Formation and detection of biocoronas in the food industry and their fate in the human body.

The rapid advancement of nanotechnology has opened up new avenues for applications in all stages of the food industry. Over the past decade, extensive research has emphasized that when nanoparticles (NPs) enter organisms, they spontaneously adsorbed biomolecules, leading to the formation of biocorona. This paper provided a detailed review of the process of biocorona formation in the food industry, including their classification and influencing factors. Additionally, various characterization methods to investigated the morphology and structure of biocoronas were introduced. As a real state of food industry nanoparticles in biological environments, the biocorona causes structural transformations of biomolecules bound to NPs, thus affecting their fate in the body. It can either promote or inhibit enzyme activity in the human environment, and may also positively or negatively affect the cellular uptake and toxicity of NPs. Since NPs present in the food industry will inevitably enter the human body, further investigations on biocoronas will offer valuable insights and perspectives on the safety of incorporating more NPs into the food industry.

Inhibitory mechanism of carboxymethyl chitosan-lotus seedpod oligomeric procyanidin nanoparticles on dietary advanced glycation end products released from glycated casein during digestion.

Lotus seedpod oligomeric procyanidins (LSOPC) are potent inhibitors of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), whose gastrointestinal susceptibility to degradation limits their use in vivo. In this study, carboxymethyl chitosan-lotus seedpod oligomeric procyanidin nanoparticles (CMC-LSOPC NPs) were constructed with a binding ratio of 1:6.51. CMC-LSOPC NPs significantly inhibited the release of AGEs from glycated casein (G-CS) during digestion, increasing the inhibition rate by 25.76% in the gastric phase and by 14.33% in the intestinal phase compared with LSOPC alone. To further investigate the inhibition mechanism, fluorescence microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and FTIR were used to find that CMC-LSOPC NPs could form cohesions to encapsulate G-CS in the gastric phase and hinder G-CS hydrolysis. In the intestinal phase, LSOPC was targeted for release and bound to trypsin through hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonding, resulting in protein peptide chain rearrangement, changes in secondary structure and significant reduction in trypsin activity. In addition, CMC-LSOPC NPs increased the antioxidant capacity of digestive fluid and could reduce the oxidative stress in the gastrointestinal tract caused by the release of AGEs. It's the first time that CMC-LSOPC NPs were constructed to enhance the stability of LSOPC during digestion and explain the mechanism by which CMC-LSOPC NPs inhibit the release of AGEs from G-CS in both stomach and intestine. This finding will present a novel approach for reducing AGEs during gastrointestinal digestion.

Icaritin Derivative IC2 Induces Cytoprotective Autophagy of Breast Cancer Cells via SCD1 Inhibition.

Breast cancer is one of the most prevalent malignancies and the leading cause of cancer-associated mortality in China. Icaritin (ICT), a prenyl flavonoid derived from the Epimedium Genus, has been proven to inhibit the proliferation and stemness of breast cancer cells. Our previous study demonstrated that IC2, a derivative of ICT, could induce breast cancer cell apoptosis by Stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) inhibition. The present study further investigated the mechanism of the inhibitory effects of IC2 on breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Our results proved that IC2 could stimulate autophagy in breast cancer cells with the activation of adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling. Combination treatment of the AMPK inhibitor decreased IC2-induced autophagy while it markedly enhanced IC2-induced apoptosis. In common with IC2-induced apoptosis, SCD1 overexpression or the addition of exogenous oleic acid (OA) could also alleviate IC2-induced autophagy. In vivo assays additionally demonstrated that IC2 treatment markedly inhibited tumor growth in a mouse breast cancer xenograft model. Overall, our study was the first to demonstrate that IC2 induced cytoprotective autophagy by SCD1 inhibition in breast cancer cells and that the autophagy inhibitor markedly enhanced the anticancer activity of IC2. Therefore, IC2 was a potential candidate compound in combination therapy for breast cancer.

The circ_0002538/miR-138-5p/plasmolipin axis regulates Schwann cell migration and myelination in diabetic peripheral neuropathy.

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) play a vital role in diabetic peripheral neuropathy. However, their expression and function in Schwann cells in individuals with diabetic peripheral neuropathy remain poorly understood. Here, we performed protein profiling and circRNA sequencing of sural nerves in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy and controls. Protein profiling revealed 265 differentially expressed proteins in the diabetic peripheral neuropathy group. Gene Ontology indicated that differentially expressed proteins were mainly enriched in myelination and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. A real-time polymerase chain reaction assay performed to validate the circRNA sequencing results yielded 11 differentially expressed circRNAs. circ_0002538 was markedly downregulated in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Further in vitro experiments showed that overexpression of circ_0002538 promoted the migration of Schwann cells by upregulating plasmolipin (PLLP) expression. Moreover, overexpression of circ_0002538 in the sciatic nerve in a streptozotocin-induced mouse model of diabetic peripheral neuropathy alleviated demyelination and improved sciatic nerve function. The results of a mechanistic experiment showed that circ_0002538 promotes PLLP expression by sponging miR-138-5p, while a lack of circ_0002538 led to a PLLP deficiency that further suppressed Schwann cell migration. These findings suggest that the circ_0002538/miR-138-5p/PLLP axis can promote the migration of Schwann cells in diabetic peripheral neuropathy patients, improving myelin sheath structure and nerve function. Thus, this axis is a potential target for therapeutic treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy.

Zuogui Jiangtang Jieyu Decoction promotes neural stem cell self-renewal and activates Shh signaling in the hippocampal dentate gyrus of diabetic rats with depression / 南方医科大学学报

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the effect of Zuogui Jiangtang Jieyu Decoction (ZJJ) on Shh signaling and self-renewal of neural stem cells in the hippocampal dentate gyrus of diabetic rats with depression.@*METHODS@#Diabetic rat models with depression were randomly divided into model group, positive drug (metformin + fluoxetine) group, and low-, medium-, and high-dose ZJJ groups (n=16), with normal SD rats as the control group. The positive drugs and ZJJ were administered by gavage, and the rats in the control and model groups were given distilled water. After the treatment, blood glucose level was detected using test strips, and behavioral changes of the rats were assessed by forced swimming test and water maze test. ELISA was used to examine the serum level of leptin; The expressions of nestin and Brdu proteins in the dentate gyrus of the rats were detected using immunofluorescence assay, and the expressions of self-renewal marker proteins and Shh signaling proteins were detected using Western blotting.@*RESULTS@#The diabetic rats with depression showed significantly increased levels of blood glucose and leptin (P < 0.01) and prolonged immobility time in forced swimming test (P < 0.01) and increased stage climbing time with reduced stage seeking time and stage crossings in water maze test (P < 0.01). The expressions of nestin and Brdu in the dentate gyrus, the expressions of cyclin D1, SOX2, Shh, Ptch1, Smo in the hippocampus and the nuclear expression of Gli-1 were decreased (P < 0.01) while hippocampal Gli-3 expression was increased significantly (P < 0.01) in the rat models. Treatment of rat models with high-dose ZJJ significantly reduced the blood glucose (P < 0.01) and leptin level (P < 0.05) and improved their performance in behavioral tests (P < 0.01). The treatment also obviously increased the expressions of nestin, Brdu, cyclin D1, SOX2, Shh, Ptch1, and Smo and the nuclear expression of Gli-1 in the dentate gyrus (P < 0.01) and reduced hippocampal expression of Gli-3 (P < 0.05) in the rat models.@*CONCLUSION@#ZJJ can significantly improve the self-renewal ability of neural stem cells and activate Shh signaling in dentate gyrus of diabetic rats with depression.

Differential diagnosis of brucellar spondylitis and tuberculous spondylitis based on FS-T2WI sequence combined with machine learning / 中华地方病学杂志

Objective:To investigate the performance of a predictive model based on fat suppression (FS)-T2WI sequence combined with machine learning in the differential diagnosis of brucellar spondylitis (BS) and tuberculous spondylitis (TS).Methods:The clinical and imaging data of 74 patients with BS and 81 patients with TS diagnosed clinically or pathologically in the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University from January 2017 to January 2022 were retrospectively analyzed, and all patients underwent spinal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examination before treatment. Patients were randomly divided into a training group ( n = 123) and a testing group ( n = 32) in an 8 ∶ 2 allocation ratio, and radiomics feature extraction and dimensionality reduction analysis were performed on FS-T2WI sequence images. Four machine learning algorithms, including K-nearest neighbor (KNN), support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF) and logistic regression (LR), were used to construct a radiomics model, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to analyze the differential diagnostic performance of each model for BS and TS. Results:A total of 1 409 radiomics features were extracted, and 7 related features were screened and included for identification of BS and TS, among which the Maximum2DDiameterColumn feature value showed a strong correlation, and there was a statistically significant difference between BS and TS patients ( P < 0.001). In the testing group, the area under the ROC curve (AUC) value of the SVM model for identifying BS and TS was 0.886, with a sensitivity of 0.53, a specificity of 0.88, and a diagnostic accuracy of 0.81; in the training group, the AUC value of the SVM model for identifying BS and TS was 0.811, the sensitivity was 0.68, the specificity was 0.72, and the diagnostic accuracy of the model was 0.78. Conclusion:The prediction model based on FS-T2WI sequence combined with machine learning can be used to identify BS and TS, and the diagnostic performance of SVM model is prominent and stable.

Targeted Mitochondrial Epigenetics: A New Direction in Alzheimer's Disease Treatment.

Mitochondrial epigenetic alterations are closely related to Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is described in this review. Reports of the alteration of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) methylation in AD demonstrate that the disruption of the dynamic balance of mtDNA methylation and demethylation leads to damage to the mitochondrial electron transport chain and the obstruction of mitochondrial biogenesis, which is the most studied mitochondrial epigenetic change. Mitochondrial noncoding RNA modifications and the post-translational modification of mitochondrial nucleoproteins have been observed in neurodegenerative diseases and related diseases that increase the risk of AD. Although there are still relatively few mitochondrial noncoding RNA modifications and mitochondrial nuclear protein post-translational modifications reported in AD, we have reason to believe that these mitochondrial epigenetic modifications also play an important role in the AD process. This review provides a new research direction for the AD mechanism, starting from mitochondrial epigenetics. Further, this review summarizes therapeutic approaches to targeted mitochondrial epigenetics, which is the first systematic summary of therapeutic approaches in the field, including folic acid supplementation, mitochondrial-targeting antioxidants, and targeted ubiquitin-specific proteases, providing a reference for therapeutic targets for AD.

Efficient Toluene Adsorption on Metal Salt-Activated Porous Carbons Derived from Low-Cost Biomass: A Discussion of Mechanism.

Porous carbons (PCS) derived from sodium lignin sulfonate were activated by four common metal salts. The samples exhibit distinct characteristics of irregular, sunflower-like, interconnected sheet, and tine block morphologies under the impact of NaCl, CaCl2, ZnCl2, and FeCl3, respectively (PCS-MCl x ). Surprisingly, the maximum and minimum specific surface areas are 1524 and 44 m2/g corresponding to PCS-ZnCl2 and PCS-NaCl. All of the samples have plentiful functional groups; herein, PCS-NaCl and PCS-FeCl3 are detected with the highest O and S contents (11.85, 1.08%), respectively, which signifies sufficient active sites for adsorption. These porous materials were applied in toluene adsorption from paraffin liquid and matched the Langmuir isotherm models well. Thus, the activation mechanism was discussed in detail. PCS-MCl x has a completely different pyrolysis behavior according to thermogravimetry/derivative thermogravimetry (TG/DTG) analysis. It is speculated that H[ZnCl2(OH)] would have an etching effect on the carbon structure of PCS-ZnCl2, and HCl or H2SO4, resulting from FeCl3 hydrolysis and a reduction reaction, would be corrosive to the sodium lignin sulfonate (SLS) surface. Each metal salt plays a different role in activation. The devised method for the synthesis of porous carbons is green and economical, which is suited to mass production.

Application and Properties of Microporous Carbons Activated by ZnCl2: Adsorption Behavior and Activation Mechanism.

Herein, polypyrrole-based porous carbon (PPC) was prepared by ZnCl2 activation for toluene adsorption from paraffin liquid. The structure properties were adjusted by a dosage of activating agents and carbonization temperature. The result with a 3:1 mass ratio of ZnCl2/PPy at 600 °C showed the highest micropore area and percentage of micropore volume of 1105 m2/g and 86.26%, respectively. In addition, the PPC surface was rich in functional groups and obtained a high N-doped content from 7.00 to 8.82%. The toluene adsorption behavior onto the PPC was comprehensively investigated including isotherms, kinetics, and thermodynamics. The adsorption isotherm accorded with the Freundlich model well, and the kinetic model was fitted more closely to the pseudo-second-order chemisorption. The thermodynamic research uncovered that the adsorption was spontaneous and an endothermic process in essence. The ZnCl2 activation mechanism is discussed based on TG/TGA curves and pore structure analysis at last. The devised way of synthesized microporous carbon is green and simple, which is suited to mass production for the adsorption of toluene from paraffin liquid and reducing environmental pollution.

Epidemiological analysis of novel coronavirus pneumonia in Huangpu District of Shanghai / 上海预防医学

Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics of COVID-19 epidemic in Huangpu District of Shanghai, and to provide scientific evidence for prevention and control of COVID-19. Methods Descriptive statistics were used to study the suspected and confirmed cases of COVID-19 reported from January 21 through March 10, 2020 in Huangpu District, Shanghai. Results A total of 120 suspected cases of COVID-19 were reported, of which 12 were diagnosed and 108 were excluded.The first confirmed case was reported on January 21, and the last case was on February 10; the majority (11/12) of the confirmed cases were reported from January 21 through February 1.The average duration of time from the symptom onset to the first medical visit was 2.6 days, whereas the average duration from the first medical visit to the hospital diagnosis was 2.2 days.There were 15 suspected cases with a confirmed history of residence or tourism in Wuhan, in which 6 were confirmed cases.Moreover, 5 suspected cases had a confirmed history of contact with other confirmed cases, in which 3 were confirmed cases.Thus, exposure in Wuhan and exposure to confirmed cases were the most significant risk factors at this stage of the epidemic. Conclusion The 12 cases identified in Huangpu District of Shanghai are all adults, half of whom had confirmed history of exposure in Wuhan.The first cluster of COVID-19 cases in Shanghai is documented in Huangpu District.Epidemiological investigation reveals that the confirmed cases might be infectious the day before the symptom onset.

Draft genome sequence of ramie, Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaudich.

Ramie, Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaudich, family Urticaceae, is a plant native to eastern Asia, and one of the world's oldest fibre crops. It is also used as animal feed and for the phytoremediation of heavy metal-contaminated farmlands. Thus, the genome sequence of ramie was determined to explore the molecular basis of its fibre quality, protein content and phytoremediation. For further understanding ramie genome, different paired-end and mate-pair libraries were combined to generate 134.31 Gb of raw DNA sequences using the Illumina whole-genome shotgun sequencing approach. The highly heterozygous B. nivea genome was assembled using the Platanus Genome Assembler, which is an effective tool for the assembly of highly heterozygous genome sequences. The final length of the draft genome of this species was approximately 341.9 Mb (contig N50 = 22.62 kb, scaffold N50 = 1,126.36 kb). Based on ramie genome annotations, 30,237 protein-coding genes were predicted, and the repetitive element content was 46.3%. The completeness of the final assembly was evaluated by benchmarking universal single-copy orthologous genes (BUSCO); 90.5% of the 1,440 expected embryophytic genes were identified as complete, and 4.9% were identified as fragmented. Phylogenetic analysis based on single-copy gene families and one-to-one orthologous genes placed ramie with mulberry and cannabis, within the clade of urticalean rosids. Genome information of ramie will be a valuable resource for the conservation of endangered Boehmeria species and for future studies on the biogeography and characteristic evolution of members of Urticaceae.

Seasonality of clustering of fever and diarrhea in Beijing, 2009-2015 / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To understand the seasonal distribution of the clustering of fever and diarrhea.Methods Concentration degree and circular distribution methods were used to analyze the seasonal distribution of the clustering of fever and diarrhea in Beijing from 2009 to 2015.The information were collected from the Infectious Disease Surveillance Information System of Beijing.Results The M values of the clustering of fever and diarrhea were 0.57 and 0.47.Circular distribution results showed that the clustering of fever and diarrhea angle dispersion index R values were 0.57 and 0.46 respectively,the sample average angle of Rayleigh's test Z values were 414.14,148.09 respectively (all P＜0.01).The clustering of fever and diarrhea had seasonality.The incidence peak of fever was on October 13,and the epidemic period was during August 13-December 14.The incidence peak of diarrhea was on July 31,and the epidemic period was during May 20-October 11.Conclusion The clustering of fever had obvious seasonality in Beijing,which mainly occurred in auttmn and winter.The cluster of diarrhea had certain seasonality,which mainly occurred in summer and autumn.

Seasonality of clustering of fever and diarrhea in Beijing, 2009-2015 / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To understand the seasonal distribution of the clustering of fever and diarrhea.Methods Concentration degree and circular distribution methods were used to analyze the seasonal distribution of the clustering of fever and diarrhea in Beijing from 2009 to 2015.The information were collected from the Infectious Disease Surveillance Information System of Beijing.Results The M values of the clustering of fever and diarrhea were 0.57 and 0.47.Circular distribution results showed that the clustering of fever and diarrhea angle dispersion index R values were 0.57 and 0.46 respectively,the sample average angle of Rayleigh's test Z values were 414.14,148.09 respectively (all P＜0.01).The clustering of fever and diarrhea had seasonality.The incidence peak of fever was on October 13,and the epidemic period was during August 13-December 14.The incidence peak of diarrhea was on July 31,and the epidemic period was during May 20-October 11.Conclusion The clustering of fever had obvious seasonality in Beijing,which mainly occurred in auttmn and winter.The cluster of diarrhea had certain seasonality,which mainly occurred in summer and autumn.

Allocation of resources for diseases control and prevention in Beijing, from 2010 to 2015 / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To explore the allocation of resources for diseases control and prevention in Beijing CDC and to put forward related scientific evidence for improvement.Methods To gather and comparatively analyze the human,financial and material resources of Beijing CDC reported by China Information System,from 2010 to 2015.Results Research findings showed that on average,1.43 CDC members served ten thousand people in Beijing in 2015,which was below the set national standard.The proportion of staff with either master/doctor degrees or senior professional titles showed an annual upward trend from 2010 to 2015 (P＜0.05),the proportion was higher in the municipal CDC than that in the District CDCs,in 2015 (P＜0.05).Fiscal deficit had existed for many years.The average capability for different kinds of testings did not reach the national standard.Numbers of instruments and equipment were higher than that of the national standard.The average space of Beijing CDC was 55.9 square meters/person,again had not met the nationally recommended criteria.Conclusions The allocation of CDC human resources was significantly imbalanced in Beijing.The structure of CDC human resources should be improved.We suggested that the Full Funding Security Model'should be unified.And the average space of the Beijing CDC should meet the national standard in the years to come.

Allocation of resources for diseases control and prevention in Beijing, from 2010 to 2015 / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To explore the allocation of resources for diseases control and prevention in Beijing CDC and to put forward related scientific evidence for improvement.Methods To gather and comparatively analyze the human,financial and material resources of Beijing CDC reported by China Information System,from 2010 to 2015.Results Research findings showed that on average,1.43 CDC members served ten thousand people in Beijing in 2015,which was below the set national standard.The proportion of staff with either master/doctor degrees or senior professional titles showed an annual upward trend from 2010 to 2015 (P＜0.05),the proportion was higher in the municipal CDC than that in the District CDCs,in 2015 (P＜0.05).Fiscal deficit had existed for many years.The average capability for different kinds of testings did not reach the national standard.Numbers of instruments and equipment were higher than that of the national standard.The average space of Beijing CDC was 55.9 square meters/person,again had not met the nationally recommended criteria.Conclusions The allocation of CDC human resources was significantly imbalanced in Beijing.The structure of CDC human resources should be improved.We suggested that the Full Funding Security Model'should be unified.And the average space of the Beijing CDC should meet the national standard in the years to come.

Infection status of enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus A16 among children receiving health examination for child care setting entrance in Beijing and their related medical care seeking ;practice / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To understand the infection status of enterovirus 71(EV71) and coxsackievirus A16(Cox A16) among children receiving health examination for child care setting entrance in Beijing and their related medical care seeking practice and provide evidence for the estimation of disease burden caused by hand foot and mouth disease(HFMD). Methods Serological survey was conducted in the local children receiving health examination for child care setting entrance. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was conducted to detect anti-EV71 and anti-Cox A16 IgG and IgM. Results A total of 813 children were surveyed(mean age:3.5±1.0 year old). The seropositive rate was 61.9%and 4.4%for anti-Cox A16 IgG and IgM. The seropositive rate was 9.3% and 1.1% for anti-EV71 IgG and IgM. No significant difference was observed in sex specific seropositive rate (P>0.05). However,significant differences were found in seropositive rate among different age groups(P<0.05). Among the children who were anti-Cox A16 positive, 7.8%had ever had rashes on their hands and feet,mouth or buttocks(HFMD-like rashes). Among the children who were anti-EV71 positive,10.7%had ever had HFMD-like rashes. For the children who were anti-Cox A16 or anti-EV71 positive,only 7.1% were brought to see doctors by their parents. However,among the seropositive children with rashes,80.5% were brought to see doctors. Conclusion In the healthy children at the age to go to child care setting in Beijing,most had ever infected with Cox A16. The anti-EV71 positive rate was much lower than the anti-Cox A16 positive rate. It was necessary to strengthen the prevention and control of EV71 infection in child cares settings.

Infection status of enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus A16 among children receiving health examination for child care setting entrance in Beijing and their related medical care seeking ;practice / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To understand the infection status of enterovirus 71(EV71) and coxsackievirus A16(Cox A16) among children receiving health examination for child care setting entrance in Beijing and their related medical care seeking practice and provide evidence for the estimation of disease burden caused by hand foot and mouth disease(HFMD). Methods Serological survey was conducted in the local children receiving health examination for child care setting entrance. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was conducted to detect anti-EV71 and anti-Cox A16 IgG and IgM. Results A total of 813 children were surveyed(mean age:3.5±1.0 year old). The seropositive rate was 61.9%and 4.4%for anti-Cox A16 IgG and IgM. The seropositive rate was 9.3% and 1.1% for anti-EV71 IgG and IgM. No significant difference was observed in sex specific seropositive rate (P>0.05). However,significant differences were found in seropositive rate among different age groups(P<0.05). Among the children who were anti-Cox A16 positive, 7.8%had ever had rashes on their hands and feet,mouth or buttocks(HFMD-like rashes). Among the children who were anti-EV71 positive,10.7%had ever had HFMD-like rashes. For the children who were anti-Cox A16 or anti-EV71 positive,only 7.1% were brought to see doctors by their parents. However,among the seropositive children with rashes,80.5% were brought to see doctors. Conclusion In the healthy children at the age to go to child care setting in Beijing,most had ever infected with Cox A16. The anti-EV71 positive rate was much lower than the anti-Cox A16 positive rate. It was necessary to strengthen the prevention and control of EV71 infection in child cares settings.

Infection status of enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus A16 among children receiving health examination for child care setting entrance in Beijing and their related medical care seeking practice / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To understand the infection status of enterovirus 71 (EV71) and coxsackievirus A16 (Cox A16) among children receiving health examination for child care setting entrance in Beijing and their related medical care seeking practice and provide evidence for the estimation of disease burden caused by hand foot and mouth disease (HFMD).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Serological survey was conducted in the local children receiving health examination for child care setting entrance. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was conducted to detect anti-EV71 and anti-Cox A16 IgG and IgM.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A total of 813 children were surveyed (mean age: 3.5 ± 1.0 year old). The seropositive rate was 61.9% and 4.4% for anti-Cox A16 IgG and IgM. The seropositive rate was 9.3% and 1.1% for anti-EV71 IgG and IgM. No significant difference was observed in sex specific seropositive rate (P > 0.05). However, significant differences were found in seropositive rate among different age groups (P < 0.05). Among the children who were anti-Cox A16 positive, 7.8% had ever had rashes on their hands and feet, mouth or buttocks (HFMD-like rashes). Among the children who were anti-EV71 positive, 10.7% had ever had HFMD-like rashes. For the children who were anti-Cox A16 or anti-EV71 positive, only 7.1% were brought to see doctors by their parents. However, among the seropositive children with rashes, 80.5% were brought to see doctors.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>In the healthy children at the age to go to child care setting in Beijing, most had ever infected with Cox A16. The anti-EV71 positive rate was much lower than the anti-Cox A16 positive rate. It was necessary to strengthen the prevention and control of EV71 infection in child cares settings.</p>

Epidemiological and clinical features of norovirus infection among diarrhea patients from the enteric clinics in Beijing, 2013-2014 / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of norovirus infection on diarrhea patients from the enteric clinics in Beijing.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>From April 2013 to March 2014, 1 892 fecal specimens and related epidemiological information were collected among diarrhea patients visiting the enteric clinics in Beijing. Norovirus was detected by real time RT-PCR, and data was analyzed under the descriptive epidemiological method.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A total of 269 positive cases were found among 1 892 diarrhea patients, with a positive rate as 14.2%. Norovirus caused diarrhea mainly occurred in seasons with lower temperature. Higher positive rates of norovirus were found in northwest mountainous area. Norovirus diarrhea was more commonly seen in children between 6 month and 5 years old, with differences between the two groups statistically significant (P = 0.006). Compared with other occupation, a higher infection rate was identified in children, with differences between the two groups statistically significant (P = 0.025). Nausea and vomiting appeared more common in diarrhea patients with norovirus infection, with differences between the two groups statistically significant (P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Norovirus was an important pathogen which causing diarrhea in patients visiting the enteric clinics in Beijing. The virus was seen more in patients aged between 6 months and 5 years old. Nausea and vomiting were the common symptoms seen in patients with norovirus diarrhea.</p>

Molecular epidemiological characteristics of HIV-1 strains isolated from newly diagnosed MSM subjects (2006-2010) in Beijing, China / 病毒学报

This study aims to analyze the molecular epidemiological characteristics of HIV-1 strains prevailing among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Beijing, China. The pol gene fragments from 250 newly diagnosed HIV-1-infected MSM individuals during 2006-2010 in Beijing were amplified by RT-nested PCR, sequenced, and phylogenetically analyzed. HIV-1 pol gene from 189 individuals were amplified and analyzed; 81 (42. 9%), 3 (1. 6%), 2 (1.0%), 88 (46. 6%), and 15 (7.9%) individuals were infected with HIV-1 subtypes B, B', C, CRF01_AE, and CRF07_BC, respectively. The subtypes B and CRF01_AE could both be grouped into two clusters, and CRFO7_BC strains shared high homology and were presumed to originate from a common ancestor. The HIV-1 circulating in MSM in Beijing had a lower genetic diversity than in heterosexuals. The HIV-1 epidemic (2006-2010) in MSM in Beijing was actually a rapid spread of HIV-1 CRF01 AE and B, or rather native strains of the two viruses.