Neutrophil extracellular traps promote macrophage inflammation in psoriasis.

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease connected with immune dysregulation. Macrophages are key inflammatory cells in psoriasis but the specific mechanism of their activation is not fully understood. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) have been shown to regulate macrophage function. Here, we found that NET deposition was increased in psoriasis lesions. Peptidylarginine deaminase 4 (PAD4, a key enzyme for NET formation) deficiency attenuated skin lesions and inflammation in an imiquimod-induced psoriatic mouse model. Furthermore, the STING signaling pathway was markedly activated in psoriasis and abolished by PAD4 deficiency. PAD4-deficient mice treated with the STING agonist DMXAA exhibited more severe symptoms and inflammation than control mice. Mechanistically, the STING inhibitor C-176 inhibited NET-induced macrophage inflammation and further inhibited the proliferation of HaCaT cells. Our findings suggest an important role of NETs in the pathogenesis of psoriasis, and activation of macrophage STING/NF-κB signaling pathway might involve in NETs related psoriasis.

Plasmonic Pd Nanoparticle- and Plasmonic Pd Nanorod-Decorated BiVO4 Electrodes with Enhanced Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting Efficiency Across Visible-NIR Region.

The photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting performance of BiVO4 is partially hindered by insufficient photoresponse in the spectral region with energy below the band gap. Here, we demonstrate that the PEC water splitting efficiency of BiVO4 electrodes can be effectively enhanced by decorating Pd nanoparticles (NPs) and nanorods (NRs). The results indicate that the Pd NPs and NRs with different surface plasmon resonance (SPR) features delivered an enhanced PEC water splitting performance in the visible and near-infrared (NIR) regions, respectively. Considering that there is barely no absorption overlap between Pd nanostructures and BiVO4 and the finite-difference time domain (FDTD) simulation indicating there are substantial energetic hot electrons in the vicinity of Pd nanostructures, the enhanced PEC performance of Pd NP-decorated BiVO4 and Pd NR-decorated BiVO4 could both benefit from the hot electron injection mechanism instead of the plasmon resonance energy transfer process. Moreover, a combination of Pd NPs and NRs decorated on the BiVO4 electrodes leads to a broad-band enhancement across visible-NIR region.