Fabrication and performance evaluation of a design for an extended depth-of-focus intraocular lens based on an improved sinusoidal profile.

This study presents the fabrication and evaluation of a sinusoidal extended depth-of-focus (EDoF) intraocular lens (IOL) based on our previously proposed design approach. The power, through-focus MTF, and surface profile were measured using commercial instruments. Through-focus images of a United States Air Force (USAF) 1951 resolution target formed by the fabricated IOL were compared with Symfony and AR40E under monochromatic and polychromatic light using optical bench testing. Simulations assessed visual acuity (VA) of a pseudophakic model eye with the EDoF IOL, including evaluation of tilt and decentration effects. Results indicate that the base power, add power, and the through-focus MTF@50 lp/mm of the fabricated IOL at a 3 mm pupil size align with the design specifications. The extended-depth-of-focus and imaging performance for the far vision of the fabricated IOL under both monochromatic and polychromatic light conditions at a 3.0 mm pupil diameter is comparable to that of Symfony. In addition, the fabricated IOL exhibits a similar extended-depth-of-focus for three discrete wavelengths. The pseudophakic model eye with the designed EDoF IOL demonstrates a VA exceeding 0.1 logMAR within a defocus range of 2.44 D. The VA is tolerant to both IOL tilt and decentration. These findings demonstrate the promising potential of the sinusoidal EDoF IOL design for future applications in cataract surgery.

Establishment and validation of a diagnostic model for diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus.

PURPOSE: There are few studies on the establishment of diagnostic models for diabetic nephropathy (DN) in in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients based on biomarkers. This study was to establish a model for diagnosing DN in T2DM. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, data were collected from the Second Hospital of Shijiazhuang between August 2018 to March 2021. Totally, 359 eligible participants were included. Clinical characteristics and laboratory data were collected. LASSO regression analysis was used to screen out diagnostic factors, and the selected factors were input into the decision tree for fivefold cross validation; then a diagnostic model was established. The performances of the diagnosis model were evaluated by the area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUC), sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and accuracy. The diagnostic performance of the model was also validated through risk stratifications. RESULTS: Totally, 199 patients (55.43%) were diagnosed with DN. Age, diastolic blood pressure (DBP), fasting blood glucose, insulin treatment, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), platelet distribution width (PDW), uric acid (UA), serum creatinine (SCR), fibrinogen (FIB), international normalized ratio (INR), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were the diagnostic factors for DN in T2DM. The diagnostic model presented good performances, with the sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, AUC, and accuracy being 0.849, 0.969, 0.971, 0.838, 0.965, and 0.903, respectively. The diagnostic model based on the stratifications also showed excellent diagnostic performance for diagnosing DN in T2DM patients. CONCLUSION: Our diagnostic model with simple and accessible factors provides a noninvasive method for the diagnosis of DN.

Approach to the design of different types of intraocular lenses based on an improved sinusoidal profile.

An approach is presented to design different types of Intraocular lenses (IOLs) with a uniform optimization algorithm. An improved sinusoidal phase function is proposed to realize adjustable energy allocations in different diffractive orders according to the design aims. By setting specific optimization goals, different types of IOLs can be designed using the same optimization algorithm. With this method, bifocal, trifocal, extended-depth-of-focus (EDoF), and mono-EDoF IOLs are successfully designed and their optical performance under monochromatic and polychromatic light is evaluated and compared with their commercial counterparts. The result shows that most of the designed IOLs, even though they don't have any multi-zones or combination of diffractive profiles, have superior or comparable performance to their commercial counterparts in terms of optical performance under monochromatic light. The result demonstrates the validity and reliability of the approach proposed in this paper. With this method, the development time of different types of IOLs could be reduced considerably.

Nomogram for prediction of diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A retrospective study.

OBJECTIVE: To develop a nomogram for the risk of diabetic retinopathy (DR) among type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS: Questionnaires, physical examinations and biochemical tests were performed on 5900 T2DM patients in the Second Hospital of Shijiazhuang. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression was used to optimize feature selection, and the importance of selected features was analyzed by random forest. Logistic regression was performed with selected features, and the nomogram was established based on the results. The Harrell's C-statistic, bootstrap-corrected C-statistic, area under curve (AUC), calibration curve, decision curve analysis (DCA) and clinical impact curve (CIC) were used to validate the discrimination, calibration and clinical usefulness of the nomogram, and further assessment was running by external validation. RESULTS: Predictors included duration of diabetes, diabetic neuropathy, diabetic kidney disease, diabetic foot, hyperlipidemia, hypoglycemic drugs, glycated albumin, Lactate dehydrogenase. The model displayed medium predictive power with a Harrell's C-statistic of 0.820, bootstrap-corrected C-statistic of 0.813 and AUC of 0.820 in the training set, and which was respectively 0.842, 0.835 and 0.842 in the validation set. The calibration curve displayed good agreement (P > 0.05). The DCA and CIC showed that the nomogram could be applied clinically if the risk threshold is between 2 % and 75 % and 2 %-88 % in validation set. CONCLUSIONS: This nomogram incorporating 8 features is useful to predict the risk of DR in T2DM patients.

Comparison of wavefront aberrations in the object and image spaces using wide-field individual eye models.

Wavefront aberrations in the image space are critical for visual perception, though the clinical available instruments usually give the wavefront aberrations in the object space. This study aims to compare the aberrations in the object and image spaces. With the measured wavefront aberrations over the horizontal and vertical ±15° visual fields, the in-going and out-going wide-field individual myopic eye models were constructed to obtain the wavefront aberrations in the object and image spaces of the same eye over ±45° horizontal and vertical visual fields. The average differences in the mean sphere and astigmatism were below 0.25 D between the object and image spaces over the horizontal and vertical ±45° visual fields under 3 mm and 6 mm pupil diameter. The wavefront aberrations in the object space are a proper representation of the aberrations in the image space at least for horizontal visual fields ranging from -35°to +35° and vertical visual fields ranging from -15°to +15°.