How Does a Healthy Interactive Environment Sustain Foreign Language Development? An Ecocontextualized Approach.

Recent inconsistent empirical findings on the impact of context on foreign language development (FLD) are related to some conflicting context views, which hinders healthy FLD. Given this, an ecocontextualized approach/perspective is presented as a "recipe", holding that inter-intrastratally interactive context-oriented learning starts with the alignment of implicit sound-meaning mapping (phonic listening and speaking only) with the low cognitive levels of early starters and physical objects/visual realia in the proximate context, and only when the learners' cognitive levels develop several years later can it turn to explicit formal learning through abstract written language and contents. Based on this view, a sound-meaning mapping prioritizing (SMMP) route to healthy/sustainable FLD is proposed and testified via questionnaires and an interview/oral test. Results showed: (1) SMMP early starters surpassed the non-SMMP (NSMMP) early starters (learning reading, listening, speaking, and writing simultaneously) in oral proficiency at the late stage despite their homogeneity at the early stage; (2) oral, especially listening abilities, could not be well developed at the late stage by NSMMP learners; (3) written proficiency could be developed later by both types. These findings reveal the SMMP route to healthy/sustainable FLD in the Chinese context.

Mechanism of Chaihu Shugan Powder () for Treating Depression Based on Network Pharmacology / 中国结合医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To analyze the effective components of Chinese medicine (CM) contained in Chaihu Shugan Powder (, CSP) in the treatment of depressive disorders and to predict its anti-depressant mechanism by network pharmacology.@*METHODS@#Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity calculation method was used to screen the active components of CSP. Traditional Chinese Medicine System Pharmacological Database Analysis Platform and text mining tool (GoPuMed database) were used to predict and screen the active ingredients of CSP and anti-depressive targets. Through Genetic Association Database, Therapeutic Target Database, and PharmGkb database targets for depression were obtained. Cytoscape3.2.1 software was used to establish a network map of the active ingredients-targets of CSP, and to analyze gene function and metabolic pathways through Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery and the Omicshare database.@*RESULTS@#The 121 active ingredients and 15 depression-related targets which were screened from the database can exert antidepressant effects by improving the neural plasticity, growth, transfer condition and gene expression of neuronal cell, and the raise of the expression of gap junction protein. The 15 targets passed 14 metabolic pathways, mainly involved in the regulation of neurotransmitters (5-hydroxytryptamine, dopamine and epinephrine), inflammatory mediator regulation of TRP channels, calcium signaling pathway, cyclic adenosine monophosphate signaling pathway and neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction and other signal channels to exert anti-depressant effects.@*CONCLUSION@#This article reveals the possible mechanism of CSP in the treatment of depression through network pharmacology research, and lays a foundation for further target studies.