RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitors belong to the class of drugs that inhibit the activity of the PI3K protein, which is commonly overexpressed in breast cancer cells. However, there is a need to summarize the evidence to provide conclusive advice on the benefit of PI3K inhibitors in breast cancer patients. Therefore, this review assessed the effectiveness and safety of the PI3K inhibitors amongst breast cancer patients. METHODS: Searches were made in PubMed Central, EMBASE, MEDLINE, SCOPUS, CENTRAL, WHO trial registry and Clinicaltrials.gov up to December 2022. Meta-analysis was executed using the random-effects model. Pooled hazard ratio (HR)/risk ratio (RR) was reported with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: In total, 13 studies were included in the analysis. Most were multi-country studies and had a higher risk of bias. Regarding the efficacy parameters, pooled HR for progression-free survival was 0.79 (95%CI: 0.67-0.92), pooled RR for complete response was 1.54 [95%CI: 1.14 to 2.09], partial response was 1.18 [95%CI: 0.87-1.61], overall response was 1.20 [95%CI: 0.93-1.56], stable disease was 1.09 [95%CI: 0.78-1.53], progressive disease was 0.80 [95%CI: 0.74 to 0.87], and clinical benefit was 1.08 [95%CI: 0.80-1.49]. For safety parameters, pooled RR for hyperglycemia was 4.57 [95%CI: 3.15-6.62], and gastrointestinal toxicity was 1.82 [95%CI: 1.56 to 2.14]. CONCLUSION: PI3K inhibitors had better efficacy than the present standard of concern for patients with breast cancer, especially among patients with PIK3CA mutations. Hence, clinicians and oncologists can provide this drug for the target population with extra caution for diabetes patients.
RESUMO
To surmount the issues of a limited specific surface area and slow electrolyte diffusion in composite electrocatalysts, three-dimensional (3D) porous hollow nanocubes are fabricated, in which bimetal Ni-Co phosphide composites are covered with nanoparticles. The abundant hollow space provides more active sites for the catalyst, and simultaneously ensures efficient mass transfer and electron transport during the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). A plasma-assisted approach is employed for smart N-doping in the Ni-Co phosphide hollow nanocubes (N-Ni-Co-P HNCs). The N-Ni-Co-P HNC catalyst exhibits a remarkable HER performance in 1 M KOH, evidenced by the low overpotentials of 47.9 mV and 150.5 mV at the current density of 10 mA cm-2 and 50 mA cm-2, respectively, as well as the excellent long-time stability. Essentially, the N doping tailors the electronic states and optimizes the free energy of hydrogen adsorption (ΔGH*) greatly, and the 3D porous hollow structure with porous nanoparticles stacked enlarges the specific active area substantially. Their synergistic effects result in the remarkably enhanced catalytic activity for the HER.
RESUMO
Electrocatalysts with high catalytic activity, high stability and low cost are critical to the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). In this paper, sulfur(S)-doped NiCoP nanowire arrays on a carbon fiber paper skeleton (S-NiCoP NW/CFP) are prepared, and it is demonstrated that the electrocatalytic properties of NiCoP in alkaline solution could be well improved by sulfur doping. In 1.0 M KOH, only an overpotential of 172 mV (vs. RHE) at 100 mA cm-2 is required for S doped NiCoP nanowires on CFP, and the turnover frequency (TOF) is 1.71 times that of NiCoP at an overpotential of 100 mV, indicating its superior intrinsic activity. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations show that S doping could lower the center of the d-band, and thus weaken the interaction between NiCoP and the intermediates. This leads to an optimized hydrogen adsorption Gibbs free energy (ΔGH*) and faster desorption of OH*. This study offers a promising way to design and optimize electrocatalysts for the HER in alkaline solution.
