Expression of Toll-like receptors on peripheral blood white cells in acute otitis media.

OBJECTIVE: From 10 to 15% of children suffer from recurrent acute otitis media (AOM). An association between polymorphism in TLRs and their co-receptor CD14 with otitis media proneness has been described in children. Moreover, the experiments on animal models have shown that TLRs and their signaling molecules are critical for timely resolution of bacterial otitis. AIM: The aim of this study was to determine the expression of TLR1, TLR2 and TLR4 on lymphocytes, monocytes and granulocytes in peripheral blood in children with recurrent or persistent AOM. METHODS: The study was performed on a group of 25 children hospitalized for recurrent AOM, failures of previous treatments and/or acute mastoiditis. The results were compared to the control group of healthy children at the same age. The expression of TLRs on peripheral blood white cells was measured by flow cytometric analysis. The results were expressed as mean fluorescence intensity (MFI). The statistical analysis was performed using the Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS: The highest expression of TLR was found on monocytes, the lowest on lymphocytes in both groups of children (AOM and the control one). The expression of TLR1 was the lowest and expression of TLR4 was the highest on all examined cells. The expression of all examined TLRs on monocytes was significantly higher in the AOM group. CONCLUSIONS: Peripheral blood monocytes are characterized by increased expression of TLRs in the course of recurrent AOM.

Anti-müllerian hormone as a sensitive marker of ovarian function in young cancer survivors.

We evaluated ovarian function by measuring the levels of anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), estradiol, and gonadotropins in 83 young women treated for cancer during childhood and adolescence, and classified according to post-treatment gonadal toxicity versus 38 healthy females. Results. The mean AMH values were lower in the entire cohort independently of the risk group as compared to the control, whereas FSH was elevated only in the high risk group. The lowest AMH values were noted in patients after bone marrow transplantation (BMT) and those treated for Hodgkin lymphoma (HL). Nineteen patients (22.9%) had elevated FSH. They all had low AMH values. Lowered AMH values (but with normal FSH and LH) were observed in 43 patients (51.8%). There was no effect of age at the time of treatment (before puberty, during or after puberty) on AMH levels. Conclusion. Our results show the utility of AMH measurement as a sensitive marker of a reduced ovarian reserve in young cancer survivors. Patients after BMT and patients treated for HL, independently of age at treatment (prepuberty or puberty), are at the highest risk of gonadal damage and early menopause.

Production of cytokines by mononuclear cells of hypertrophic adenoids in children with otitis media with effusion.

Hypertrophic adenoids with otitis media with effusion is a common infectious disease and present a serious otological problem in children. Cytokines, potent inflammatory mediators, play important role in the initiation of immunological response in otitis media. Adenoids excised due to hypertrophy with or without chronic otitis media with effusion were used to isolate mononuclear cells. Secretion of cytokines by non-stimulated and PHA-stimulated cells was determined by specific ELISAs. We found a significant increase in the production of IL-5 and TNF-α secreted by adenoidal cells of children with otitis media with effusion compared to group with hypertrophic adenoids. No differences were found in the secretion of IL-8, IL-6, and IL-10 between these two groups of patients. Our results suggest a difference between the immunological responses in the course of hypertrophic adenoids with otitis media as compared to hypertrophic adenoids.

Total antioxidant status (TAS) in childhood cancer survivors.

Total antioxidant status (TAS), and the influence of treatment and correlation between TAS and parameters involved in metabolic syndrome (MS) in pediatric cancer survivors were evaluated. One hundred children and adolescents were studied. Twenty-five survivors received radiotherapy, 12 were obese or overweight.Additionally, we analyzed TAS in eight children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) at diagnosis and during treatment after remission induction. The control group consisted of 22 healthy children. Serum concentrations of TAS, glucose, cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, fibrinogen and insulin were measured. In cancer survivors, independently of diagnosis and kind of treatment (radiotherapy anthracyclines administration),the mean serum TAS did not differ significantly from the control group. No correlations were observed with age at the time of diagnosis or interval after the end of treatment. TAS values did not correlate with traits of the metabolic syndrome. In a group of eight patients with ALL at diagnosis and after induction of remission,TAS values were lower than in the control and cancer survivor groups. Antioxidant status was not found to be deteriorated in children after anticancer treatment, irrespective of diagnosis or kind of treatment, which might indicate sufficient antioxidant prevention. However, the possibility of the development of MS and cardiovascular disease in adulthood indicates the need for future studies.

Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, osteocalcin, and parathormone status in children with meningomyelocele.

Sufficient vitamin D levels are required for normal skeletal development and mineralization. This is particularly important in children with meningomyelocele who are at an increased risk of osteoporosis. The purpose of this study was to assess serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and the biochemical markers of bone metabolism (parathormone, osteocalcin, alkaline phosphatase, and electrolytes) in children with meningomyelocele. The patient group comprised 33 children with meningomyelocele. The mean 25(OH)D was 11.51 ± 7.87 ng/mL. A total of 97% of the subjects had a 25(OH)D level in the insufficient range (< 30 ng/mL) and 48.5% had a 25(OH)D level less than 10 ng/mL. Almost all patients had serum osteocalcin and phosphorus concentrations above the normal limits. The level of 25(OH)D negatively correlated with age and body weight. There were no correlations between the biochemical markers of bone metabolism and the ambulatory status. A significant correlation between serum 25(OH)D and osteoporosis was found.

Assessment of gonadal function in boys and adolescents at the diagnosis of neoplastic disease.

OBJECTIVE: We assessed the gonadal function in boys with a newly diagnosed neoplastic disease prior to chemotherapy. Eighty-four boys (48 prepubertal and 36 pubertal) were evaluated, including 50 with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) or non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), 10 with Hodgkin lymphoma (HL), and 24 with solid tumors. The control group consisted of 24 healthy prepubertal and 24 pubertal boys. The levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), inhibin B, and testosterone were determined, and testicular volumes were measured. RESULTS: Patients in prepuberty and early puberty (Tanner stages 1-3) diagnosed with ALL/NHL or solid tumor presented normal serum reproductive hormone levels, whereas in ALL/NHL patients in Tanner stages 4-5, the mean values of inhibin B were significantly lower (45.18 +/- 33.85 vs. 153.57 +/- 71.44 ng/L, p = 0.0027). In patients with HL in Tanner stages 4-5, a statistically significant lower mean inhibin B level (100.44 +/- 67.45 versus 153.57 +/-71.44 ng/L, p = 0.0027), higher mean FSH level (6.3 +/- 3.6 versus 4.6 +/- 2.2 mIU/mL, p = 0.05), and higher mean LH level (5.9 +/- 4.0 versus 3.6 +/- 1.8 mIU/mL, p = 0.05) were observed. No statistically significant differences were noted in assessed hormones in patients with solid tumors, independently of Tanner stage. CONCLUSION: Our analysis indicates that adolescents with ALL/NHL and HL prior to treatment, exhibit reduced levels of inhibin B, which indirectly suggests the possibility of spermatogenesis dysfunction.

Increased percentage of T cells with the expression of CD127 and CD132 in hypertrophic adenoid in children with otitis media with effusion.

The hypertrophic adenoid may promote chronic suppurative otitis media in children as it fulfills its immune function. The number of lymphocytes in the adenoid and their cooperation in the immune response depend of on their proliferation and migration to the effector sites. Interleukin 7 (IL-7) is essential for the normal development and function lymphocytes. IL-7 plays pivotal role for activation and proliferation of T and B cells. The heterodimeric interleukin-7 receptor (IL-7R) is composed of the IL-7Rα (127) and the common cytokine receptor γc (CD132). The aim of this study was to evaluate the percentage of lymphocytes T (CD4(+) and CD8(+)) with IL-7R (CD127 and CD132) expression in hypertrophic adenoid in children suffering with otitis media with effusion for a duration of 3 months. Adenoid excised due to hypertrophy with or without chronic otitis media with effusion was used as study material. CD4(+) CD127(+), CD4(+)132(+), CD8(+)CD127(+) and CD8(+)CD132(+) cell subpopulations were identified using monoclonal antibodies and flow cytometry. The percentage of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells with CD127 receptor expression in hypertrophic adenoid of children with otitis media with effusion was statistically significantly higher than in hypertrophic adenoid group. The percentage of CD4(+) T cells with CD132 expression in the study group was statistically significantly higher than in the reference group. The percentage of CD8(+) T cells with CD132(+) expression was not statistically different in both groups. The increased percentage of T lymphocytes with IL-7R expression (CD127 and CD132) in hypertrophic adenoid seems to influence the quantity of lymphocytes and upset the immunological function of tonsils which can influence the course of otitis media with effusion.

[Subpopulation of CD14+CD16+ monocytes in the children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated with filgrastim]. / Subpopulacja monocytów CD14+CD16+ u dzieci chorych na ostra bialaczke limfoblastyczna po leczeniu filgrastimem.

UNLABELLED: It is well known that patients with leucopenia are susceptible to life-threatening infections due to chemotherapy. The number of neutrophils and monocytes is increasing after administration filgrastim (G-CSF) in patients with the acute lymphoblastic leukemia. CD16 expression was analyzed in order to determine whether monocytes function is also impaired by chemotherapy CD16. The aim of study was to compare the percentage of CD14+CD16+ monocytes in the group of children with the acute lymphoblastic leukemia after administration filgrastim with the group of children with inflammatory state and the group of the healthy children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The cell surface expression of CD16 was analyzed by flow cytometry. The percentage of CD16 expression and the mean intensity fluorescence rate of CD16 receptor was studied. RESULTS: Monocytes showed increased CD16 expression in the group of the children with the acute lymphoblastic leukemia in comparison to the other two groups. There were no differences in the mean fluorescence intensity of the CD16 monocytes between groups. CONCLUSIONS: The present study demonstrated that G-CSF increased the percentage of monocytes with the CD16 expression, which could be beneficial to the immunological response of the children with the acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

Cardiac function in survivors of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and Hodgkin's lymphoma.

AIM: The study objective was to assess plasma N-terminal-pro-brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels and to evaluate left ventricular mass as well as left ventricular systolic and diastolic functions in 44 children who had undergone treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and Hodgkin's lymphoma, with regard to gender, age at disease onset, time that had passed since therapy completion, cumulative dose of antracyclines and mediastinal radiotherapy applied. METHODS: The median levels of pro-BNP were found to be higher in the whole study group as compared with the control (55.9 ± 53.1 ng/mL vs. 38.5 ± 47.7 ng/mL, P= 0.059). The pro-BNP values >80.0 ng/mL (standard deviation score (SDS)) were noted in 11/44 patients, including those exceeding 115.0 ng/mL (2 SDS) - in 6/44 patients. RESULTS: No correlation was observed of pro-BNP levels with the accumulated dose of antracyclines (r=-0.42, P= 0.79) or mediastinal radiotherapy (r= 0.197, P= 0.2). However, negative correlation was found between pro-BNP and the time that had passed since therapy completion (r=-0.378, P= 0.009). In echocardiography, shortening and ejection fractions remained normal, whereas the indexed stroke volume was below 40 mL/m(2) in 16/44 patients. The E/A index below 1.5 was found in 6/44 cases. The left ventricular systolic mass remained within the normal range. Negative correlation was noted between isovolumetric diastolic time and pro-BNP level. CONCLUSIONS: Increased levels of pro-BNP after anti-cancer treatment with the involvement of cardiotoxic substances may indicate the first symptoms of myocardial dysfunction, despite the lack of major echocardiographic disorders.

Analysis of serum adiponectin, resistin and leptin levels in children and adolescents with autoimmune thyroid disorders.

Leptin, adiponectin and resistin, mainly produced by adipocytes, play a major role in body weight regulation. Disturbances in the maintenance of normal body weight are found to occur also in thyroid diseases. There is a close relationship of the changes in thyroid hormones with the contents of adipose tissue and adipocyte-secreted proteins regulating energetic metabolism in the body. The study objective was to analyze the levels of leptin, adiponectin and resistin in children with untreated Graves' disease, subclinical hypothyroidism in Hashimoto's thyroiditis and in children with simple goiter. The study involved 78 patients with Graves' disease (29 girls and 2 boys, aged 6-21 years, mean 15.2) and with Hashimoto's thyroiditis (30 girls and 2 boys, aged 9-18 years, mean 14.5). The control group consisted of adolescents with simple goiter (13 girls and 2 boys, aged 9-18 years, mean 14.8). The levels of leptin, adiponectin and resistin were determined using the ELISA method (R&D System, USA). Patients with untreated Graves' disease showed higher adiponectin level than the patients with hypothyroidism in Hashimoto's thyroiditis and in simple goiter (14.24 +/- 0.89 vs. 9.18 +/- 2.65, 10.15 +/- 2.5, p < 0.007, p < 0.01), but lower resistin level as compared to simple goiter and Hashimoto's thyroiditis (10.24 +/- 5.2 vs. 13.29 +/- 3.8, 12.2 +/- 2.8, p < 0.01, NS). The analysis of leptin levels revealed no significant differences between children with subclinical hypothyroidism and untreated Graves' disease (4.42 +/- 0.87 vs. 3.1 +/- 0.45 NS). In conclusion, we suggest that disturbances in thyroid hormones in thyroid diseases have an essential effect on the levels of adiponectin and resistin released by adipose tissue.

[The estimation of the number of platelets by different methods]. / Ocena liczby plytek róznymi metodami pomiarowymi.

UNLABELLED: The commonly available and accurate platelet counts play an important role in the evaluation of haemorrhagic status and in assessing the need for platelet transfusions. We evaluated platelet counting performance by the Sysmex XT-2000i haematology analyser and by the Coulter EPICS XL cytometry using optical, impedance and immunological methods in trombocytopenic patients. Hematology analysers display the high precision and the accuracy of the measurement of the number of platelets in whole blood. However, the measurement of number of platelets can be disturbed by the presence of interference factors such as: microcytic erytrocytes, schizocytes, cryoglobulins, microplatelets and immunological clumps. THE AIM OF THE STUDY: The comparison of impedance, optical and immunological enumeration methods of platelets by the Sysmex XT-2000i haematology analyser and by the Coulter EPICS XL cytometer. RESULTS: The platelet count of all considered methods showed good correlation with the cytometric method. CONCLUSIONS: Only cytometric method with using anti-CD41 monoclonal antibody allowed to verify the results of enumeration methods of platelets.

[CD80 and CD86 coreceptors expression on lymphocytes B in hypertrophied adenoids in children with otitis media with effusion]. / Ekspresja koreceptorów CD80 i CD86 na limfocytach B w przeroslych migdalkach gardlowych u dzieci chorych na wysiekowe zapalenie ucha srodkowego.

AIM: The aim of this study was evaluation of the percentage and mean fluorescence intensity of lymphocytes B with expression CD80 and CD86 in hypertrophied adenoids in children with otitis media with effusion. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Expression coreceptors CD80 and CD86 on lymphocytes B in adenoid tissue were estimated by flow cytometry method. 15 children with otitis media with effusion and 15 children with hypertrophied adenoid were tested. RESULTS: This study showed significantly higher percentage of lymphocytes CD19+ CD80+ in children with otitis media with effusion (OME 1.42% +/- 0.91) than in comparative group with hypertrophied adenoids (AH 0.63% +/- 0.21). The receptor CD86 didn't show differences in expression on lymphocytes B between both examinated groups. CONCLUSION: Low expression of CD80 and CD86 indicates that local immunity response in hypertrophied adenoids in children with otitis media with effusion is weakened. It can contribute to the otitis media with effusion.

Chosen factors of T and B cell apoptosis in hypertrophic adenoid in children with otitis media with effusion.

Evaluation of lymphocyte homeostasis within the chronically inflamed adenoid, closely related to the functioning of the immune system, may have a role in qualifying children for adenoidectomy. Apoptosis is a major process maintaining balance between tonsillar lymphocytes. The Fas receptor and Bcl-2 protein family which show pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic actions are of particular significance in apoptosis induction. Adenoid excised due to hypertrophy with or without chronic otitis media with effusion was used as study material. Flow cytometry was used to assess the percentages of apoptotic lymphocytes and CD4(+), CD8(+), CD19(+) cells with CD95(+) antigen and Bcl-2 protein in the group of children who underwent adenoidectomy due to adenoid hypertrophy and accompanying otitis media with effusion. The percentages of CD4(+)Bcl-2(+), CD8(+)Bcl-2(+) and CD19(+)Bcl-2(+) lymphocytes in the group of children with adenoid hypertrophy and acute otitis media were lower as compared to the reference group. However, the percentages of CD4(+), CD8(+) and CD19(+) cells with CD95(+) antigen were higher in the study group comparing to the reference group. The tendency of reduced percentages of T and B lymphocytes with Bcl-2 expression and elevated percentages of these cells with CD95(+) expression within the adenoid may reflect local immunity disorders.

[Concentration assessment of interleukin 8 in serum at children with uveitis]. / Ocena stezenia interleukiny 8 w surowicy krwi u dzieci z zapaleniem blony naczyniowej.

PURPOSE: Uveitis in children is a visual threatening disease with a complication rate of more than 75%. At the children the uveitis differs in several aspect from adults like: clinical presentation or complication of disease. The etiology of uveitis is still unknown, but T lymphocytes are generally key mediators of the pathogenesis of uveitis. In our study we evaluate IL-8 concentration in serum in uveitis patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Serum sample were collected from 28 uveitis patients and 20 people from control group. The level IL-8 was measured with specific enzyme- linked immunoassays ELISA methods (R & D Systems). RESULTS: Level of IL-8 in uveitis group was a significant higher (p<0.04) compared with control group. CONCLUSIONS: Increased levels of interleukin 8 in serum of children with uveitis may suggest innate immune mechanisms in the acute disease.

[Dendritic cells in hypertrophied adenoid at children with otitis media with effusion]. / Komórki dendrytyczne w tkance przeroslych migdalków gardlowych u dzieci chorych na wysiekowe zapalenie ucha srodkowego.

INTRODUCTION: The adenoids are organized as lymphoepithelial structures that play an important role in protecting both the upper respiratory and alimentary tract regions. This functions requires dendritic cells (DC) which are one of the major populations of immune cells. Due to the presence of specific receptors (DC) are able to respond to both intra- and extracellular antigens. Dendritic cells activating immunological response in tonsil contribute formation immunologic competent cells on necessity of rolling inflammatory process in middle ear. AIM OF STUDY: An investigation was executed in hypertrophied adenoids with or without otitis media with effusion. METHODS: By flow cytometry percentage of CD11c+ myeloid DC and 123+ plasmacytoid DC in hypertrophied adenoid and hypertrophied adenoid and otitis media with effusion was analyzed. RESULTS: The percentage of CD11c+ myeloid DC and 123+ plasmacytoid DC was similar in hypertrophied adenoid and otitis media with effusion compored to the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Our data show that part of dendritic cells has not on course of inflammatory process influence rolling in middle ear.

[Expression CD27 on T and B lymphocytes in hypertrophied adenoids at children with otitis media with effusion]. / Ekspresja receptora CD27 na limfocytach T i B w tkance przeroslych migdalków gardlowych u dzieci chorych na wysiekowe zapalenie ucha srodkowego.

INTRODUCTION: Adenoid has particular meaning to develop of immunological response to inflammations in upper respiratory inclusive middle ear. The mining of antigen CD27 on lymphocytes T and B in creation of memory cells is still unclear. AIM: CD27 on lymphocytes T and B has a crucial role in development of immune response against inflammatory state. Aim of this study was evaluation functions of lymhocytes with expression CD27 in hypertrophied adenoid in children with otitis media with effusion. MATERIAL AND METHODS: [corrected] We tested 24 children in examine group with hypertrophied adenoid and otitis media with effusion (OME), and 29 children in comparative group only with hypertrophied adenoid (HA). We also divided both groups into two groups, above 5 and over 5 years old. We made the research by flow cytometry method. We used anty-CD19, anty-CD3, anty-CD5 and anty-CD27 monoclonal antibodies to examinations. RESULTS: We showed the lowest percentage lymphocytes B CD5+ with expression of CD27 in subgroup older children with otitis media with effusion (O.M.E. 22.43 +/- 2.66%) in compartative to younger children in the same group (15.96 +/- 5.31%; p < 0.005) and to older comparative subgroup (H.A. 15.50 +/- 8.03; p < 0.001). Percentages of B CD5 cells with expression of CD27 was statistical lower in examinated group (7.25 +/- 3.81) than in comparative group (H.A. 16.26 +/- 5.82; p < 0.04). In group with hypertrophied adenoid showed higher percentages of CD5-CD27+CD19+ cells both in younger and older supgroup than in equivalent supgroups with O.M.E. CONCLUSIONS: Iteraction of CD27-CD70 regulates many functions of T and B lymphocytes. It seems that disorders humoral immunologucal answer in hypertrophied adenoids are supported to develop of otitis media with effusion.

Testicular function after treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (all) in prepubertal and pubertal boys.

Testicular function was evaluated in 59 male (27 prepubertal and 32 pubertal) survivors treated for ALL according to two different protocols. Serum inhibin B, FSH, testosterone, LH, and testicular volume were measured. In both groups the mean values of inhibin B were lower than control, whereas the other analyzed parameters were comparable. The inhibin B-to-FSH ratio was reduced as compared to the control. Testicular volume was lower than in healthy pubertal patients. The results show that treatment for ALL has a negative effect on spermatogenesis, regardless of the age at treatment and type of therapy.

[Gonadal function in young men after the treatment for Hodgkin lymphoma]. / Czynnosc gonady meskiej u mlodocianych po leczeniu choroby Hodgkina.

INTRODUCTION: The survival rate after the treatment for Hodgkin lymphoma improved in the last three decades and the late effects of anticancer therapy, particularly gonadal toxicity, became an important problem. THE AIM OF WORK: Assessment of the influence of chemo- and radiotherapy on gonadal function in young male survivors after the treatment for Hodgkin lymphoma (HL). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Levels of inhibin B, testosterone, FSH, LH and testicular volume were measured in 26 HL survivors aged from 15.6 to 25.2, who had been treated for HL in prepubertal (n=8) or pubertal (n=18) period. RESULTS: 1. In all groups, comparing to control one, we found higher FSH concentration (15.2+/-12.3 IU/l vs. 3.3+/-1.2 IU/l); p=0.0004, lower inhibin B (60.9+/-44.5 ng/l vs. 198.1+/-58.1 ng/l); p=0.0001, lower testicular volume (18.2+/-2.6ml vs. 21.3 +/-5.1ml) p=0.01 and normal LH as well as testosterone values. 2. Higher >+2SD FSH and LH were found in 62% and 23%, respectively, and lower <-2SD inhibin B - in 72% of survivors. 3. We did not observe the differences between the patients: a) treated before and during puberty and b) the patients in different stages of disease. 4. Persistently lowered inhibin B concentration and higher, but gradually normalized values of FSH were found >6 years after the end of therapy, 5. Azoospermia was observed in 4/10 patients, oligospermia - in 4/10 and normospermia - only in 2/10. CONCLUSIONS: Anticancer treatment for HL, independently of the age at diagnosis and clinical stage, leads to serious and persistent gonadal dysfunction. The patients should be informed about the problem of gonadal toxicity and possibility of fertility preservation at the moment of diagnosis.

[Expression of chosen chemokine receptors on the Th lymphocytes in children with hypertrophied adenoids with otitis media with effusion]. / Ekspresja wybranych receptorów chemokin na limfocytach Th przeroslych migdalków gardlowych w wysiekowym zapaleniu ucha srodkowego.

INTRODUCTION: Chemokine receptors play a crucial role in the recruitment of leucocytes into inflamed tissue from secondary lymphoid organs. AIM OF THIS STUDY: was evaluation of the percentage Th (CD4+) lymphocytes with expression of chemokine receptors: CCR3, CCR4, and CCR5 in hypertrophied adenois tissue in children with otitis media with effusion. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 36 children with otitis media with effusion and 25 children with hypertrophied adenoids were tested. Expression of chemokine receptors CCR3, CCR4 and CCR5 on T CD4 lymphocytes of hypertrophied adenoid's tissue was estimated by flow cytometry method. RESULTS: Average percentage of T CD4+ lymphocytes with expression CCR4 in hypertrophied adenoid in children group with otitis media with effusion (OME = 64.11%) was significantly higher than in comparative group with hypertrophied adenoid (HA = 75.05%, p < 0.04). We showed statistically lower percentage of CD3+CD4+ cells with expression CCR3 in examinated group (OME = 47.19%) than HA group (62.66%; p < 0.003). CONCLUSION: Results suggests that intensify of humoral immunological answer in hypertrophied adenoid depends on Th2 lymphocytes with expression CCR3 and CCR4 chemokine receptors in course of inflammatory state in middle ear.

[Analysis of serum levels of ghrelin and obestatin in children and adolescents with autoimmune thyroid diseases]. / Analiza stezenia ghreliny i obestatyny w surowicy krwi u dzieci i mlodziezy w schorzeniach autoimmunologicznych tarczycy.

INTRODUCTION: Thyroid disease is leading to a change of weight - in hyperthyroidism body mass is reduced, but in hypothyroidism it is increased. Recently researches suggest that many new bioactive substances, like ghrelin and obestatin, play a role in regulation of body mass. These closely related hormones have different effects- ghrelin increases, but obestatin decreases the appetite. The aim of the study was to evaluate ghrelin and obestatin levels in young patients with untreated Graves' disease, subclinical Hashimoto' thyroiditis and in children with nodular goiter in the euthyroid clinical state. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study group formed 78 patients of the Outpatient Endocrinology of the 2nd Department of Children's Disease (Medical University in Bialystok) and Outpatient Endocrinology IHC in Warsaw suffering from Graves' disease (29 girls and 2 boys; aged from 6 to 21 - mean 15,2 yrs) and Hashimoto's thyroiditis (29 girls and 3 boys; aged from 9 to 18 - mean 14,5 yrs). The control group consisted of children with nodular goiter (euthyroid) - 13 girls and 2 boys; aged from 9 to 18 - mean 14,8 yrs. In all patients, ghrelin and obestatin levels were analyzed by RIA's method (Phoenix Pharmaceuticals, USA). RESULTS: In children and adolescents with hyperthyroidism in Graves' disease we found lower levels of ghrelin compared to the group of children with nodular goiter and with subclinical hypothyroidism in Hashimoto's thyroiditis (123+/-23 vs. 151+/-45; vs. 140+/-36 pg/ml, p<0,02, ns). On the other hand obestatin levels were lower in children with untreated subclinical hypothyroidism in Hashimoto's thyroiditis compared to a group with nodular goiter or Hashimoto's thyroiditis in euthyroidism (203,28+/-59 vs. 222.49+/-49; 267.24+/-70 pg/ml, p<0.03, p<0.02). In a group of untreated hyperthyroidism in Graves' disease we found correlations between ghrelin and fT3 (r=-0.36, p<0,4) and fT4 levels (r=- 0.45, p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, we suggested that disturbances in thyroid hormones in thyroid diseases have an essential effect on changes of hormones controlled appetite: ghrelin (in hyperthyroidism) and obestatin (in hypothyroidism).