Patchouli alcohol against renal fibrosis of spontaneously hypertensive rats via Ras/Raf-1/ERK1/2 signalling pathway.

OBJECTIVES: The present study was designed to obverse the protection of patchouli alcohol (PA) ameliorates hypertensive nephropathy in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and reveals potential mechanism. METHODS: Briefly, the adult spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) or Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats (half male and half female) were intragastric gavaged or not with PA (80, 40 and 20 mg/kg) for 8 weeks. Body weight, blood pressure (BP), renal weight, renal function and renal morphology were measured. Further, western blotting and immunohistochemical analysis were used to study the underlying mechanism. KEY FINDINGS: Compared with the WKY group, plasmatic levels of renin, angiotensin II (Ang-II), transforming growth factor beta 1(TGF-ß1), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1(PAI-1), creatinine (Cr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), renal index, mRNA levels of ERK1/2 and α-SMA were significantly increased in SHR. Histology results showed that renal tubular injury and tubulointerstitial fibrosis occurred in SHR. After administration, SBP of captopril group decreased at each week after administration, especially at 3, 5, 6 7 and 8 weeks (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). There is no significant effect was assessed in the olive oil group. Decreased plasma Cr, Renin, Ang-II, TGF-ß1, PAI-1, SCFAs and Renin, TGF-ß1, PAI-1 in renal tissues were observed significantly in captopril (P <0.05 or P < 0.01). Plasma BUN, Ang-II, TGF-ß1 and PAI-1 in renal tissues decreased in the olive oil group significantly (P <0.05 or P < 0.01). PA (80, 40 and 20 mg/kg) lowered BP and plasmatic levels of Renin, Ang-II, TGF-ß1 and PAI-1. Treatment with PA (40, 20 mg/kg) decreased levels of Cr, BUN and suppressed of activation of pro-fibrosis cytokines including TGF-ß1 in kidney. There is no ameliorative change in the olive oil group and the captopril group (P > 0.05) while PA treatment alleviated renal tubular injury and produced dramatic collagen fibre area reductions in mesangial membrane, basement membrane, and renal interstitium obviously (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). Treatment of SHR with PA-inhibited MFB activation and downregulated mRNA of α-SMA. Treatment with PA suppressed excessive production of the extracellular matrix (ECM) via decreasing Col I, III and FN, downregulating mRNA of tissue inhibitor of TIMP-1 along with upregulating mRNA of MMP-9. The expression of Col III and MMP-9 mRNA-reduced in the captopril group (P < 0.05). In addition, the expression of ERK1/2 and pERK1/2 also reduced in the captopril group significantly (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). Treatment with PA (20 mg/kg) downregulated proteins expression of Raf-1, ERK1/2 and pERK1/2 and mRNA expression of Ras, Raf-1 and ERK1/2. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, PA restored normal BP, alleviated renal dysfunction and renal fibrosis, possibly by suppressing Ang II and TGF-ß1-mediated Ras/Raf-1/ERK1/2 signalling pathway.

Garlic supplementation for the treatment of chronic liver disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Introduction: The efficacy of garlic supplementation for chronic liver disease remains controversial. We conduct a meta-analysis to explore the influence of garlic supplementation versus placebo on the treatment of chronic liver disease. Methods: We have searched PubMed, EMbase, Web of science, EBSCO, and Cochrane library databases through September 2021 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the efficacy of garlic supplementation versus placebo for chronic liver disease. This meta-analysis is performed using the random-effect model. Results: Four RCTs and 212 patients are included in the meta-analysis. Overall, compared with control group for chronic liver disease, garlic supplementation is associated with significantly reduced alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate-aminotransferase (AST), total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL) and weight, but demonstrates no substantial impact on the incidence of adverse events. Conclusions: Garlic supplementation is effective to treat chronic liver disease.

Mechanism of Zhishi Xiebai Guizhitang in Alleviating Myocardial Injury in Rats with Myocardial Infarction Based on TNF/NF-κB Signaling Pathway / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of Zhishi Xiebai Guizhitang （ZXGT） on isoproterenol （ISO）-induced myocardial infarction （MI） in rats through the tumor necrosis factor/nuclear factor-κB （TNF/NF-κB） signaling pathway. MethodForty-eight SD rats were randomly divided into control group （blank）， model group， perindopril group （4 mg·kg-1）， ZXGT group （24.4 g·kg-1）， ZXGT +inhibitor group （ZXGT， 24.4 g·kg-1， TNF-α receptor inhibitor R7050， 5 mg·kg-1）， and an inhibitor group （R7050， 5 mg·kg-1）， with eight rats in each group. The rats in each group were orally administered with their respective drugs for 7 days. Additionally， in the ZXGT + inhibitor group and the inhibitor group， R7050 was injected intraperitoneally at a dose of 5 mg·kg-1 on the 6th and 7th days. Except for the control group， all other groups were given intraperitoneal injections of ISO for 2 consecutive days to induce MI in rats. On the 7th day of the experiment， the rats were anesthetized 30 min after ISO injection， and their electrocardiograms （ECGs） were recorded to observe ST-segment elevation. Small animal echocardiography was used to measure global longitudinal strain （GLS） and cardiac synchrony. Blood samples were collected from the abdominal aorta to measure the levels of serum cardiac troponin T （cTnT）， creatine kinase-MB （CK-MB）， lactate dehydrogenase （LDH）， tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α）， and interleukin-1β （IL-1β）. Histopathological changes in myocardial tissue were observed using hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining. Immunohistochemistry （IHC） was used to detect the expression of TNF-α， NF-κB p65， and p-NF-κB p65 proteins in myocardial tissue. Western blot was performed to measure the expression of tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 （TNFR1）， tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 2 （TRAF2）， transforming growth factor-beta-activated kinase 1 （TAK1）， NF-κB inhibitory protein alpha （IκBα）， phosphorylated （p）-IκBα， NF-κB p65， and p-NF-κB p65 proteins in myocardial tissue. ResultCompared with the control group， the model group showed significant ST segment elevation on the ECG （P<0.01）， increased GLS， and reduced cardiac synchrony on echocardiography （P<0.01）. Histopathological examination revealed extensive myocardial necrosis. Furthermore， the serum levels of cTnT， CK-MB， LDH， TNF-α， and IL-1β were significantly increased （P<0.01）， and the expression levels of TNF-α， TNFR1， TRAF2， TAK1， p-IκBα， and p-NF-κB p65 proteins in myocardial tissue were significantly elevated （P<0.01）， while the expression level of IκBα was significantly decreased （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， the perindopril group， the ZXGT group， the ZXGT + inhibitor group， and the inhibitor group rats showed a significant reduction in ST-segment elevation on the ECG （P<0.05， P<0.01）， improvement in GLS and cardiac synchrony （P<0.05， P<0.01）， a decrease in the area of myocardial necrosis， and reduced serum levels of cTnT， CK-MB， LDH， TNF-α， and IL-1β （P<0.01）. Additionally， the ZXGT group， the ZXGT + inhibitor group， and the inhibitor group downregulated the increased TNF-α， TNFR1， TRAF2， TAK1， p-IκBα， and p-NF-κB p65 protein expression levels and upregulated IκBα expression levels in the myocardial tissue （P<0.05， P<0.01）. No significant differences were observed between the ZXGT group and the ZXGT + inhibitor group or the inhibitor group. ConclusionZXGT can protect against ISO-induced myocardial injury in rats and improve cardiac function， and its mechanism of action may be related to the regulation of the TNF/NF-κB signaling pathway.

Study on relationship between dietary nutrition factors and metabolic syndrome in elderly people / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective Due to the decline of gastrointestinal function, the intakes of various dietary nutrients in the elderly population are reduced to varying degrees. Among them, the reduction in vitamins and trace mineral elements is relatively greater, resulting in relative increases in the intake of carbohydrates, proteins and fats and an increased risk of development of metabolic syndrome (MS). Methods In order to reduce the risk of MS in the elderly population, it is necessary to limit the intakes of the three major energy-supplying nutrients, mainly carbohydrates. The effects of vitamins and trace elements on MS are still controversial, and it is recommended to ensure normal intake. Dietary fiber has positive effects on gastrointestinal function, immune response, and glucolipid metabolism. Therefore, it is necessary to increase the intake. Results Mediterranean diet is currently confirmed to have a good effect on the prevention of MS, and the diet consists mainly of beans, nuts, vegetables and fruits, with appropriate intakes of cereals, seafood and dairy products. Plant-based diet based on vegetables, mushrooms and bean products is also beneficial to improving blood glucose and blood lipids, thereby preventing the occurrence and progression of MS. Owing to the significant differences in dietary habits, health status and dietary structure among the elderly population in different regions, the significance of single and specific dietary patterns for the prevention of MS is still low. Conclusion It will become a development trend to formulate diversified and individualized dietary regimen through the reasonable increases or limitations of corresponding food intakes according to different individual nutritional levels..

Pharmacological Activities and Mechanisms of Hirudin and Its Derivatives - A Review.

Hirudin, an acidic polypeptide secreted by the salivary glands of Hirudo medicinalis (also known as "Shuizhi" in traditional Chinese medicine), is the strongest natural specific inhibitor of thrombin found so far. Hirudin has been demonstrated to possess potent anti-thrombotic effect in previous studies. Recently, increasing researches have focused on the anti-thrombotic activity of the derivatives of hirudin, mainly because these derivatives have stronger antithrombotic activity and lower bleeding risk. Additionally, various bioactivities of hirudin have been reported as well, including wound repair effect, anti-fibrosis effect, effect on diabetic complications, anti-tumor effect, anti-hyperuricemia effect, effect on cerebral hemorrhage, and others. Therefore, by collecting and summarizing publications from the recent two decades, the pharmacological activities, pharmacokinetics, novel preparations and derivatives, as well as toxicity of hirudin were systematically reviewed in this paper. In addition, the clinical application, the underlying mechanisms of pharmacological effects, the dose-effect relationship, and the development potential in new drug research of hirudin were discussed on the purpose of providing new ideas for application of hirudin in treating related diseases.

Pharmacological activities and mechanisms of action of Pogostemon cablin Benth: a review.

Patchouli ("Guanghuoxiang") or scientifically known as Pogostemon cablin Benth, belonging to the family Lamiaceae, has been used in traditional Chinse medicine (TCM) since the time of the Eastern Han dynasty. In TCM theory, patchouli can treat colds, nausea, fever, headache, and diarrhea. Various bioactive compounds have been identified in patchouli, including terpenoids, phytosterols, flavonoids, organic acids, lignins, glycosides, alcohols, pyrone, and aldehydes. Among the numerous compounds, patchouli alcohol, ß-patchoulene, patchoulene epoxide, pogostone, and pachypodol are of great importance. The pharmacological impacts of these compounds include anti-peptic ulcer effect, antimicrobial effect, anti-oxidative effect, anti-inflammatory effect, effect on ischemia/reperfusion injury, analgesic effect, antitumor effect, antidiabetic effect, anti-hypertensive effect, immunoregulatory effect, and others.For this review, we examined publications from the previous five years collected from PubMed, Web of Science, Springer, and the Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure databases. This review summarizes the recent progress in phytochemistry, pharmacology, and mechanisms of action and provides a reference for future studies focused on clinical applications of this important plant extract.

A study on the influence of situational simulation training combined with Miller pyramid teaching on emergency response ability and nursing skills of operating room nurses / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective:To explore the effect of situational simulation training combined with Miller pyramid teaching on emergency response ability and nursing skills of specialized nurses in operating room.Methods:A total of 56 disaster nursing trainees who received specialized nurse training in the operating room of Mianyang Central Hospital from June 2019 to June 2020 were selected in the study, and they were divided into control group and research group in average according to the order of training time. The control group adopted clinical one-to-one teaching, while the research group adopted situational simulation training combined with Miller pyramid teaching. After the training, the teaching effect of specialized nurse training was evaluated by their professional theoretical knowledge and nursing skill operation results, and self-designed assessment scale was used to evaluate the emergency response ability and satisfaction with the training effect of the nurses. SPSS 22.0 was used for t test and chi-square test. Results:The results of theoretical knowledge and nursing skills operation of specialize nurses in operating room in the research group were significantly higher than those in the control group, and the differences were statistically significant ( P<0.001). The scores of emergency capability assessment in the research group were significantly higher than those in the control group, with statistical significance ( P<0.001). The study group was better than the control group in 7 aspects of satisfaction, such as the improvement of the operation level of emergency ability, team cooperation ability, analysis and problem solving ability, clinical nursing decision-making ability, independent thinking ability and nurse-patient communication ability, with significant differences ( P<0.05). Conclusion:Situational simulation training combined with Miller pyramid teaching can significantly improve the emergency response ability, nursing skill operation and training satisfaction of operating room nurses, which is better than the traditional clinical teaching method, and is worthy of application and promotion in clinical nursing teaching.

Evaluation the effect of MALDI-TOF MS on the detection of carbapenemase produced by enterobacteriaceae / 中华检验医学杂志

Objective To evaluate the effect of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS)on the detection of carbapenemase producing enterobacteriaceae. Methods A total of 21 carbapenem non-susceptible enterobacteriaceaeclinical strains were collectedfrom the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University during January to May, 2018, including 11 strains of Klebsiella pneumonia, 3 strains of Klebsiella oxytoca, 3 strains of Enterobacter cloacae, and 4 strains of Escherichia coli. All the isolates were incubated with 0.5g/L meropenem solution for 2 hours. The supernatant was centrifuged and collected for MALDI-TOF MS detection. The characteristic peaks were captured to determin whether the strain was producing carbapenemase or not. And then, the results were compared with PCR results by Kappastatistical analysis. Results The PCR results showed that all the strains were positive for carbapenmase genes, among them 15 isolates were encoding KPC genes, 6 isolates encoding GES genes, 2 isolates encoding NDM genes, 1 isolate encoding VIM genes, 4 isolates encoding GIM and 1 isolate encoding SIM. And the strains could carry one or more carbapem-resistant determinants. MALDI-TOF MS showed that meropenem were hydrolyzed by 21 isolates and a characteristic drug hydrolysis peak appeared at 199 m/z, as a result of carbapenemase produced by enterobacteriaceae. The assay of MALDI-TOF MS was highly consistentwith PCR results. Conclusions The investigation showed that MALDI-TOF MS can directly detect the carbapenemase by capture the characteristic drug hydrolysis peak.

Protective Effect of Compatibilities of Ginsenosides Rg1 and Aconitine on Myocardial Cells of in vitro Cul-tured Heart Failure Model / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the protective effect of the compatibilities of ginsenosides Rg1 and aconitine on myocar-dial cell of in vitro cultured heart failure model. METHODS:The myocardial cells of neonate rat were grouped into normal control group,model group,positive control group(Deslanoside injection,1×10-7 mol/L),ginsenosides Rg1 group(1×10-8 mol/L),acon-itine group (1 × 10-9 mol/L) or their compatibilities groups (1∶1,2∶1,1∶2,V/V). Except for normal control group,other groups were given 0.8%pentobarbital sodium to induce heart failure model of myocardial cells. After modeling,each group was given rele-vant medicine for 1 h,and then the activities of T-ATPase,Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase,Na+-K+-ATPase in cells were all detected. The activi-ties of acyl carrier protein(ACP)and lactate dehydrogenase(LDH),and the contents of brain natriuretic party(BNP),TNF-α and total glycogen were measured in cell culture fluid. RESULTS:Compared with normal control group, T-ATPase and Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase activities were decreased significantly in model group;meanwhile,Na+-K+-ATPase activity was increased signifi-cantly,and ACP,LDH activities and BNP content in cell culture fluid were increased significantly(P0.05). CONCLUSIONS:Compatibility of ginsenosides Rg1 and aconitine can improve ATPase activities and membranous permeability,regulate BNP secretion and protect myocardial cell of heart failure model,especially the compatibility of ginsenosides Rg1 to aconitine of 2∶1 ratio.

Effects of Anisodine Hydrobromide on Cell Apoptosis and ERK1/2 Phosphorylation Level in Brain Tissue of Model Rats with Acute Cerebral Ischemia-reperfusion Injury / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To study the effects of anisodine hydrobromide on cell apoptosis and extracellular signal-regulated pro-tein kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) phosphorylation (p-ERK1/2) level in brain tissue of model rats with acute cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. METHODS:Rats were randomly divided into sham operation group,model group,positive control group(nimodipine 1.0 mg/kg),anisodine hydrobromide high-dose,medium-dose,low-dose,extreme low-dose groups(1.2,0.6,0.3,0.15 mg/kg),8 in each group. Suture method was used to establish the rat models with acute cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Rats were intrave-nously injected once in tail at 2nd of ischemia and 6th of reperfusion. Then adenosine triphosphate (ATP) enzyme activity,Ca2+content,cell apoptosis in brain tissue,p-ERK1/2 protein expression in brain tissue,and p-ERK1/2/total ERK1/2 (t-ERK1/2) pro-portion in brain tissue of rats were detected after 22 h of reperfusion. RESULTS:Compared with sham operation group,ATP en-zyme activity in brain tissue of rats in model group was obviously decreased,Ca2+ content was obviously increased,density of cell apoptosis in brain tissue was obviously increased,with statistical significances(P<0.01). Compared with model group,density of cell apoptosis in brain tissue was obviously decreased in each administration group;Ca2+ contents in brain tissue of rats in positive control group,anisodine hydrobromide high-dose,low-dose groups were obviously decreased;and p-ERK1/2/t-ERK1/2 proportion in brain tissue of rats in anisodine hydrobromide high-dose,low-dose,extreme low-dose groups were obviously increased,with sta-tistical significances(P<0.05 or P<0.01);the other differences were not statistically significant(P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS:An-isodine hydrobromide can inhibit the cell apoptosis in brain tissue of model rats with acute cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury,andthe mechanism may be related with activating ERK1/2 signal pathway and regulating ATP enzyme activity to decrease the Ca2+content in the brain tissue.

Effects of Anisodine Hydrobromide on Cell Apoptosis and ERK1/2 Phosphorylation Level in Brain Tissue of Model Rats with Acute Cerebral Ischemia-reperfusion Injury / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To study the effects of anisodine hydrobromide on cell apoptosis and extracellular signal-regulated pro-tein kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) phosphorylation (p-ERK1/2) level in brain tissue of model rats with acute cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. METHODS:Rats were randomly divided into sham operation group,model group,positive control group(nimodipine 1.0 mg/kg),anisodine hydrobromide high-dose,medium-dose,low-dose,extreme low-dose groups(1.2,0.6,0.3,0.15 mg/kg),8 in each group. Suture method was used to establish the rat models with acute cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Rats were intrave-nously injected once in tail at 2nd of ischemia and 6th of reperfusion. Then adenosine triphosphate (ATP) enzyme activity,Ca2+content,cell apoptosis in brain tissue,p-ERK1/2 protein expression in brain tissue,and p-ERK1/2/total ERK1/2 (t-ERK1/2) pro-portion in brain tissue of rats were detected after 22 h of reperfusion. RESULTS:Compared with sham operation group,ATP en-zyme activity in brain tissue of rats in model group was obviously decreased,Ca2+ content was obviously increased,density of cell apoptosis in brain tissue was obviously increased,with statistical significances(P<0.01). Compared with model group,density of cell apoptosis in brain tissue was obviously decreased in each administration group;Ca2+ contents in brain tissue of rats in positive control group,anisodine hydrobromide high-dose,low-dose groups were obviously decreased;and p-ERK1/2/t-ERK1/2 proportion in brain tissue of rats in anisodine hydrobromide high-dose,low-dose,extreme low-dose groups were obviously increased,with sta-tistical significances(P<0.05 or P<0.01);the other differences were not statistically significant(P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS:An-isodine hydrobromide can inhibit the cell apoptosis in brain tissue of model rats with acute cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury,andthe mechanism may be related with activating ERK1/2 signal pathway and regulating ATP enzyme activity to decrease the Ca2+content in the brain tissue.

The protective mechanism of anisodine hydrobromide against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats / 中国药理学通报

Aim To investigate the protective mechanism of anisodine hydrobromide against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats.Methods In vivo: the cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury model was established by middle cerebral artery occlusion(MCAO)via suture method in rats;the rats were injected anisodine hydrobromide(1.2,0.6,0.3,0.15 mg·kg-1);the morphological changes were detected by HE staining;the Nissl staining was used to count the number of surviving neurons;the activity of CAT and LDH,the LPO contents in the brain tissue were measured;the expressions of Bax,Bcl-2,caspase-3 and p-Akt in brain tissue were detected by Western blot.In vitro: Western blot assay was used to determine the expression of Bax,Bcl-2,caspase-3 and p-Akt protein expression in the OGD-R model of PC12 cells.The signal pathway of anisodine hydrobromide was identified.Results Anisodine hydrobromide with the dose of 0.15 mg·kg-1 could significantly lessen the morphological changes,and improve the number of surviving neurons;the dose of 0.3 and 0.15 mg·kg-1 could significantly improve the activity of CAT;the dose of 0.3 mg·kg-1 could significantly reduce the contents of LPO in the rat brain tissue;the dose of 1.2 mg·kg-1 could significantly decrease the activity of LDH;the dose of 0.15～1.2 mg·kg-1 could inhibit the expression of Bax,promote the expression of p-Akt in rat brain tissue.All the doses except 0.15 mg·kg-1 could promote the expression of Bcl-2 in rat brain tissue.In vitro,the results showed that anisodine hydrobromide in 25～100 μmol·L-1 could significantly improve the expression of Bcl-2 and the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax,and the dose of 50 μmol·L-1 could significantly improve the ratio of p-Akt/Akt.Conclusion The mechanism of anisodine hydrobromide against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury model rats might be related to its anti-oxidative activity and the activation of Akt.

Comparison of the Anti-inflammation,Analgesic Effects of Decoctions Extracted from Aconiti Lateralis with Different Leaf Shapes from Different Producing Areas / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To compare the anti-inflammation,analgesia effects of decoctions extracted from Aconiti lateralis with different leaf shapes(dahua leaf,xiaohua leaf)from different producing areas(Jiangyou,Butuo). METHODS:Animals were randomly divided into blank group(distilled water),positive group,groups of Aconiti lateralis with dahua,xiaohua leaf from Ji-angyou,groups of Aconiti lateralis with dahua,xiaohua leaf from Butuo(with dose of 5 g/kg,calculated by crude drug). The an-ti-inflammation effect of decoctions extracted from Aconiti lateralis with different variety sources and leaf shapes was investigated by xylene-induced ear swelling test (n=12) in mice and egg white-induced toe swelling test (n=10) in rats (positive drug was Dexamethasone acetate tablet,0.005 g/kg). And its analgesic effect was investigated by acetic acid-induced writhing body reaction test(n=12)and hot-plate-induced pain test(n=12)in mice(positive drug was Morphine hydrochloride tablet,0.0025 g/kg). RE-SULTS:The decoctions extracted from Aconiti lateralis with dahua,xiaohua leaf from Butuo and xiaohua leaf from Jiangyou can significantly reduce the ear swelling degree(P<0.01). The decoctions extracted from Aconiti lateralis with dahua leaf from Jiangy-ou and Butuo can significantly decrease the toe swelling degree after 6 h of medication(P<0.05). And decoctions extracted from Aconiti lateralis with xiaohua leaf from Butuo can significantly reduce the number of writhing body in mice with acetic acid-in-duced pain and prolong the pain threshold of mice with hot-plate-induced pain (P<0.05 or P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS:Aconiti lateralis with dahua and xiaohua leaf from Butuo and with xiaohua leaf from Jiangyou show better anti-inflammation effect,and Aconiti lateralis with xiaohua leaf from Butuo shows better analgesic effect.

Direct identification of pathogens from positive blood cultures by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry / 中华临床感染病杂志

Objective To develop a rapid and accurate technique for pathogens identification from positive blood cultures by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry ( MALDI-TOF MS) .Methods A total of 266 culture-positive blood samples from clinical laboratory in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University during January to July 2015 were collected.The blood was transferred into separation-gel tubes, and the bacteria were enriched and purified by differential centrifugation.MALDI-TOF MS was applied to identify the bacteria and the results were compared with conventional bacterial culture. Results Among 266 culture-positive blood samples, 260 were monomicrobial cultures and 6 were polymicrobial cultures.Of 260 monomicrobial cultures, 98.8% (257/260) and 96.2% ( 250/260 ) of organisms were identified at the genus level and the species level, respectively.Of 140 Gram-negative bacterial isolates, 99.3% (139/140) and 97.9% (137/140) were identified at the genus level and the species level, respectively.Of 120 Gram-positive bacteria isolates, 98.3%(118/120) and 94.2% (113/120) were identified at the genus level and the species level, respectively.None of the 6 polymicrobial cultures were identified.Conclusion MALDI-TOF MS can directly identify the bacteria from positive blood cultures, which provides a rapid and accurate method for the diagnosis of bloodstream infection.

Analysis of the hemolysin and virulence-related genes of incomplete hemolysis Staphylococcus aureus / 中华临床感染病杂志

Objective To analyze hemolysin and virulence -related genes in incomplete hemolytic Staphylococcus aureus.Methods Fifty strains of incomplete hemolytic Staphylococcus aureus were isolated from patients admitted in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University during 2013 and 2014, and the isolates with complete hemolytic phenotype were also collected at the same period as the control strains . All the strains were inoculated and subcultured on four kinds of sheep blood agar plates supplied by different manufacturers to compare their hemolytic phenotype .The relative mRNA expressions of hemolysin genes (hla, hlb, hlc, hld) in standard strain, complete and incomplete hemolytic phenotype strains were detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), and valued by 2 -△△Ct method.t test was used to compare mRNA expressions of hemolysin genes .Western blot was performed to analyze the expression of α-hemolysin.Antibiotic susceptibility test of incomplete hemolytic strains was performed using broth microdilution method.Resistant gene mecA and virulence genes pvl, tst were detected by PCR.Results The steady and hereditary incomplete hemolysis was observed in 50 strains of incomplete hemolytic Staphylococcus aureus on the sheep blood agar plates from different suppliers .Taking mRNA expression of hla, hlb, hlc, hld in standard strain as 1, the relative mRNA expressions of hemolysin genes in incomplete hemolytic strains were 0.02, 7.51, 0.06 and 0.12 respectively, there were statistical differences between standard strain and incomplete hemolytic strains (t =8.46, -56.40, 8.12 and 7.61, all P <0.05).And the expression of α-hemolysin was decreased in incomplete hemolytic strains .All the strains were identified as methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).Three strains exhibited different minimum inhibitory concentrations of teicoplanin and linezolid after subcultured , but the differences had no impact on the final results of antibiotic susceptibility test .mecA, pvl and tst genes were positive in incomplete hemolytic strains . Conclusion Staphylococcus aureus with incomplete hemolytic phenotype is methicillin resistant with higher expression of β-hemolysin and lower expressions of α-hemolysin, γ-hemolysin and δ-hemolysin.It carries plv and tst virulence genes and is of high virulence .

Acute Toxicity Study on Intragastric Administration of Different ProcessedRadix Aconiti Lateralis PraeparataProducts to Beagle Dogs / 世界科学技术-中医药现代化

This article was aimed to study the acute toxicities on intragastric administration of differentRadix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparataprocessed products to Beagle dogs. A total of 16 healthy and qualified Beagle dogs were randomly divided into the blank group,Pao-Fu-Pian(PFP) group,Pao-Tian-Xiong(PTX) group andHei-Shun-Pian(HSP) group according to the body weight. The intragastric administration of 4 g crude herb per kg was given. Before medication, 1 h, 24 h, and 3, 7, 14 days after medication, the body weight, food consumption, rectal temperature, electrocardiogram, blood routine and blood biochemistry were measured. The results showed that after medication, all dogs in three experimental groups were depressed. And there were significant differences in the electrolytes of blood. Among them, the HSP group was the most obvious one. The red blood cells, blood sugar and triglycerides of dogs in the PFP group had significant difference. The lymphocytes and blood sugar had significant difference of dogs in the PTX group. However, after the medication of HSP, the lymphocytes of the dogs were decreased significantly. It was concluded that the toxicity of three processed products followed the order of HSP > PFP > PTX.

Expression of macrophage migration inhibitory factor and CD_(74) in preeclamptic placenta and its correlation with preeclampsia / 中华妇产科杂志

Objective To investigate the expression of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and CD_(74), the receptor of MIF, in preeclamptic placenta and its correlation with the pathogenesis of preeclampsia.Methods From March 2008 to November 2008,69 preeclamptic women who delivered in the Department of Obstetrics, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Medical College,were recruited,including 33 women with mild preeclampsia (MPE group) and 36 women with severe preeclampsia (SPE group).Another 43 healthy pregnant women were taken as control group.Immunoturbidimetry was applied to measure the concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP) in maternal blood.The expressions of MIF and CD_(74) in placenta were tested with immunohistochemistry and the expressions of MIF mRNA and CD_(74) mRNA were detected by semiquantitative RT-PCR.The relationship between maternal blood level of CRP and MIF mRNA and CD_(74) mRNA in placenta was analyzed in the MPE and SPE group.Results (1) MIF and CD_(74) were expressed in the placenta of all pregnant women in the 3 groups, as shown in brown-yellow color, and significantly higher expression was found in the MPE and SPE group.(2) The expression of MIF mRNA and CD_(74) mRNA in the MPE group (0.70±0.13 and 0.96±0.16), SPE group (0.88 ± 0.12 and 1.08 ± 0.15) were significantly higher than in the control group (0.67 ± 0.11 and 0.83 ± 0.14) (P < 0.01), and statistical significance was also found between the MPE and SPE group (P <0.01).(3)The maternal blood concentrations of CRP in the MPE and SPE group were significantly higher than in the control group [(15.3±7.0) mg/L and (21.6±9.1)mg/L vs (4.8 ± 1.8) mg/L, P <0.01] , and significant difference was also found between the MPE and SPE group (P <0.01).(4) In the two preeclamptic groups, the blood concentrations of CRP were positively correlated with the expression of both MIF mRNA(r =0.67 ,P <0.01)and CD_(74) mRNA(r =0.83 ,P <0.01) in placenta.Positive correlation was also found between the levels of MIF mRNA and CD_(74) mRNA in placenta (r =0.93 ,P < 0.01).Conclusions Overexpression of MIF and CD_(74) in the placenta may up-regulate the CRP level in maternal blood, resulting in systemic inflammatory reaction and vascular endothelium damage which may be involved in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia.

Establishment of two rat models of visceral hypersensitivity caused by chemical stimulus / 中国药理学通报

Aim To establish two new rat models of visceral hypersensitivity in IBS by two chemical irritants.Methods Acetic acid or mustard was infused for six days in intestines of adult rats.After modeling,the rectal distention was performed and the thresholds of abdominal withdrawal reflex were measured.The frequency,peak value,peak-nadir value and area of the gastric and enteric electrical activity were recorded.And the contents of 5-HT in the blood serum were detected.Results Compared with the control group,the colon and rectum's sensitivity(P<0.05)and the frequency(P<0.01) of the acetic acid model were heightened.Meanwhile,the colon and rectum's sensitivity(P<0.01),the frequency(P<0.01),peak value(P<0.05),peak-nadir value(P<0.01)and area(P<0.01),and the contents of 5-HT(P<0.05)in serum of the mustard model were all changed,which indicated the increasing of sensitivity of the model.The colon and rectum's sensitivity,the gastric and enteric electrical activity and the contents of 5-HT in serum of the proving group were recovered to some extent.Conclusion The new rat model of visceral hypersensitivity in IBS is successfully set up by stimulating the intestines of adult rats with chemical substances.