Research Progress on Active Ingredients and Product Development of Lycium ruthenicum Murray.

Lycium ruthenicum Murray possesses significant applications in both food and medicine, including antioxidative, anti-tumor, anti-fatigue, anti-inflammatory, and various other effects. Consequently, there has been a surge in research endeavors dedicated to exploring its potential benefits, necessitating the organization and synthesis of these findings. This article systematically reviews the extraction and content determination methods of active substances such as polysaccharides, anthocyanins, flavonoids, and polyphenols in LRM in the past five years, as well as some active ingredient composition determination methods, biological activities, and product development. This review is divided into three main parts: extraction and determination methods, their bioactivity, and product development. Building upon prior research, we also delve into the economic and medicinal value of Lycium ruthenicum Murray, thereby contributing significantly to its further exploration and development. It is anticipated that this comprehensive review will serve as a valuable resource for advancing research on Lycium ruthenicum Murray.

Utilizing Electrochemical Biosensors as an Innovative Platform for the Rapid and On-Site Detection of Animal Viruses.

Animal viruses are a significant threat to animal health and are easily spread across the globe with the rise of globalization. The limitations in diagnosing and treating animal virus infections have made the transmission of diseases and animal deaths unpredictable. Therefore, early diagnosis of animal virus infections is crucial to prevent the spread of diseases and reduce economic losses. To address the need for rapid diagnosis, electrochemical sensors have emerged as promising tools. Electrochemical methods present numerous benefits, including heightened sensitivity and selectivity, affordability, ease of use, portability, and rapid analysis, making them suitable for real-time virus detection. This paper focuses on the construction of electrochemical biosensors, as well as promising biosensor models, and expounds its advantages in virus detection, which is a promising research direction.

An Electrochemical Immunosensor Based on a Self-Assembled Monolayer Modified Electrode for Label-Free Detection of α-Synuclein.

This research demonstrated the development of a simple, cost-effective, and label-free immunosensor for the detection of α-synuclein (α-Syn) based on a cystamine (CYS) self-assembled monolayer (SAM) decorated fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) electrode. CYS-SAM was formed onto the FTO electrode by the adsorption of CYS molecules through the head sulfur groups. The free amine (-NH2) groups at the tail of the CYS-SAM enabled the immobilization of anti-α-Syn-antibody, which concurrently allowed the formation of immunocomplex by covalent bonding with α-Syn-antigen. The variation of the concentrations of the attached α-Syn at the immunosensor probe induced the alternation of the current and the charge transfer resistance (Rct) for the redox response of [Fe(CN)6]3-/4-, which displayed a linear dynamic range from 10 to 1000 ng/mL with a low detection limit (S/N = 3) of ca. 3.62 and 1.13 ng/mL in differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) measurements, respectively. The immunosensor displayed good reproducibility, anti-interference ability, and good recoveries of α-Syn detection in diluted human serum samples. The proposed immunosensor is a promising platform to detect α-Syn for the early diagnose of Parkinson's disease, which can be extended for the determination of other biologically important biomarkers.

A sensitive electrochemical sensor based on ZIF-8-acetylene black-chitosan nanocomposites for rutin detection.

Herein, we fabricated a sensitive rutin electrochemical sensor via modifying glassy carbon electrode (GCE) with zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) and acetylene black (AB) in the presence of chitosan (CS). The electrochemical activity and experimental parameters of the ZIF-8-AB-CS/GCE sensor were investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Under the optimal conditions, the sensor presented a reasonable linear response in the range of 0.1-10 µM with a limit of detection (LOD) as low as 0.004 µM (S/N = 3). The sensor possessed good reproducibility and high stability, and was successfully applied to detect rutin tablet samples with satisfactory results, which was attributed to the synergistic effect between ZIF-8 and AB. Meanwhile, the sensor displayed a potential application for detection of other analytes in real samples. Furthermore, a probable interaction mechanism was proposed to account for the interaction between rutin and the nanocomposite electrode, which was not discussed in previous reports.

Electropolymerization of negatively charged Ni(II) complex for the selective determination of dopamine in the presence of ascorbic acid.

Electrodes for the dopamine (DA) determination in biological samples have been developed with improved selectivity and sensitivity in an excess of ascorbic acid (AA). Negatively charged Ni(II) complex was synthesized and electropolymerized on the glassy carbon electrode to impart the surface with anionic characteristics that could act both as a catalyst and as a discriminating layer against AA based on the electrostatic interaction. Thus prepared electrodes enabled selective determination of DA even in a large excess of AA by differential pulse voltammetry at physiological pH. Linear response was found down to 1.0 x 10(-7) M with 5.0 x 10(-9) M of LOD (Limit of Detection). In a flow injection analysis performed in an amperometric mode, the detection limit was lowered by two orders of magnitude down to 1.0 x 10(-9) M with a linear range of 1.0 x 10(-9) to 1.0 x 10(-6) M. The relative standard deviation was found to be 3.36% from 25 independent measurements for 1.0 x 10(-5) M of DA. Stable oxidation current of DA was observed even after 30 days storage in air. The recoveries of DA in the 100-fold diluted human urine samples were 97.7% for 4 measurements. The rate constant for the DA oxidation was 1.3 x 10(-3) cm s(-1) from hydrodynamic experiments using a rotating disk electrode.

Bis(mu-4-carboxy-2-sulfonatobenzoato)bis[aqua(2,2'-bipyridyl)manganese(II)].

In the title compound, [Mn(2)(C(8)H(4)O(7)S)(2)(C(10)H(8)N(2))(2)(H(2)O)(2)], pairs of hexacoordinated manganese(II) centres are bridged by 2-sulfonatoterephthalate(2-) anions to form cyclic centrosymmetric dimers, which are linked into sheets by O-H...O hydrogen bonds.