Social Networking Site Use and Emotional Eating Behaviors among Chinese Adolescents: The Effects of Negative Social Comparisons and Perspective-Taking.

Emotional eating has emerged as a significant disordered eating and public health concern among adolescents. Despite the widespread prevalence of social networking site (SNS) use among this population, research investigating the influence of SNS use on adolescent eating behaviors remains limited. This study is to examine the impact of SNS use on emotional eating among Chinese adolescents, with a specific focus on exploring the mediating role of negative social comparisons and the moderating effect of perspective-taking. Data were obtained through an online survey involving 778 middle school students in China. The findings indicate that SNS use exerts a positive influence on adolescents' engagement in emotional eating, with this association being mediated by the presence of negative social comparisons. Perspective-taking demonstrated a protective role in the context of adolescents' utilization of social media platforms. For individuals characterized by high levels of perspective-taking, the effects of SNS use on negative social comparisons are mitigated, subsequently reducing its impact on emotional eating.

Identifying Confounders Using Bayesian Networks and Estimating Treatment Effect in Prostate Cancer With Observational Data.

PURPOSE: Randomized controlled trials are considered the golden standard for estimating treatment effect but are costly to perform and not always possible. Observational data, although readily available, is sensitive to biases such as confounding by indication. Structure learning algorithms for Bayesian Networks (BNs) can be used to discover the underlying model from data. This enables identification of confounders through graph analysis, although the model might contain noncausal edges. We propose using a blacklist to aid structure learning in finding causal relationships. This is illustrated by an analysis into the effect of active treatment (v observation) in localized prostate cancer. METHODS: In total, 4,121 prostate cancer records were obtained from the Netherlands Cancer Registry. Subsequently, we developed a (causal) BN using structure learning while precluding noncausal relations. Additionally, we created several Cox proportional hazards models, each correcting for a different set of potential confounders (including propensity scores). Model predictions for overall survival were compared with expected survival on the basis of the general population using data from Statistics Netherlands (Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek). RESULTS: Structure learning precluding noncausal relations resulted in a causal graph but did not identify significant edges toward treatment; they were added manually. Graph analysis identified year of diagnosis and age as confounders. The BN predicted a treatment effect of 1 percentage point at 10 years. Chi-squared analysis found significant associations between year of diagnosis, age, stage, and treatment. Propensity score correction was successful. Adjusted Cox models predicted significant treatment effect around 3 percentage points at 10 years. CONCLUSION: A blacklist in conjunction with structure learning can result in a causal BN that can be used for confounder identification. Treatment effect found here is close to the 5 percentage point found in the literature.

Analgesic effect of butorphanol tartrate combined with hydromorphone on patients with cesarean section: A prospective cohort study.

To evaluate the analgesic effect of butorphanol tartrate combined with hydromorphone on the patients with cesarean section, we conducted a prospective cohort study. A total of 90 patients were given patient-controlled intravenous analgesia (PCIA) with hydromorphone for 24 hours after the cesarean section. After stopping PCIA, they were divided into 2 groups randomly. The cases treated with butorphanol tartrate intravenous drip were evaluated as the butorphanol group (n = 45) and the cases treated with saline were evaluated as the control group (n = 45). We compared the vital signs, analgesic effect, adverse reactions, the bladder and gastrointestinal function recovery, and neonatal jaundice between the 2 groups. The visual analog score in butorphanol group was significantly lower than that of control group at 3 and 4 hours after stopping PCIA (P < .05), but there was no significant difference in visual analog score at 6 and 12 hours after stopping PCIA. The first time of getting out of bed and urination in butorphanol group was significantly later than that in control group while there was no significant difference in the first anal ventilation and the neonatal jaundice index between the 2 groups. We should pay attention to the pain of patients with cesarean section after stopping PCIA. The combination of butorphanol tartrate and hydromorphone play a good effect to relieve the pain while nursing care should be strengthened to urge patients to take early activities to reduce the occurrence of urinary retention.