CAP therapy were included. Demographics, CT scan findings, number of repeat CT scans, progressive findings, and neurosurgical intervention were abstracted. A comparison between prehospital CAP and no-CAP patients was done using χ(2) and Mann-Whitney U test. A total of 1606 patients with blunt TBI charts were reviewed of whom 508 patients had intracranial bleeding on initial CT scan and 72 were on prehospital CAP therapy. CAP patients were older (P < 0.001), had higher Injury Severity Score and head Abbreviated Injury Scores on admission (P < 0.001), were more likely to present with an abnormal neurologic examination (P = 0.004), and had higher hospital and intensive care unit lengths of stay (P < 0.005). Eighty-four per cent of patients were on antiplatelet therapy and 27 per cent were on warfarin. The CAP patients have a threefold increase in the rate of worsening repeat head CT (26 vs 9%, P < 0.05). Prehospital CAP therapy is high risk for progression of bleeding on repeat head CT. Routine repeat head CT remains an important component in this patient population and can provide useful information.

The conjoint effect of reduced crystalloid administration and decreased damage-control laparotomy use in the development of abdominal compartment syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Anticipation of abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) is a factor for performing damage-control laparotomy (DCL). Recent years have seen changes in resuscitation patterns and a decline in the use of DCL. We hypothesized that reductions in both crystalloid resuscitation and the use of DCL is associated with a reduced rate of ACS in trauma patients. METHODS: We reviewed the records of all patients who underwent trauma laparotomies at our Level 1 trauma center over a 6-year period (2006-2011). We defined DCL as a trauma laparotomy in which the fascia was not closed at the initial operation. We defined ACS by elevated intravesical pressures and end-organ dysfunction. Our primary outcome measure was a development of ACS. RESULTS: A total of 799 patients were included. We noted a significant decrease in the DCL rate (39% in 2006 vs. 8% in 2011, p < 0.001), the crystalloid volume per patient (mean [SD], 12.8 [7.8] L in 2006 vs. 6.6 [4.2] L in 2011; p < 0.001), rate of ACS (7.4% in 2006 vs. 0% in 2011, p < 0.001), and mortality rate (22.8% in 2006 vs. 10.6% in 2011, p < 0.001). However, we noted no significant changes in the mean Injury Severity Score (ISS) (p = 0.09), in the mean abdominal Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) score (p = 0.17), and in the mean blood product volume per patient (p = 0.67). On multivariate regression analysis, crystalloid resuscitation (p = 0.01) was the only significant factor associated with the development of ACS. CONCLUSION: Minimizing the use of crystalloids and DCL was associated with better outcomes and virtual elimination of ACS in trauma patients. With the adaption of new resuscitation strategies, goals for a trauma laparotomy should be definitive surgical care with abdominal closure. ACS is a rare complication in the era of damage-control resuscitation and may have been iatrogenic. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Epidemiologic/therapeutic study, level IV.

Telephotography in trauma: a 2-year clinical experience.

INTRODUCTION: Smartphones can be used to record and transmit high-quality clinical photographs. The aim of this study was to describe our experience with smartphone telephotography in the care of trauma patients. We hypothesized that smartphone telephotography can be safely and effectively implemented on a trauma service. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We performed a 2-year (January 2011-December 2012) prospective analysis of all patient photographs recorded by members of our trauma team at our Level I trauma center. All members of the trauma team recorded patient photographs and e-mailed them to a secure e-mail account. An administrative assistant uploaded a copy of each photgrapho into the patient's electronic medical record. We assessed the number of photographs collected and uploaded, as well as the success, failure, and complication rates. RESULTS: Our trauma team sent 7,200 photographs to a secure e-mail account. Of those, 6,120 (85%) were considered, after an initial review, to be of good quality. Of these, 3,320 photographs (54%) were successfully uploaded into a patient's electronic medical record; the remaining 2,800 photographs lacked adequate labeling and could not be uploaded. The average interval to uploading was 3 months. In total, 10 photographs were uploaded into the wrong patient's electronic medical record, for an error rate of 0.003%. We received only three complaints during the study period. CONCLUSIONS: Telephotography can be safely and effectively implemented in trauma clinical practice. Fears of Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act violations are not valid, as the incidence of patient complaints is minimal when telephotography is implemented under strict guidelines and rules. Dedicated administrative personnel are essential for effective implementation of smartphone photography.

Fatal gunshot wound to the head: the impact of aggressive management.

BACKGROUND: Patients with fatal gunshot wounds (GSWs) to the head often have poor outcomes but are ideal candidates for organ donation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of aggressive management on organ donation in patient with fatal GSWs to the head. METHODS: A 5-year review of all patients at a trauma center with GSWs to the head was performed. The primary outcome was organ donation after fatal GSW to the head. RESULTS: A total of 98 patients with fatal GSWs to the head were identified. The rate of potential organ donation was 70%, of whom 49% eventually donated 72 solid organs. Twenty-five percent of patients were not considered eligible for donation as a result of disseminated intravascular coagulopathy. The T4 protocol lead to significant organ procurement rates (odds ratio, 3.6; 95% confidence interval, 1.3 to 9.6; P = .01). Failures to organ donation in eligible patients were due to lack of family consent and cardiac arrest. CONCLUSIONS: Organ donation after fatal GSW to the head is a legitimate goal. Management goals should focus on early aggressive resuscitation and correction of coagulopathy.

Low-dose aspirin therapy is not a reason for repeating head computed tomographic scans in traumatic brain injury: a prospective study.

BACKGROUND: Most studies have categorized all antiplatelet drugs into one category. The aim of our study was to evaluate the utility of repeat head computed tomography (RHCT) and outcomes in patients on low-dose aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid; ASA) therapy. METHODS: Patients with traumatic brain injury with intracranial hemorrhage on initial head computed tomography (CT) were prospectively enrolled. Patients on prehospital low-dose (81 mg) aspirin therapy were matched with patients exclusive of antiplatelet and anticoagulation therapy using propensity score matching in a 1:1 ratio for age, Glasgow Coma Scale, head Abbreviated Injury Scale score, Injury Severity Score, and neurological examination. Outcome measures were progression on RHCT and subsequent neurosurgical intervention. RESULTS: A total of 144 patients who had intracranial hemorrhage on initial CT scan (ASA group: 72; No-ASA group: 72) were enrolled. The mean age was 72.8 ± 11.7 years, 59.7% were male, and median head Abbreviated Injury Scale was 3 (2-3). There was no difference in progression on RHCT (25% in ASA versus 16.6% in no-ASA), change in management as a result of RHCT (1.4% versus 1.4%), RHCT as a result of neurological decline (0 versus 1.4%), discharge Glasgow Coma Scale (15 [14-15] versus 15 [14-15]), and mortality (0 versus 1.4%) between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Low-dose aspirin therapy is not associated with progression of initial insult on RHCT or clinical deterioration. Prehospital low-dose aspirin therapy as a sole criterion should not warrant a routine repeat head CT in traumatic brain injury.

Improving survival rates after civilian gunshot wounds to the brain.

BACKGROUND: Gunshot wounds to the brain are the most lethal of all firearm injuries, with reported survival rates of 10% to 15%. The aim of this study was to determine outcomes in patients with gunshot wounds to the brain, presenting to our institution over time. We hypothesized that aggressive management can increase survival and the rate of organ donation in patients with gunshot wounds to the brain. STUDY DESIGN: We analyzed all patients with gunshot wounds to the brain presenting to our level 1 trauma center over a 5-year period. Aggressive management was defined as resuscitation with blood products, hyperosmolar therapy, and/or prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC). The primary outcome was survival and the secondary outcome was organ donation. RESULTS: There were 132 patients with gunshot wounds to the brain, and the survival rates increased incrementally every year, from 10% in 2008 to 46% in 2011, with the adoption of aggressive management. Among survivors, 40% (16 of 40) of the patients had bi-hemispheric injuries. Aggressive management with blood products (p = 0.02) and hyperosmolar therapy (p = 0.01) was independently associated with survival. Of the survivors, 20% had a Glasgow Coma Scale score ≥ 13 at hospital discharge. In patients who died (n = 92), 56% patients were eligible for organ donation, and they donated 60 organs. CONCLUSIONS: Aggressive management is associated with significant improvement in survival and organ procurement in patients with gunshot wounds to the brain. The bias of resource use can no longer be used to preclude trauma surgeons from abandoning aggressive attempts to save patients with gunshot wound to the brain.

Acquired coagulopathy of traumatic brain injury defined by routine laboratory tests: which laboratory values matter?

BACKGROUND: Coagulopathy is a major determinant of disability and death in patients with traumatic intracranial hemorrhage. However, the correlation between coagulopathy defined by routine coagulation tests and clinical outcomes in traumatic brain injury (TBI) is not well defined. The aim of our study was to determine the effect of coagulopathy diagnosed by routine laboratory tests on outcomes in TBI patients. METHODS: We performed a retrospective cohort analysis of all isolated TBI patients exclusive of prehospital antiplatelet and anticoagulants with coagulation tests, namely, international normalized ratio (INR), platelet count, and partial thromboplastin time at admission. We defined coagulopathy by an INR of 1.5 or greater, partial thromboplastin time of 35 or greater, or platelet count of 100 × 10(3)/µL or less. Outcome measures were progression on repeat head computed tomography (RHCT), need for neurosurgical intervention, and mortality. RESULTS: A total of 591 patients were enrolled, with a mean (SD) age of 47.4 (26.5) years and 67% being male. Of the patients, 13.3% were coagulopathic at admission. Platelet count of 100 × 10(3)/µL or less was an independent predictor of progression on RHCT (odd ratio [OR], 4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.7-10), need for neurosurgical intervention (OR, 3.6; 95% CI, 1.2-6.1), and mortality (OR, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.1-4.8). INR was an independent predictor of progression on RHCT (OR, 2; 95% CI, 1.1-4.3). CONCLUSION: Routine bedside coagulation parameters at admission play an important role in predicting outcomes in blunt TBI. Platelet count is the strongest predictor for progression of initial insult on RHCT, need for neurosurgical intervention, and mortality. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Prognostic study, level III.

Predicting hospital discharge disposition in geriatric trauma patients: is frailty the answer?

BACKGROUND: The frailty index (FI) has been shown to predict outcomes in geriatric patients. However, FI has never been applied as a prognostic measure after trauma. The aim of our study was to identify hospital admission factors predicting discharge disposition in geriatric trauma patients. METHODS: We performed a 1-year prospective study at our Level 1 trauma center. All trauma patients 65 years or older were enrolled. FI was calculated using 50 preadmission variables. Patient's discharge disposition was dichotomized as favorable outcome (discharge home, rehabilitation) or unfavorable outcomes (discharge to skilled nursing facility, death). Multivariate logistic regression was performed to identify factors that predict unfavorable outcome. RESULTS: A total of 100 patients were enrolled, with a mean (SD) age of 76.51 (8.5) years, 59% being males, median Injury Severity Score (ISS) of 14 (range, 9-18), median head Abbreviated Injury Scale (h-AIS) score of 2 (2-3), and median Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of 13 (12-15). Of the patients, 69% had favorable outcome, and 31% had unfavorable outcome. On univariate analysis, FI was found to be a significant predictor for unfavorable outcome (odds ratio, 1.8; 95% confidence interval, 1.2-2.3). After adjusting for age, ISS, and GCS score in a multivariate regression model, FI remained a strong predictor for unfavorable discharge disposition (odds ratio, 1.3; 95% confidence interval, 1.1-1.8). CONCLUSION: The concept of frailty can be implemented in geriatric trauma patients with similar results as those of nontrauma and nonsurgical patients. FI is a significant predictor of unfavorable discharge disposition and should be an integral part of the assessment tools to determine discharge disposition for geriatric trauma patients. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Prognostic study, level II.

Modified Veress needle decompression of tension pneumothorax: a randomized crossover animal study.

BACKGROUND: The current prehospital standard of care using a large bore intravenous catheter for tension pneumothorax (tPTX) decompression is associated with a high failure rate. We developed a modified Veress needle (mVN) for this condition. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of the mVN as compared with a 14-gauge needle thoracostomy (NT) in a swine tPTX model. METHODS: tPTX was created in 16 adult swine via thoracic CO2 insufflation to 15 mm Hg. After tension physiology was achieved, defined as a 50% reduction of cardiac output, the swine were randomized to undergo either mVN or NT decompression. Failure to restore 80% baseline systolic blood pressure within 5 minutes resulted in crossover to the alternate device. The success rate of each device, death, and need for crossover were analyzed using χ. RESULTS: Forty-three tension events were created in 16 swine (24 mVN, 19 NT) at 15 mm Hg of intrathoracic pressure with a mean CO2 volume of 3.8 L. tPTX resulted in a 48% decline of systolic blood pressure from baseline and 73% decline of cardiac output, and 42% had equalization of central venous pressure with pulmonary capillary wedge pressure. All tension events randomized to mVN were successfully rescued within a mean (SD) of 70 (86) seconds. NT resulted in four successful decompressions (21%) within a mean (SD) of 157 (96) seconds. Four swine (21%) died within 5 minutes of NT decompression. The persistent tension events where the swine survived past 5 minutes (11 of 19 NTs) underwent crossover mVN decompression, yielding 100% rescue. Neither the mVN nor the NT was associated with inadvertent injuries to the viscera. CONCLUSION: Thoracic insufflation produced a reliable and highly reproducible model of tPTX. The mVN is vastly superior to NT for effective and safe tPTX decompression and physiologic recovery. Further research should be invested in the mVN for device refinement and replacement of NT in the field.

Contemporary acute care surgery percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube placement: an extreme bumper height and complications.

BACKGROUND: As the role of acute care surgery (ACS) becomes more prevalent, clinicians in this specialty will be placing more percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tubes. In this contemporary series of ACS PEG procedures, we hypothesized that technical aspects of PEG tube placement may play an important role. METHODS: For our retrospective study, we queried our tertiary Level I trauma center's prospectively maintained ACS database for PEG tube placement. Our study period was from July 1, 2010, through June 30, 2012. We excluded patients who underwent "push" PEG placement, an outpatient PEG tube placement, or an open or laparoscopic gastrostomy tube operation. We conducted a multivariate logistic regression analysis of factors contributing to complications. RESULTS: During our 24-month study period, of 184 patients, 133 underwent "pull" PEG tube placement with sufficient data for analysis. The mean (SD) age was 56 (22) years; 66% were male. Overall, 33 (25%) experienced complications: 13 (10%) were major and 20 (15%) were minor complications. In our multivariate logistic regression analysis, we found that an extreme bumper height (<2 or >5 cm) (odds ratio, 1.57; 95% confidence interval, 1.14-2.16) and upper aerodigestive tract malignancy as the operative indication (odds ratio, 1.54; 95% confidence interval, 1.06-2.26) were significantly associated with complications. CONCLUSION: Although pull PEG tube placement is typically a straightforward procedure, morbidity can be significant. Bumper height is an easily modifiable variable; obtaining the proper height for each patient could decrease complications after PEG tube placement. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic study, level IV.

Mild and moderate pediatric traumatic brain injury: replace routine repeat head computed tomography with neurologic examination.

BACKGROUND: Opinion is divided on the role of routine repeat head computed tomography (RHCT) for guiding clinical management in pediatric patients with blunt head trauma. We hypothesize that routine RHCT does not lead to change in management in mild and moderate traumatic brain injury (TBI). METHODS: This is a 3-year retrospective study of all patients of age 2 years to 18 years with blunt TBI admitted to our Level 1 trauma center with an abnormal head CT. Indications for RHCT (routine vs. neurologic deterioration) and their findings (progression or improvement) were recorded. Neurosurgical intervention was defined as extraventricular drain placement, craniectomy, or craniotomy. Primary outcome was a change in management after RHCT. RESULTS: A total of 291 pediatric patients were identified; of which 191 patients received an RHCT. Routine RHCT did not lead to neurosurgical intervention in the mild and moderate TBI group. In patients who received RHCT due to neurologic decline (n = 7), radiographic progression was seen on 85% of the patients (n = 6), with subsequent neurosurgical interventions in three patients. Two of these patients had a Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of less than 8 at admission. CONCLUSION: Our study showed that the neurologic examination can be trusted and is reliable in pediatric blunt TBI patients in determining when an RHCT scan is necessary. We recommend that RHCT is required routinely in patients with intracranial hemorrhage with GCS score of 8 or less and in patients with GCS greater than 8 and that RHCT be performed only when there are clinical indications. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Diagnostic/therapeutic study, level IV.