A nomogram for predicting hospital mortality of critical ill patients with sepsis and cancer: a retrospective cohort study based on MIMIC-IV and eICU-CRD.

OBJECTIVE: Sepsis remains a high cause of death, particularly in immunocompromised patients with cancer. The study was to develop a model to predict hospital mortality of septic patients with cancer in intensive care unit (ICU). DESIGN: Retrospective observational study. SETTING: Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care IV (MIMIC IV) and eICU Collaborative Research Database (eICU-CRD). PARTICIPANTS: A total of 3796 patients in MIMIC IV and 549 patients in eICU-CRD were included. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURES: The model was developed based on MIMIC IV. The internal validation and external validation were based on MIMIC IV and eICU-CRD, respectively. Candidate factors were processed with the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression and cross-validation. Hospital mortality was predicted by the multivariable logistical regression and visualised by the nomogram. The model was assessed by the area under the curve (AUC), calibration curve and decision curve analysis curve. RESULTS: The model exhibited favourable discrimination (AUC: 0.726 (95% CI: 0.709 to 0.744) and 0.756 (95% CI: 0.712 to 0.801)) in the internal and external validation sets, respectively, and better calibration capacity than Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation IV in external validation. CONCLUSIONS: Despite that the predicted model was based on a retrospective study, it may also be helpful to predict the hospital morality of patients with solid cancer and sepsis.

Expert Consensus on Acute Respiratory Failure in Critically Ill Cancer Patients (2023).

Objective This consensus aims to provide evidence-based recommendations on common questions in the diagnosis and treatment of acute respiratory failure (ARF) for critically ill cancer patients.Methods We developed six clinical questions using the PICO (Population, Intervention, Comparison, and Outcome) principle in diagnosis and treatment for critical ill cancer patients with ARF. Based on literature searching and meta-analyses, recommendations were devised. The GRADE (Grading of Recommendation Assessment, Development and Evaluation) method was applied to each question to reach consensus in the expert panel. Results The panel makes strong recommendations in favor of (1) metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) tests may aid clinicians in rapid diagnosis in critically ill cancer patients suspected of pulmonary infections; (2) extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) therapy should not be used as a routine rescue therapy for acute respiratory distress syndrome in critically ill cancer patients but may benefit highly selected patients after multi-disciplinary consultations; (3) cancer patients who have received immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy have an increased incidence of pneumonitis compared with standard chemotherapy; (4) critically ill cancer patients who are on invasive mechanical ventilation and estimated to be extubated after 14 days may benefit from early tracheotomy; and (5) high-flow nasal oxygen and noninvasive ventilation therapy can be used as a first-line oxygen strategy for critically ill cancer patients with ARFs. A weak recommendation is: (6) for critically ill cancer patients with ARF caused by tumor compression, urgent chemotherapy may be considered as a rescue therapy only in patients determined to be potentially sensitive to the anticancer therapy after multidisciplinary consultations. Conclusions The recommendations based on the available evidence can guide diagnosis and treatment in critically ill cancer patients with acute respiratory failure and improve outcomes.

Short- and medium-term survival of critically ill patients with solid cancer admitted to the intensive care unit.

BACKGROUND: A great increase in the number of patients needs critical care to the intensive care unit (ICU) due to improvements in oncology. The aim of the study was to explore risk factors affecting survival of critically ill patients with solid cancers in ICU. METHODS: The study retrospectively reviewed patients between 2001 and 2012, which were collected by Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care III (MIMIC-III) from the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center in Boston, MA, USA. RESULTS: A total of 38,508 adult patients, who were admitted to ICUs and 8,308 (21.6%) were diagnosed as an underlying malignancy; 1,671 and 3,165 adult patients with sold cancer were admitted to surgical ICU (SICU) and medical ICU (MICU), respectively. Patients in SICU had a higher survival rate at the point of 28-, 90-day, and 1-, 3-year than patients in MICU (P<0.001 for all). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that age ≥70, emergency admission, the presence of metastases, Oxford Acute Severity of Illness Score (OASIS) ≥30 and sepsis were independent risk factors affecting 28-day survival in SICU. In MICU, emergency admission, metastatic disease, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) ≥3, Simplified Acute Physiology Score II (SAPS II) ≥39, Acute Physiology Score III (APS III) ≥40, Oxford Acute Severity of Illness Score (OASIS) ≥30, Elixhauser comorbidity index ≥9 and sepsis were independent risk factors for 28-day survival rate. The area under curve (AUC) of the OASIS for predicting ICU mortality was 0.824 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.805-0.842], which was obviously higher than other scores in SICU. The AUC of the SAPS II for predicting ICU mortality was 0.820 (95% CI: 0.806-0.833), which was slightly higher than other scores in MICU. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with cancer in SICU have longer survival time than patients with cancer in MICU. The prediction of prognosis of critically ill cancer patients can guide treatment and optimize medical resources.

The effect of the underlying malignancy on short- and medium-term survival of critically ill patients admitted to the intensive care unit: a retrospective analysis based on propensity score matching.

BACKGROUND: Advances in oncology led to a substantial increase in the number of patients requiring admission to the ICU. It is significant to confirm which cancer critical patients can benefit from the ICU care like noncancer patients. METHODS: An observational retrospective cohort study using intensive care unit (ICU) admissions of Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care III from the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center in Boston, MA, USA between 2001 and 2012 was conducted. Propensity score matching was used to reduce the imbalance between two matched cohorts. ICU patients with cancer were compared with those without cancer in terms of patients' characteristics and survival. RESULTS: There were 38,508 adult patients admitted to ICUs during the period. The median age was 65 years (IQR, 52-77) and 8308 (21.6%) had an underlying malignancy diagnosis. The noncancer group had a significant survive advantage at the point of 28-day, 90-day, 365-day and 1095-day after ICU admission compared with cancer group (P < 0.001 for all) after PSM. Subgroup analysis showed that the diagnosis of malignancy didn't decrease 28-day and 90-day survive when patients' age ≥ 65-year, patients in surgical intensive care unit or cardiac surgery recovery unit or traumatic surgical intensive care unit, elective admissions, patients with renal replacement therapy or vasopressor support (P > 0.05 for all). CONCLUSIONS: Malignancy is a common diagnosis among ICU patients. Patients without cancer have a survive advantage compared with patients with cancer in the short- and medium-term. However, in selected groups, cancer critical patients can benefit from the ICU care service like noncancer patients in the short-term.

A randomized controlled trial comparing the efficacy of tigecycline versus meropenem in the treatment of postoperative complicated intra-abdominal infections.

BACKGROUND: The efficacy and safety of tigecycline in the treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infections (cIAIs) is potentially controversial. Here we conducted the non-inferiority study to assess the efficacy and safety of tigecycline versus meropenem in the treatment of postoperative cIAIs. METHODS: Data of abdominal tumor surgery patients with postoperative cIAIs admitted to intensive care unit (ICU) between October 2017 and December 2019 were collected. A prospective, randomized controlled trial was conducted in which 56 eligible patients with cIAIs randomly received intravenous tigecycline or meropenem for 3 to 14 days. Patients and clinicians were not blinded to the group allocation. RESULTS: The total of 56 patients were enrolled, which were divided into 2 groups, one group included 30 patients receiving meropenem and another group included 26 receiving tigecycline therapy. The 2 groups were similar at demographic and baseline clinical characteristics. Microorganisms were isolated from 46 of 56 patients (82.14%), with a total of 107 pathogens were cultured in two groups. The two groups had similar distribution of infecting microorganisms. The primary end point was the clinical response at the end-oftherapy (EOT) visit and upon discharge visit and comprehensive efficacy. The clinical success rates were 83.33%, 76.67% for meropenem versus 76.92%, 88.46% for tigecycline at the EOT visit and upon discharge visit (P>0.05), respectively. Comprehensive efficacy did not significantly differ between two groups either. There were no significant differences in 30-day and 60-day all-cause mortality between two groups (P>0.05). The univariable analysis identified that serum albumin at admission ICU, colorectal cancer on oncology type, postoperative abdominal bleeding were the risk factors for 60-day all-cause mortality. The multivariable analysis showed that postoperative abdominal bleeding were independent predictors of 60-day all-cause mortality. Gastrointestinal disorders and antibacterials-induced Fungal Infection were the most frequently reported adverse events (AEs). The incidence of AEs was similar between meropenem and tigecycline groups (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, the study demonstrated that tigecycline is as effective and safe as meropenem for postoperative cIAIs in abdominal tumors patients. Tigecycline is non-inferior to meropenem.

Neoadjuvant therapy does not adversely affect the short-term outcome of critically ill cancer patients who underwent surgery.

BACKGROUND: There were conflicting data regarding the effects of neoadjuvant therapy (NT) on the short-term outcomes of critically ill cancer patients. The aim of this study was to investigate whether NT adversely affect the short-term outcomes of critically ill cancer patients who underwent surgery. METHODS: This was a retrospective study which enrolled all critically ill cancer patients who admitted to intensive care unit (ICU) of Cancer Hospital of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College between September 2017 and September 2018. Patients were divided into two groups: NT group and no NT (nNT) group. The primary outcome was ICU mortality rate. Propensity score analysis and Logistic regression analysis were used to investigate risk factors of ICU death. RESULTS: Hundred and twenty-eight patients received NT and 737 patients did not. The ICU mortality was higher in NT group than that in nNT group (3.9% vs. 1.4%, P=0.041) before propensity score matching analysis. After matching, there were no significant difference in ICU mortality between NT group and nNT group. Univariable logistic analysis demonstrated that a history of coronary heart disease (P=0.008), NT (P=0.041), unplanned admission to ICU (P<0.001), simplified acute physiology score (SAPS) 3 on ICU admission (P<0.001), sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) on ICU admission (P<0.001), acute kidney injury (P<0.001), and mechanical ventilation (P<0.001) were predictive of ICU death in all 865 patients. Multivariable logistic regression analysis demonstrated that history of coronary heart disease (P=0.010; OR =9.614; 95% CI, 1.731-53.405), SAPS 3 on ICU admission (P=0.026; OR =1.070; 95% CI, 1.008-1.135) and SOFA on ICU admission (P=0.031; OR =1.289; 95% CI, 1.024-1.622) were independent risk factors of ICU death, while NT was not predictive of ICU death (P=0.118). CONCLUSIONS: NT was not a risk factor for ICU death in critically ill cancer patients who underwent surgery.

The 28-day survive for critically ill cancer patients undergoing continuous renal replacement with postoperative acute kidney injure: a retrospective study of 86 cases.

BACKGROUND: Advances in oncology led to a substantial increase in the number of patients requiring admission to the intensive care unit (ICU). It remains controversial to start continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) for acute kidney injure (AKI) in critically ill patients with cancer because of the poor outcome and high costs. METHODS: In this retrospective study, we collected data from patients with cancer with postoperative AKI-stage 3 [Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO), 2012] undergoing CRRT in the ICU of Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences from January 2010 to January 2019. Patients were followed up until the time of death or the point of 28-day after ICU admission. Univariate and multivariate analysis was performed to identify risk factors for 28-day survive. RESULTS: Of 8,030 cancer patients after surgical operation admitted by ICU, a total of 86 (1.1%) patients developed postoperative AKI: male/female: 62/24, median age 61 [27-82] years. The number of digestive tract/lung/other types of cancer was 59, 10 and 17, respectively. The median Simplified Acute Physiology Score III (SAPS III) was 65 [49-109] and the median Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score was 6 [1-19]. There were 35 deaths eventually and all the deaths occur within 28 days after ICU admission. Twenty-eight-day survive rate was 57.1%±5.8%. In multivariate cox regression analysis, two risk factors independently affected 28-day survive: SAPS III score ≥65 [hazard ratio (HR): 3.451 (1.272-9.365), P=0.015], the presence of shock at the start of CRRT [HR: 10.262 (2.210-47.660), P=0.003]. The cancer status (P=0.076), cancer types (P>0.05 for both) and neoadjuvant therapy associated with cancer (P=0.949) showed no effects on 28-day survive. CONCLUSIONS: For cancer patients, postoperative AKI-stage 3 is a serious complication with a low 28-day survive rate. Patients with the presence shock at the start of CRRT or SAPS III ≥65 will have a poor 28-day survive. It should be emphasized that the cancer characteristics (status, types or treatment) don't affect 28-day survive.

Preventable readmission to intensive care unit in critically ill cancer patients.

BACKGROUND: Readmission to intensive care unit (ICU) after discharge to ward has been reported to be associated with increased hospital mortality and longer length of stay (LOS). The objective of this study was to investigate whether ICU readmission are preventable in critically ill cancer patients. METHODS: Data of patients who readmitted to intensive care unit (ICU) at National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) between January 2013 and November 2016 were retrospectively collected and reviewed. RESULTS: A total of 39 patients were included in the final analysis, and the overall readmission rate between 2013 and 2016 was 1.32% (39/2,961). Of 39 patients, 32 (82.1%) patients were judged as unpreventable and 7 (17.9%) patients were preventable. There were no significant differences in duration of mechanical ventilation, ICU LOS, hospital LOS, ICU mortality and in-hospital mortality between patients who were unpreventable and preventable. For 24 early readmission patients, 7 (29.2%) patients were preventable and 17 (70.8%) patients were unpreventable. Patients who were late readmission were all unpreventable. There was a trend that patients who were preventable had longer 1-year survival compared with patients who were unpreventable (100% vs. 66.8%, log rank=1.668, P=0.196). CONCLUSION: Most readmission patients were unpreventable, and all preventable readmissions occurred in early period after discharge to ward. There were no significant differences in short term outcomes and 1-year survival in critically ill cancer patients whose readmissions were preventable or not.

The value of esophagectomy surgical apgar score (eSAS) in predicting the risk of major morbidity after open esophagectomy.

BACKGROUND: Recently, surgical apgar score (SAS) has been reported to be strongly associated with major morbidity after major abdominal surgery. The aim of this study was to assess the value of esophagectomy SAS (eSAS) in predicting the risk of major morbidity after open esophagectomy in a high volume cancer center. METHODS: The data of all patients who admitted to intensive care unit (ICU) after open esophagectomy at Cancer Hospital of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College from September 2008 through August 2010 was retrospectively collected and reviewed. Preoperative and perioperative variables were recorded and compared. The eSAS was calculated as the sum of the points of EBL, lowest MAP and lowest HR for each patient. Patients were divided into high-risk (below the cutoff) and low-risk (above the cutoff) eSAS groups according to the cutoff score with optimal accuracy of eSAS for major morbidity. Univariable and multivariable regression analysis were used to define risk factors of the occurrence of major morbidity. RESULTS: Of 189 patients, 110 patients developed major morbidities (58.2%) and 30-day operative mortality was 5.8% (11/189). There were 156 high risk patients (eSAS ≤7) and 33 low risk (eSAS >7) patients. Univariable analysis demonstrated that forced expiratory volume in one second of predicted (FEV1%) ≤78% (44% vs. 61%, P=0.024), McKeown approach (22.7% vs. 7.6%, P=0.011), duration of operation longer than 230 minutes, intraoperative estimated blood loss (347±263 vs. 500±510 mL, P=0.015) and eSAS ≤7 (62.2% vs. 90.0%, P=0.001) were predictive of major morbidity. Multivariable analysis demonstrated that FEV1% ≤78% (OR, 2.493; 95% CI, 1.279-4.858, P=0.007) and eSAS ≤7 (OR, 2.810; 95% CI, 1.105-7.144; P=0.030) were independent predictors of major morbidity after esophagectomy. Compared with patients who had eSAS >7, patients who had eSAS ≤7 had longer hospital length of stay (25.39±14.36 vs. 32.22±22.66 days, P=0.030). However, there were no significant differences in ICU length of stay, duration of mechanical ventilation, ICU death, 30-day death rate and in-hospital death rate between high risk and low risk patients. CONCLUSIONS: The eSAS score is predictive of major morbidity, and lower eSAS is associated with longer hospital length of stay in esophageal cancer patients after open esophagectomy.

Assessment of a predictive score for pulmonary complications in cancer patients after esophagectomy.

BACKGROUND: Esophagectomy is a very important method for the treatment of resectable esophageal cancer, which carries a high rate of morbidity and mortality. This study was undertaken to assess the predictive score proposed by Ferguson et al for pulmonary complications after esophagectomy for patients with cancer. METHODS: The data of patients who admitted to the intensive care unit after transthoracic esophagectomy at Cancer Hospital of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College between September 2008 and October 2010 were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: Two hundred and seventeen patients were analyzed and 129 (59.4%) of them had postoperative pulmonary complications. Risk scores varied from 0 to 12 in all patients. The risk scores of patients with postoperative pulmonary complications were higher than those of patients without postoperative pulmonary complications (7.27±2.50 vs. 6.82±2.67; P=0.203). There was no significant difference in the incidence of postoperative pulmonary complications as well as in the increase of risk scores (χ (2)=5.477, P=0.242). The area under the curve of predictive score was 0.539±0.040 (95%CI 0.461 to 0.618; P=0.324) in predicting the risk of pulmonary complications in patients after esophagectomy. CONCLUSION: In this study, the predictive power of the risk score proposed by Ferguson et al was poor in discriminating whether there were postoperative pulmonary complications after esophagectomy for cancer patients.

Effect of sedation on short-term and long-term outcomes of critically ill patients with acute respiratory insufficiency.

BACKGROUND: The present study aimed to determine the short-term and long-term outcomes of critically ill patients with acute respiratory insufficiency who had received sedation or no sedation. METHODS: The data of 91 patients who had received mechanical ventilation in the first 24 hours between November 2008 and October 2009 were retrospectively analyzed. These patients were divided into two groups: a sedation group (n=28) and a non-sedation group (n=63). The patients were also grouped in two groups: deep sedation group and daily interruption and /or light sedation group. RESULTS: Overall, the 91 patients who had received ventilation ≥48 hours were analyzed. Multivariate analysis demonstrated two independent risk factors for in-hospital death: sequential organ failure assessment score (P=0.019, RR 1.355, 95%CI 1.051-1.747, B=0.304, SE=0.130, Wald=50483) and sedation (P=0.041, RR 5.015, 95%CI 1.072-23.459, B=1.612, SE=0.787, Wald=4.195). Compared with the patients who had received no sedation, those who had received sedation had a longer duration of ventilation, a longer stay in intensive care unit and hospital, and an increased in-hospital mortality rate. The Kaplan-Meier method showed that patients who had received sedation had a lower 60-month survival rate than those who had received no sedation (76.7% vs. 88.9%, Log-rank test=3.630, P=0.057). Compared with the patients who had received deep sedation, those who had received daily interruption or light sedation showed a decreased in-hospital mortality rate (57.1% vs. 9.5%, P=0.008). The 60-month survival of the patients who had received deep sedation was significantly lower than that of those who had daily interruption or light sedation (38.1% vs. 90.5%, Log-rank test=6.783, P=0.009). CONCLUSIONS: Sedation was associated with in-hospital death. The patients who had received sedation had a longer duration of ventilation, a longer stay in intensive care unit and in hospital, and an increased in-hospital mortality rate compared with the patients who did not receive sedation. Compared with daily interruption or light sedation, deep sedation increased the in-hospital mortality and decreased the 60-month survival for patients who had received sedation.

Risk factors and prognosis of critically ill cancer patients with postoperative acute respiratory insufficiency.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to investigate the risk factors and outcome of critically ill cancer patients with postoperative acute respiratory insufficiency. METHODS: The data of 190 critically ill cancer patients with postoperative acute respiratory insufficiency were retrospectively reviewed. The data of 321 patients with no acute respiratory insufficiency as controls were also collected. Clinical variables of the first 24 hours after admission to intensive care unit were collected, including age, sex, comorbid disease, type of surgery, admission type, presence of shock, presence of acute kidney injury, presence of acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome, acute physiologic and chronic health evaluation (APACHE II) score, sepsis-related organ failure assessment (SOFA), and PaO2/FiO2 ratio. Duration of mechanical ventilation, length of intensive care unit stay, intensive care unit death, length of hospitalization, hospital death and one-year survival were calculated. RESULTS: The incidence of acute respiratory insufficiency was 37.2% (190/321). Multivariate logistic analysis showed a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (P=0.001), surgery-related infection (P=0.004), hypo-volemic shock (P<0.001), and emergency surgery (P=0.018), were independent risk factors of postoperative acute respiratory insufficiency. Compared with the patients without acute respiratory insufficiency, the patients with acute respiratory insufficiency had a prolonged length of intensive care unit stay (P<0.001), a prolonged length of hospitalization (P=0.006), increased intensive care unit mortality (P=0.001), and hospital mortality (P<0.001). Septic shock was shown to be the only independent prognostic factor of intensive care unit death for the patients with acute respiratory insufficiency (P=0.029, RR: 8.522, 95%CI: 1.243-58.437, B=2.143, SE=0.982, Wald=4.758). Compared with the patients without acute respiratory insufficiency, those with acute respiratory insufficiency had a shortened one-year survival rate (78.7% vs. 97.1%, P<0.001). CONCLUSION: A history of chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, surgery-related infection, hypovolemic shock and emergency surgery were risk factors of critically ill cancer patients with postoperative acute respiratory insufficiency. Septic shock was the only independent prognostic factor of intensive care unit death in patients with acute respiratory insufficiency. Compared with patients without acute respiratory insufficiency, those with acute respiratory insufficiency had adverse short-term outcome and a decreased one-year survival rate.

Prognosis of patients with shock receiving vasopressors.

BACKGROUND: Consensus guidelines suggested that both dopamine and norepinephrine may be used, but specific doses are not recommended. The aim of this study is to determine the predictive role of vasopressors in patients with shock in intensive care unit. METHODS: One hundred and twenty-two patients, who had received vasopressors for 1 hour or more in intensive care unit (ICU) between October 2008 and October 2011, were included. There were 85 men and 37 women, with a median age of 65 years (55-73 years). Their clinical data were retrospectively collected and analyzed. RESULTS: The median simplified acute physiological score 3 (SAPS 3) was 50 (42-55). Multivariate analysis showed that septic shock (P=0.018, relative risk: 4.094; 95% confidential interval: 1.274-13.156), SAPS 3 score at ICU admission (P=0.028, relative risk: 1.079; 95% confidential interval: 1.008-1.155), and norepinephrine administration (P<0.001, relative risk: 9.353; 95% confidential interval: 2.667-32.807) were independent predictors of ICU death. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis demonstrated that administration of norepinephrine ≥0.7 µg/kg per minute resulted in a sensitivity of 75.9% and a specificity of 90.3% for the likelihood of ICU death. In patients who received norepinephrine ≥0.7 µg/kg per minute there was more ICU death (71.4% vs. 44.8%) and in-hospital death (76.2% vs. 48.3%) than in those who received norepinephrine <0.7 µg/kg per minute. These patients had also a decreased 510-day survival rate compared with those who received norepinephrine <0.7 µg/kg per minute (19.2% vs. 64.2%). CONCLUSION: Septic shock, SAPS 3 score at ICU admission, and norepinephrine administration were independent predictors of ICU death for patients with shock. Patients who received norepinephrine ≥0.7 µg/kg per minute had an increased ICU mortality, an increased in-hospital mortality, and a decreased 510-day survival rate.

Two acute kidney injury risk scores for critically ill cancer patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery.

BACKGROUND: Several risk scoures have been used in predicting acute kidney injury (AKI) of patients undergoing general or specific operations such as cardiac surgery. This study aimed to evaluate the use of two AKI risk scores in patients who underwent non-cardiac surgery but required intensive care. METHODS: The clinical data of patients who had been admitted to ICU during the first 24 hours of ICU stay between September 2009 and August 2010 at the Cancer Institute, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College were retrospectively collected and analyzed. AKI was diagnosed based on the acute kidney injury network (AKIN) criteria. Two AKI risk scores were calculated: Kheterpal and Abelha factors. RESULTS: The incidence of AKI was 10.3%. Patients who developed AKI had a increased ICU mortality of 10.9% vs. 1.0% and an in-hospital mortality of 13.0 vs. 1.5%, compared with those without AKI. There was a significant difference between the classification of Kheterpal's AKI risk scores and the occurrence of AKI (P<0.001). There was no significant difference between the number of Abelha's AKI risk scores and the occurrence of AKI (P=0.499). Receiver operating characteristic curves demonstrated an area under the curve of 0.655±0.043 (P=0.001, 95% confidence interval: 0.571-0.739) for Kheterpal's AKI risk score and 0.507±0.044 (P=0.879, 95% confidence interval: 0.422-0.592) for Abelha's AKI risk score. CONCLUSION: Kheterpal's AKI risk scores are more accurate than Abelha's AKI risk scores in predicting the occurrence of AKI in patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery with moderate predictive capability.

[Analysis of prognostic factors in 1826 patients with completely resected non-small cell lung cancer].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the factors affecting the prognosis of completely resected nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and to assess the impact of vascular invasion and TNM stage on prognosis. METHODS: Between March 1, 1997 and March 1, 2002, a total of 1826 pathologically confirmed NSCLC patients with complete resection were enrolled in this study. The major clinical and pathological features were analyzed, and the impact of vascular invasion on prognosis was investigated. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS software. Fisher's exact test was used to assess the correlation of vascular invasion with the other clinicopathological variables. Survival was analyzed by Kaplan-Meier method and Cox regression. RESULTS: Of the 1826 patients, 126 were found to have vascular invasion. Univariate analysis revealed that the following factors was significantly correlated with shorter overall survival: family history of cancer, histological type, pathological stage and vascular invasion, whereas multivariate analysis confirmed that only pathological stage and vascular invasion were the significant prognostic factors with a hazard ratio of 2.80 [95% CI 1.74 - 4.86] and 4.76 [95% CI 2.38 - 6.21], respectively. The overall 5-year survival rate of this series was 57.4% for stage I, 34.2% for stage II and 18.7% for stage III (P = 0.001) ,respectively. It was 59.1% for stage I 36.2% for stage II and 20.0% for stage III for those without vascular invasion, whereas for those with vascular invasion, it was 37.5% for stage I, 24.0% for stage II and 7.0% for stage III, respectively. There was a significant difference among the patients with different TNM stage and between the patients with vascular invasion and without (P < 0.05) by log-rank test. The distant metastasis rate of the patients with vascular invasion was 69.9% versus 36.7% in those without (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Our results show that TNM stage and vascular invasion are significant prognostic factors in nonsmall cell lung cancer. Vascular invasion can not only serve as an independent prognostic factor, but can also predict the possibility of metastasis.

[Primary soft tissue sarcomas of mediastinum: experience in 22 cases from a single institution].

OBJECTIVE: To assess the presentation, imaging features, and prognostic factors of primary soft tissue sarcoma of mediastinum. METHODS: The clinical data of 22 patients with primary soft tissue sarcoma of mediastinum, 12 males and 10 females, aged 46 (28-69), hospitalized over 27 years were retrospectively reviewed, focusing on the clinical presentations, preoperative diagnosis, imaging features, immunohistochemical studies, treatment, and survival. RESULTS: Chest pain, dyspnea, cough, and shoulder pain were the most common complaints. Imaging findings showed large lobulated mass. The overall 5-year survival rate was 62. 8%. The 5-year survival rate of the patients with tumors larger than 10 cm was 65.6%, significantly higher than that of the patients with tumors smaller than 10 cm (38.8% , P = 0. 019). The long-term survival rate of the patients who received complete resection was 84 months , longer, though not significantly, than that of the patients who received incomplete resection (8 months, P = 0.059). The 5-year survival rate of the patients with lesions at high grade and stage III were 38.2% and 38.2% respectively, both lower, though not significantly, than those of lesions at low grade and stage I (60% and 60% respectively, both P =0.317). The 5-year survival rate of the patients who received surgery only was 8 months, shorter, though not significantly, than that of the patients who received surgery plus adjuvant therapy (12 months, P = 0.204). CONCLUSION: Tumor size and character of resection are important prognostic factors for primary soft tissue sarcoma of mediastinum.

[Anesthesia and operative approach of resection of the trachea].

OBJECTIVE: Review and discuss anesthesia and operative approach of resection of the trachea for different tracheal diseases, especially for the resection of long-segment of trachea. At the same time to introduce the method of reconstruction of long-segment of trachea with Zhao's (two-stage procedure with memory-alloy mesh) artificial trachea. METHODS: Retrospective study of 18 cases of tracheal resection, analysis of the relation between the choice of anesthetic and operative approach. RESULTS: General anesthesia through cut open the trachea with local anesthesia in 2 cases, general anesthesia through previous tracheotomy in 2 cases, extracorporeal circulation in 2 cases, general anesthesia through endotracheal tube in 12 cases. There were no anesthetic or operative death. Local resection in 3 cases, segmental resection in 15 cases. The longest segmental resection was 8.0 cm. Primary anastomosis after segmental resection in 8 cases, Reconstruction with Zhao's artificial trachea in 7 cases. Postoperative follow-up was 5 months to 8 years. Four cases died from systemic metastasis or other reasons at 4, 11 and 12 months, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Different methods of anesthetic and operative procedures should be used for different patients. Extracorporeal circulation used for patient with highest dangerous condition, or, for which could be inserted endotracheal tube by tracheotomy with local anesthesia. Conservative local resection performed only for patients with very bad general condition. Segmental resection less than 5 cm long could be reconstructed with primary reanastomosis. Resection longer than 5.5 cm could be reconstructed with Zhao's artificial trachea.

[Early diagnosis of lung cancer].

Lung cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer death in mankind, with five-year survival rate remains 10%. Previous screening trials using chest radiography and cytological examination of sputum failed to reach the goal of a diagnostic screening test,a decrease in lung cancer mortality. With the development of new kinds of technology, there has been a resurgent interest in screening for lung cancer. We reviewed recent diagnosis of early detection of lung cancer including low-dose CT, Thin-Prep cytology, laser- induced fluorescence endoscope and molecular pathology.