Image inpainting algorithm based on double curvature-driven diffusion model with P-Laplace operator.

The method of partial differential equations for image inpainting achieves better repair results and is economically feasible with fast repair time. Addresses the inability of Curvature-Driven Diffusion (CDD) models to repair complex textures or edges when the input image is affected by severe noise or distortion, resulting in discontinuous repair features, blurred detail textures, and an inability to deal with the consistency of global image content, In this paper, we have the CDD model of P-Laplace operator term to image inpainting. In this method, the P-Laplace operator is firstly introduced into the diffusion term of CDD model to regulate the diffusion speed; then the improved CDD model is discretized, and the known information around the broken region is divided into two weighted average iterations to get the inpainting image; finally, the final inpainting image is obtained by weighted averaging the two image inpainting images according to the distancing. Experiments show that the model restoration results in this paper are more rational in terms of texture structure and outperform other models in terms of visualization and objective data. Comparing the inpainting images with 150, 1000 and 100 iterations respectively, Total Variation(TV) model and the CDD model inpainting algorithm always has inpainting traces in details, and TV model can't meet the visual connectivity, but the algorithm in this paper can remove the inpainting traces well, TV model and the CDD model inpainting algorithm always have inpainting traces in details, and TV model can't meet the visual connectivity, but the algorithm in this paper can remove the inpainting traces well. Of the images used for testing, the highest PSNR reached 38.7982, SSIM reached 0.9407, and FSIM reached 0.9781, the algorithm not only inpainting the effect and, but also has fewer iterations.

Middle Jurassic insect mines on gymnosperms provide missing links to early mining evolution.

We investigated the mining mode of insect feeding, involving larval consumption of a plant's internal tissues, from the Middle Jurassic (165 million years ago) Daohugou locality of Northeastern China. Documentation of mining from the Jurassic Period is virtually unknown, and results from this time interval would address mining evolution during the temporal gap of mine-seed plant diversifications from the previous Late Triassic to the subsequent Early Cretaceous. Plant fossils were examined with standard microscopic procedures for herbivory and used the standard functional feeding group-damage-type system of categorizing damage. All fossil mines were photographed and databased. We examined 2014 plant specimens, of which 27 occurrences on 14 specimens resulted in eight, new, mine damage types (DTs) present on six genera of bennettitalean, ginkgoalean, and pinalean gymnosperms. Three conclusions emerge from this study. First, these mid-Mesozoic mines are morphologically conservative and track plant host anatomical structure rather than plant phylogeny. Second, likely insect fabricators of these mines were three basal lineages of polyphagan beetles, four basal lineages of monotrysian moths, and a basal lineage tenthredinoid sawflies. Third, the nutrition hypothesis, indicating that miners had greater access to nutritious, inner tissues of new plant lineages, best explains mine evolution during the mid-Mesozoic.

Regulation of microglia polarization after cerebral ischemia.

Stroke ranks second as a leading cause of death and permanent disability globally. Microglia, innate immune cells in the brain, respond rapidly to ischemic injury, triggering a robust and persistent neuroinflammatory reaction throughout the disease's progression. Neuroinflammation plays a critical role in the mechanism of secondary injury in ischemic stroke and is a significant controllable factor. Microglia activation takes on two general phenotypes: the pro-inflammatory M1 type and the anti-inflammatory M2 type, although the reality is more complex. The regulation of microglia phenotype is crucial to controlling the neuroinflammatory response. This review summarized the key molecules and mechanisms of microglia polarization, function, and phenotypic transformation following cerebral ischemia, with a focus on the influence of autophagy on microglia polarization. The goal is to provide a reference for the development of new targets for the treatment for ischemic stroke treatment based on the regulation of microglia polarization.

Data, metrics, and methods for arthropod and fungal herbivory at the dawn of angiosperm diversification: The Rose Creek plant assemblage of Nebraska, U.S.A.

The data presented in this article are related to the research article titled "Arthropod and fungal herbivory at the dawn of angiosperm diversification: The Rose Creek plant assemblage of Nebraska, U.S.A." (Xiao et al., 2021). These data correspond to an examination of arthropod and fungal herbivory on 2084 plant specimens from the Early Cretaceous (late Albian) Rose Creek locality of southeastern Nebraska, USA. Ten datasets have been assembled to describe and contextualize the diversity and intensity of herbivory at Rose Creek, as documented in Appendices of the online supplementary material. Appendices S4 and S5 provide a list and the frequency distributions by major clade and species/morphotype of all plant taxa examined. Appendix S6 outlines general procedures for documenting herbivory on plants and how the data was acquired. Appendix S9a and S9b provide rarefaction analyses for plant taxa to demonstrate sampling sufficiency, which is paralleled by rarefaction analyses of Appendix S9c and S9d that indicate sampling of damage types are robust. The comprehensive dataset of Appendix S12 lists plant taxa horizontally by major clade/group and species/morphotype versus vertically listed feeding classes, functional feeding groups (FFGs) and damage types (DTs). The basic metrics of DTs, feeding event occurrences, DT host-plant specialization, and number of matrix cells are displayed, with data subtotals and totals. This data matrix serves as the central source of data for the study, and records the six metrics of DT richness, DT frequency, DT host-plant specialization, percent of area herbivorized, and feeding event occurrences. Three of these metrics are used for establishing component community structure of the three most herbivorized taxa (Figs 8-10), and the relationships among plant hosts and FFGs in the non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis (Fig. 11) (Xiao et al., 2021). Appendix S15 is a list DTs, with their assigned host-plant specialization of 1 for generalized, 2 for intermediate specificity, and 3 for specialized. Appendix S16 is a table that provides plant surface areas (cm2) and their percentages that have been removed due to herbivory. Appendix S18 provides descriptions and ancillary data for 14 new DTs described from Rose Creek. A listing of the herbivory index (herbivorized surface area divided by total surface area) of plant assemblages and individual plant species in Appendix S19 provides comparisons among Rose Creek, other fossil, and modern plant assemblages. Lastly, Appendix S23 lists from the literature of arthropod species forming the well-documented herbivore component communities of five modern plant species to the three most herbivorized taxa at Rose Creek shown in Fig. 12. Some of the metrics used to quantitatively measure the diversity and intensity of herbivory are recent, such as feeding event occurrences, whereas others such as herbivorized surface area and host-plant specialization values have had a longer use in plant-arthropod studies.

Insect herbivory immediately before the eclipse of the gymnosperms: The Dawangzhangzi plant assemblage of Northeastern China.

The Early Cretaceous terrestrial revolution involved global shifts from gymnosperm- to angiosperm-dominated floras. However, responses of insect herbivores to these changes remain unexamined. We evaluated 2 176 highly sampled plant specimens representing 62 species/morphotypes from the 126 Ma Dawangzhangzi plant assemblage of Northeastern China. Our study consisted of horsetails, ferns, ginkgoaleans, czekanowskialeans, conifers, and an angiosperm. Their herbivory was evaluated by the functional feeding groups of hole feeding, margin feeding, and surface feeding (ectophytic feeders); piercer and suckers, and ovipositing insects (ectoendophytic feeders); mining, galling, and borings (endophytic feeders); and pathogens, collectively constituting 65 damage types (DTs). The plant assemblage was assessed for herbivory richness by DT richness, component community structure, and DT specialization on plant hosts; for herbivory intensity, it was evaluated for DT frequency, herbivorized surface area, and feeding event occurrences. Using feeding event occurrences, the data supported seven species/morphotypes as most intensely herbivorized: Liaoningocladus boii (76.6%), Czekanowskia sp. 1 (8.4%), Czekanowskia rigida (4.10%), Lindleycladus lanceolatus (3.5%), Ginkgoites sp. 2 (2.0%), Podozamites sp. 1 (1.1%), and Solenites sp. 1 (0.9%). The most herbivorized taxa were pinaleans (conifers), then czekanowskialeans, and lastly ginkgoaleans; the monodominant component community was the conifer Liaoningocladus boii. DT host specialization levels were low. The plant assemblage had an overall low 0.86% of foliage removed by herbivores, explained by physical and chemical antiherbivore defenses, and parasitoid attack. Although Paleozoic, gymnosperm-dominated assemblages had greater herbivory, component community structure of the three most herbivorized taxa are more similar to modern bracken fern and willow than modern gymnosperm taxa.

New archidermapteran earwigs (Dermaptera) from the Middle Jurassic of Inner Mongolia, China.

Two new species of Archidermaptera are described and figured from the Middle Jurassic Jiulonghsan Formation of Daohugou, Inner Mongolia, China. Aneurodermaoiodes gen. & sp. nov. is described in the family Protodiplatyidae and Sinopalaeodermataconcavum sp. nov. is established in the family Dermapteridae. Both new species share the typical characters of the extinct suborder Archidermaptera (e.g., pentamerous metatarsi, filiform and multimerous cerci, externalized ovipositor). Aneuroderma gen. nov. is compared with other genera of the Protodiplatyidae, while S.concavum sp. nov. allows us to emend the diagnosis of the genus Sinopalaeodermata. We briefly discuss the diversity of Archidermaptera and challenges to understanding relationships among this mid-Mesozoic diversity.

A new cockroach (Blattodea, Corydiidae) with pectinate antennae from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber.

A new species of fossil cockroach, Fragosublattapectinata gen. et sp. nov., is described from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber. The new species is assigned to the family Corydiidae based on the following combination of characters: pronotum with tubercles, tegmina obovate with smallish anal region and spinules on the antero-ventral margin of the front femur (type C1). The new species is the second reported cockroach with ramified antennae. This finding broadens the diversity of Blattodea in mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber and provides further evidence of convergent evolution for antennal structures among different insect lineages.

Early Cretaceous mealybug herbivory on a laurel highlights the deep-time history of angiosperm-scale insect associations.

Insect fluid-feeding on fossil vascular plants is an inconspicuous and underappreciated mode of herbivory that can provide novel data on the evolution of deep-time ecological associations and indicate the host-plant preferences of ancient insect herbivores. Previous fossil studies have documented piercing-and-sucking herbivory but often are unable to identify culprit insect taxa. One line of evidence are punctures and scale-insect impression marks made by piercing-and-sucking insects that occasionally provide clues to the systematic identities and relationships of particular insect herbivores. We report here the earliest occurrences of piercing and sucking on early angiosperms as evidenced by scale insect covers, impression marks, punctures and body fossils - notably a mealybug - from the Lower Cretaceous Rose Creek Flora of the Dakota Formation (c. 103 Ma), in southeastern Nebraska, USA. The mealybug, two other scale insect taxa, and several distinctive damage types on laurel leaves and seed-plant stems at Rose Creek document a diverse guild of piercing-and-sucking insects on early angiosperms. The discovery of an Early Cretaceous female mealybug indicates an early herbivorous association with a laurel host. These data provide direct evidence for co-associations and possible coevolution of scale insects and their plant hosts during early angiosperm diversification.

Calculation and realization of new method grey residual error correction model.

Aiming at the problem of prediction accuracy of stochastic volatility series, this paper proposes a method to optimize the grey model(GM(1,1)) from the perspective of residual error. In this study, a new fitting method is firstly used, which combines the wavelet function basis and the least square method to fit the residual data of the true value and the predicted value of the grey model(GM(1,1)). The residual prediction function is constructed by using the fitting method. Then, the prediction function of the grey model(GM(1,1)) is modified by the residual prediction function. Finally, an example of the wavelet residual-corrected grey prediction model (WGM) is obtained. The test results show that the fitting accuracy of the wavelet residual-corrected grey prediction model has irreplaceable advantages.

Florivory of Early Cretaceous flowers by functionally diverse insects: implications for early angiosperm pollination.

Florivory (flower consumption) occurs worldwide in modern angiosperms, associated with pollen and nectar consumption. However, florivory remains unrecorded from fossil flowers since their Early Cretaceous appearance. We test hypotheses that earliest angiosperms were pollinated by a diverse insect fauna by evaluating 7858 plants from eight localities of the latest Albian Dakota Formation from midcontinental North America, in which 645 specimens (8.2%) were flowers or inflorescences. Well-preserved specimens were categorized into 32 morphotypes, nine of which displayed 207 instances of damage from 11 insect damage types (DTs) by four functional-feeding groups of hole feeding, margin feeding, surface feeding and piercing-and-sucking. We assessed the same DTs inflicted by known florivores on modern flowers that also are their pollinators, and associated insect mouthpart types causing such damage. The diverse, Dakota florivore-pollinator community showed a local pattern at Braun's Ranch of flower morphotypes 4 and 5 having piercing-and-sucking as dominant and margin feeding as minor interactions, whereas Dakotanthus cordiformis at Rose Creek I and II had an opposite pattern. We found no evidence for nectar robbing. These data support the rapid emergence of early angiosperms of florivore and associated pollinator guilds expressed at both the local and regional community levels.

[Population status and protection evaluation of Syzygium album, a species with extremely small population.] / 极小种群植物白果蒲桃种群现状与保护评价.

Syzygium album is a plant species with extremely small population and endemic to Yun-xiao County, Fujian Province. We examined its population status and conservation evaluation. The results showed that there were 25 individuals of S. album, with only one mother tree. Except for the mother tree and one small tree, the others were all young seedlings, which was rare in abundance and lack of age stage of middle and strong trees. The spatial distribution of young seedlings was not uniform, with most of individuals within the range of 10-25 m from the mother tree. The age class structure of the population was not continuous and the population development was unsustainable. The competition mainly came from other species. Cryptocarya chinensis accounted for 66.6% of the total competition index, which was much higher than other species. We established a comprehensive evaluation index system for the protection of rare and endangered plants with extremely small populations and evaluated the protection of S. album from three aspects, i.e., endangered degree, protection value, and protection priority. The endangered degree of S. album was level Ⅰ (the endangered degree index was 4.510), belonging to extremely endangered species, the protection value was level Ⅰ (the protection value index was 4.052), which was of great value, and the protection priority was level Ⅰ (the protection priority index was 4.016), which should be listed as the highest priority protection level.

Complete Mitogenome of a Leaf-Mining Buprestid Beetle, Trachys auricollis, and Its Phylogenetic Implications.

A complete mitogenome of Trachys auricollis is reported, and a mitogenome-based phylogenetic tree of Elateriformia with all protein-coding genes (PCGs), rRNAs, and tRNAs is presented for the first time. The complete mitochondrial genome of T. auricollis is 16,429 bp in size and contains 13 PCGs, two rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes, and an A + T-rich region. The A + T content of the entire genome is approximately 71.1%, and the AT skew and GC skew are 0.10 and -0.20, respectively. According to the the nonsynonymous substitution rate to synonymous substitution rates (Ka/Ks) of all PCGs, the highest and lowest evolutionary rates were observed for atp8 and cox1, respectively, which is a common finding among animals. The start codons of all PCGs are the typical ATN. Ten PCGs have complete stop codons, but three have incomplete stop codons with T or TA. As calculated based on the relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) values, UUA(L) is the codon with the highest frequency. Except for trnS1, all 22 tRNA genes exhibit typical cloverleaf structures. The A + T-rich region of T. auricollis is located between rrnS and the trnI-trnG-trnM gene cluster, with six 72-bp tandem repeats. Both maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian (BI) trees suggest that Buprestoidea is close to Byrrhoidea and that Buprestoidea and Byrrhoidea are sister groups of Elateroidea, but the position of Psephenidae is undetermined. The inclusion of tRNAs might help to resolve the phylogeny of Coleoptera.