RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the hypothesis that aerobic exercise training inhibits the development of insulin resistance through IL-6 and probe into the possible molecular mechanism about it. METHODS: Rats were raised with high-fat diets for 8 weeks to develop insulin resistance, and glucose infusion rates (GIRs) were determined by hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamping to confirm the development of insulin resistance. Aerobic exercise training (the speed and duration time in the first week were respectively 16 m/min and 50 min, and speed increased 1m/min and duration time increased 5 min every week following it) and/or IL-6shRNA plasmid injection (rats received IL-6shRNA injection via the tail vein every two weeks) were adopted during the development of insulin resistance. The serum IL-6, leptin, adiponectin, fasting blood glucose, fasting serum insulin, GIR, IL-6 gene expression levels, p-p38 in various tissues and p-STAT3/t-STAT3 ratio in the liver were measured. RESULTS: Rats fed with high-fat diets for 8 weeks were developed insulin resistance and the IL-6mRNA levels of IL-6shRNA injection groups in various tissues were significantly lower than those of control group (P<0.05), respectively. The development of insulin resistance in exercise rats significantly decreased, however, compared with that, the GIR of exercise rats injected by IL-6shRNA was lower (P<0.05). The IL-6mRNA levels were highest in the fat tissue and lowest in the skeletal muscles in all the rats. The serum adiponectin levels decreased (P<0.05) following the development of insulin resistance, and it increased (P<0.05) when the rats were intervened by aerobic exercise training for 8 weeks at the same time. However, there were not significant differences when serum leptin concentrations were compared (P>0.05). The p-p38 significantly increased in the rats fed with high-fat diets, however, p-p38 of the exercise high-fat diets rats in the liver and fat tissues significantly decreased than that (P<0.05). The changes of p-p38 in exercise rats injected by IL-6shRNA were irregular. The activation of STAT3 in the liver significantly increased (P<0.05) following the development of insulin resistance, and it decreased (P<0.05) when the rats were intervened by aerobic exercise training for 8 weeks at the same time, and the gene silencing of IL-6 did not have effects on the activation of STAT3 in the liver (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, aerobic exercise training prevented the development of insulin resistance through IL-6 to a certain degree. The gene expression and secretion of IL-6 could inhibit the development of insulin resistance. The mechanism of the effects were possibly related with elevating the levels of serum adiponectin, and/or inhibiting the activation of STAT3 in the liver and p38MAPK in the skeletal muscles, liver and fat tissues.
Assuntos
Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Resistência à Insulina/genética , Interleucina-6/genética , Condicionamento Físico Animal , Interferência de RNA , Adiponectina/sangue , Animais , Dieta Hiperlipídica , Interleucina-6/sangue , Leptina/sangue , Fígado/metabolismo , Masculino , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , Plasmídeos/metabolismo , RNA Mensageiro/genética , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , RNA Interferente Pequeno/metabolismo , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Fator de Transcrição STAT3/metabolismo , Proteínas Quinases p38 Ativadas por MitógenoRESUMO
The title compound, C(16)H(24)O(10)·0.11H(2)O, is a key intermediate in the synthesis of 2-deoxy-2-[(18)F]fluoro-D-glucose ((18)F-FDG), which is the most widely used molecular-imaging probe for positron emission tomography (PET). The crystal structure has two independent molecules (A and B) in the asymmetric unit, with closely comparable geometries. The pyranose ring adopts a (4)C(1) conformation [Cremer-Pople puckering parameters: Q = 0.553 (2) Å, θ = 16.2 (2)° and φ = 290.4 (8)° for molecule A, and Q = 0.529 (2) Å, θ =15.3 (3)° and φ = 268.2 (9)° for molecule B], and the dioxolane ring adopts an envelope conformation. The chiral centre in the dioxolane ring, introduced during the synthesis of the compound, has an R configuration, with the ethoxy group exo to the mannopyranose ring. The asymmetric unit also contains one water molecule with a refined site-occupancy factor of 0.222 (8), which bridges between molecules A and B via O-H···O hydrogen bonds.
Assuntos
Manose/análogos & derivados , Monossacarídeos/química , Cristalografia por Raios X , Ligação de Hidrogênio , Manose/química , Modelos MolecularesRESUMO
In the mol-ecule of the title compound, C(10)H(11)NO(4), the nitro group is approximately coplanar with the benzene ring [dihedral angle = 4.57â (10)°], while the carboxyl-ate group is slightly twisted, making an angle of 12.16â (8)°. In the crystal, weak inter-molecular C-Hâ¯O hydrogen bonding and π-π stacking inter-actions [centroid-centroid distances = 3.670â (2) and 3.665â (2)â Å] are observed.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: The prevalence of overweight and obesity in Chinese children and adolescents was increasing during the past few decades. The goal of this study was to investigate the effects of after-school exercise with or without diet restriction on total and central obesity, fitness level, and metabolic profile in overweight Chinese adolescents. METHODS: A ten-week weight loss trial was performed using a 2 × 2 block design (exercise × diet). Ninety-three overweight adolescents (average age: (13.6 ± 0.7) years; body mass index (BMI): 22.4 - 34.1 kg/m(2)) were randomly assigned to four groups: 1) diet (D); 2) exercise (EX); 3) diet plus exercise (DEX); and 4) overweight control (C). Caloric intake recipes were enacted based on individual age and corresponding ideal body weight. One-hour after-school exercise was performed once per day, four days per week for ten weeks. Changes of anthropometry, body composition, aerobic fitness, and metabolic biomarkers were determined. RESULTS: Groups D, EX and DEX had a significant decrease in BMI (P < 0.01) after the intervention. The percentage of body and truncal fat, and waist circumference were independently reduced by exercise (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01), but not diet. The decrease in body fat percentage was positively related with the exercise compliance (r = 0.34, P = 0.01). Exercise decreased truncal fat percentage and waist circumference, suggesting a reduction of central adiposity, but did not significantly affect body weight and BMI. Exercise significantly reduced serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P = 0.037), which was positively correlated with decreases of truncal fat percentage (r = 0.222, P = 0.048). No significant effects of interventions on insulin sensitivity, early insulin release index, and aerobic fitness were observed. CONCLUSION: At least twice a week of one-hour after-school exercise significantly attenuated central adiposity and had a significant impact on lipid profiles in overweight Chinese adolescents.
Assuntos
Adiposidade/fisiologia , Exercício Físico/fisiologia , Sobrepeso/dietoterapia , Sobrepeso/terapia , Adolescente , Povo Asiático , Composição Corporal/fisiologia , Índice de Massa Corporal , Peso Corporal/fisiologia , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Sobrepeso/metabolismo , Circunferência da CinturaRESUMO
In the title compound, C(9)H(7)ClN(2)O(6), the nitro groups and the ester group make dihedral angles of 44.0â (1), 89.6â (1) and 164.1â (1)°, respectively, with the benzene ring. In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked through weak C-Hâ¯O hydrogen-bonding inter-actions. Mol-ecules are stacked via π-π inter-actions about inversion centers, with a centroid-centroid distance of 3.671â (2)â Å.
RESUMO
The mol-ecule of the title compound, C(9)H(12)O(2), is approximately planar (mean atomic deviation = 0.0346â Å) and disposed about a crystallographic centre of symmetry. The H atom of the benzene ring is disordered over four orientations, with occupancies of 0.100â (3) and 0.401â (3) at the C atoms in the 2- and 3-positions and the same at their symmetric location. The H atoms of methyl group at the 2-position are disordered over two positions of equal occupancy. In the crystal structure, adjacent mol-ecules are linked through O-Hâ¯O hydrogen bonds, forming a two-dimensional network.
RESUMO
The title compound, C(10)H(8)I(3)NO(4), crystallizes with two mol-ecules in the asymmetric unit. The I atoms and the benzene ring plane in the two mol-ecules are approximately coplanar, the I atoms deviating by -0.1631â (1), 0.0704â (1) and -0.0507â (1)â Å from the mean plane of the benzene ring in one mol-ecule and by 0.1500â (1), -0.0034â (1) and -0.1213â (1)â Å in the other. The planes of the ester groups are almost orthogonal to those of the benzene rings in both mol-ecules, forming dihedral angles of 83.5â (3), 76.4â (3), 97.3â (1) and 75.7â (1)°. The mean planes of the benzene rings in two mol-ecules are inclined at 69.8â (3)° with respect to each other. In the crystal, inter-molecular Iâ¯O inter-actions link the mol-ecules into infinite chains. In addition, N-Hâ¯O and non-classical C-Hâ¯O hydrogen bonds are observed.
RESUMO
In the title compound, C(8)H(11)N(3)O(4), the dihedral angle between the imidazole ring and the ethyl acetate plane is 103.1â (8)°. The crystal packing is stabilized by weak inter-molecular C-Hâ¯O and C-Hâ¯N hydrogen bonds.
RESUMO
In the crystal structure of the title compound, C(4)H(10)NO(2) (+)·Cl(-) (systematic name: 3-eth-oxy-3-oxopropan-1-aminium chlor-ide), there are strong inter-molecular N-Hâ¯Cl, C-Hâ¯Cl and C-Hâ¯O hydrogen-bonding inter-actions between the free chloride anion and the organic cation, resulting in a two-dimensional supra-molecular network in the ab plane.
RESUMO
The title compound, C(9)H(8)ClNO(4), crystallizes with two mol-ecules in the asymmetric unit. In each mol-ecule, the carboxyl-ate group is nearly coplanar with the benzene ring, forming dihedral angles of 2.4â (1) and 4.9â (1)°. In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked through weak C-Hâ¯O and C-Hâ¯Cl hydrogen bonds. A short Oâ¯N contact of 2.7660â (19)â Å occurs between the nitro groups of adjacent mol-ecules.
RESUMO
AIM: To investigate the possible role of rate-limiting enzyme of heme metabolism and globin in the development of the low hemoglobin (Hb), red blood (cell) count (RBC) and hematocrit (Hct) after long-term exercise, and effect of nutrition supplement on sports anemia. METHODS: Male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to three groups (n = 10): control (C), exercise (P) and exercise + nutrition (G). Animals in the P and G groups started treadmill running at 30 m/min, 0% grade, 1 min/time. Running time was gradually increased with 2 min/time during initial 5 weeks and final 4 weeks. In addition, running frequency was 2 times/day except initial 2 weeks. At the end of eleventh week, gene expression of 5-aminolevulinate synthase (ALAS), ferrochelatase, alpha-globin and beta-globin in bone marrow were measured with RT-PCR. Mean-while heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) activity in liver was measured with immunohistochemical method. RESULTS: Eleven weeks of exercise induced a significant increase in HO-1 and a significant increase in gene expression of beta-globin (P < 0.01, P < 0.05, respectively). Treatment with anti-sports anemia compound dosage led to no significant differences in rate-limiting enzyme of heme metabolism and globin in the exercised rats. The G group had a significantly higher HO-1 level in liver than the C group (P < 0.01). These finds showed that exercise was associated with no significant difference in heme synthetase and alpha-globin gene expression, and significant difference in heme catabolic enzyme and beta-globin gene expression. CONCLUSION: The increase of HO-1 activity in liver might be one of the causes of the lower Hb, RBC and Hct status in exercised rats.
Assuntos
Anemia/etiologia , Suplementos Nutricionais , Regulação Enzimológica da Expressão Gênica/fisiologia , Heme Oxigenase (Desciclizante)/metabolismo , Condicionamento Físico Animal/efeitos adversos , 5-Aminolevulinato Sintetase/genética , 5-Aminolevulinato Sintetase/metabolismo , Anemia/metabolismo , Anemia/fisiopatologia , Animais , Ferroquelatase/genética , Ferroquelatase/metabolismo , Globinas/metabolismo , Heme Oxigenase (Desciclizante)/genética , Hidroximetilbilano Sintase/genética , Hidroximetilbilano Sintase/metabolismo , Masculino , Atividade Motora , Distribuição Aleatória , Ratos , Ratos WistarRESUMO
In the mol-ecule of the title compound, C(8)H(7)NO(4), the nitro group is approximately coplanar with the benzene ring [dihedral angle = 0.6â (1)°], while the dihedral angle between the methoxy-carbonyl group and the benzene ring is 8.8â (1)°. In the crystal structure, weak inter-molecular aromatic C-Hâ¯O(carbox-yl) and C-Hâ¯O(nitro) hydrogen-bonding inter-actions are present.
RESUMO
In the mol-ecule of the title compound, C(11)H(12)O(2), the cyclo-hexane ring adopts a half-chair conformation. In the crystal structure, mol-ecules are linked into centrosymmetric dimers by pairs of O-Hâ¯O hydrogen bonds, and the dimers are linked together by π-π inter-actions [centroid-centroid distance = 3.8310â (13)â Å] and C-Hâ¯O bonds.
RESUMO
The title compound, C(12)H(12)I(3)NO(4), crystallizes with two mol-ecules in an asymmetric unit. In one of the mol-ecules, the conformation of the O-C-O-C in one ester group is cis and trans in the other. The corresponding conformations for both the ester groups in the other mol-ecule are trans. The I atoms and the benzene rings in the two mol-ecules are approximately coplanar, the I atoms deviating by 0.219â (14), 0.056â (15) and -0.143â (14)â Å from the mean plane of the benzene ring in one mol-ecule and 0.189â (14), -0.162â (15) and -0.068â (14)â Å in the other. The planes of the ester groups are almost orthogonal to those of the benzene rings in both mol-ecules, forming dihedral angles of 88.1â (4), 72.2â (4), 73.0â (4) and 86.6â (4)°. The mean planes of the benzene rings in the two mol-ecules are inclined at 74.6â (4)° with respect to each other. In the crystal, inter-molecular Iâ¯O inter-actions [3.138â (7) and 3.144â (7)â Å] link the mol-ecules into infinite chains along the a axis. In addition, non-classical C-Hâ¯O hydrogen bonds are observed.
RESUMO
In the title compound, C(26)H(14)Cl(6)N(2), the phenanthroline ring system is essentially planar, with an r.m.s. deviation of 0.048â (6)â Å, and makes dihedral angles of 64.8â (14) and 66.6â (6)° with the two terminal phenyl rings. One of the trichloro-methyl groups is disordered over two positions, with occupancies of 0.42â (2) and 0.58â (2).
RESUMO
In the mol-ecule of the title compound, C(8)H(5)ClN(2)O(6), the two nitro groups and the ester group make dihedral angles of 29.6â (1)°, 82.3â (1)° and 13.7â (1)°, respectively, with the benzene ring. In the crystal structure weak C-Hâ¯O inter-actions are present.
RESUMO
The structure of the title compound, C(9)H(7)NO(6), is essentially planar [maximum deviation 0.284â (2)Å] except for the methyl H atoms. The crystal structure is stabilized by asymmetric O-Hâ¯O hydrogen bonds linking the hydrogen carboxyl-ates into pairs around the inversion centres. There is also π-π stacking of the benzene rings [centroid-centroid distance 3.6912â (12)â Å].
RESUMO
In the title compound, C(11)H(15)NO(3), the mean planes of the carboxamide and isopropyl groups are inclined at 109.9â (1) and 128.7â (2)°, respectively, to the mean plane of the phen-oxy group. In the crystal structure, mol-ecules are stacked along the b axis, without any π-π inter-actions. The stacked columns are linked together by inter-molecular N-Hâ¯O hydrogen bonds, with an Nâ¯O distance of 2.842â (2)â Å.
RESUMO
In the title compound, C(12)H(15)NO(3), the ethoxy-benzyl ring plane forms a dihedral angle of 60.3â (4)° with the mean plane of the oxazolidine ring. The mol-ecules are linked through N-Hâ¯O hydrogen bonds into a chain running in the b direction.
RESUMO
In the structure of the title compound, C(11)H(12)N(2)O(6), the mol-ecules are stacked along the b axis without any π-π inter-actions. The stacked columns are linked together by non-classical inter-molecular C-Hâ¯O inter-actions,. In the molecule, the nitro groups make dihedral angles of 9.4â (5) and 10.3â (5)° with the benzene ring.