Association between dietary potassium intake and severe headache or migraine in US adults: a population-based analysis.

Background: Migraine is a prevalent neurovascular headache disorder. The link between dietary potassium and blood pressure has been established. We sought to delineate the relationship between dietary potassium intake and the prevalence of migraines. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) spanning 1999-2004, comprising 10,254 participants aged ≥20 years. Participants who reported severe headaches or migraine in the self-report questionnaire were identified as migraineurs. A 24-h dietary recall methodology was used to assess dietary potassium intake. Multivariate regression analysis and restricted cubic spline (RCS) modeling were utilized to elucidate the relationship between dietary potassium and migraines. Results: Among the 10,254 participants, 20.1% were identified with migraine or severe headaches. The adjusted odds ratio (OR) for migraine occurrence in the Q2 dietary potassium intake (1771-2,476 mg/d) was 0.84 (95% CI: 0.73-0.97, p = 0.021) compared to the lowest quartile (Q1, ≤ 1771 mg/d). The relationship between dietary potassium and migraine exhibited an L-shaped pattern (non-linear, p = 0.016) with an inflection at approximately 1439.3 mg/d. In the subgroup analysis, when compared to Q1, who had the lowest dietary potassium intake, the adjusted OR for Q2 in females, those in the medium-high household income group, and with a Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥ 25 kg/m2 were as follows: (OR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.69-0.98), (OR, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.66-0.95), and (OR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.66-0.93), respectively. No significant interaction was observed across groups after adjusting for all possible covariates. Conclusion: The relationship between dietary potassium intake and migraine prevalence among US adults appears to follow an L-shaped curve.

Use of Buried Guide Needle to Fix Inferior Eyelid Orbital Septum Fat for Tear Trough Depression Filling.

ABSTRACT: Fat fixation is a key step in filling tear trough depression with inferior eyelid orbital septum fat. The ideal position for inferior eyelid fat fixation is to cross the tear trough ligament causing tear trough depression and the orbicularis retaining ligament, with the distal end fixed at the farthest end of the dissected lacuna deep down the inferior orbicularis oculi muscle. Traditional suturing is difficult in the deep narrow lacunae, but a buried guide needle can be used to suture and fix the fat in the deepest lacuna. In this study, 264 patients who underwent tear trough filling using a buried guide needle to fix the released inferior eyelid orbital septum fat from 2017 to 2020 were followed up. The preoperative and postoperative imaging findings were compared to evaluate the effectiveness of the operation and postoperative complications. The inferior eyelid bulging, loose skin, and tear trough depression significantly improved than that before the operation. None of the patients had any severe complications, such as inferior eyelid ectropion, lagophthalmos, scar hyperplasia, and diplopia, in the long term (6 months) postoperatively. Five patients showed mild eyelid-eyeball separation and recovered in 1 month. Four patients had diplopia, and 3 patients had chemosis; all recovered in 7 days. The tear trough depression was not corrected completely in 2 patients. The operation showed satisfactory results in the improvement of tear trough depression in addition to alleviation of inferior eyelid bulging and loose inferior eyelid skin that is caused by the traditional inferior eyelid pouch removal.

Reconstruction of Soft Tissue Defects on the Face, Neck, and Chest by Expanded Cervico-Acromial Flap.

BACKGROUND: Repairing the defects of face and neck remains a big challenge for plastic surgeons. Here we present a case series of pre-expanded cervico-acromial flaps in the repair of soft tissue defects. METHOD: This is a retrospective study that a total of 126 patients between 2001 and 2019 were included. One patient was excluded since he did not complete the treatment. All patients were followed for at least 0.5 years (range: 0.5-4 years, mean 2.50 years) after surgery. RESULTS: All patients are satisfied with the appearance. The color and texture of expanded flaps were similar to surroundings. One patient (0.8%) had complete necrosis and received skin grafts. The size of cervico-acromial was 26-10 × 14-6 cm (mean, 15.389 ±â€Š2.701× 8.341 ±â€Š1.075 cm). The time of operation during stage 1 was 59.254 ±â€Š9.895 minutes, 96.912 ±â€Š18.936 minutes during stage 2, and 38.146 ±â€Š9.478 minutes during stage 3. Surgical complication rate was 14.3%, given that 18 patients had complications following the surgery. CONCLUSIONS: The cercico-acromial flap is a reliable and multifunctional method for face, neck, and chest reconstruction.

Scrotal septal flap and two-stage operation for complex hypospadias: A retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: Complex hypospadias is a surgical challenge. AIM: To present the long-term outcomes of two-stage repair of complex hypospadias using a scrotal septal flap. METHODS: This was a retrospective study of patients with complex hypospadias who were operated on between January 1st, 2001, and January 1st, 2019, at a single hospital using a scrotal septal flap (two-stage surgery) or prepuce flap (one-stage surgery; control group). In the scrotal group, the urethra was first repaired using oral mucosa; in the second stage, a scrotal septal flap was used as a second imper-meable layer. Maximal/average urinary flow rates after surgery were compared. All patients were followed for ≥ 6 mo (range: 6-96 mo). RESULTS: Ninety-seven patients were included (46 in the scrotal group and 51 in the prepuce group). The maximal urinary flow rate was 15.4 ± 2.1 mL/s in the scrotal group and 14.3 ± 3.0 mL/s in the control group (P = 0.035). The average urinary flow rate was 8.4 ± 2.3 mL/s in the scrotal group and 7.5 ± 1.5 mL/s in the control group (P = 0.019). The proportion of patients achieving good therapeutic effects was higher in the scrotal group than in the control group [24 (52.2%) vs 16 (31.4%), P = 0.042; 34 (73.9%) vs 25 (49.0%), P = 0.014]. The scrotal flap two-stage surgery was independently associated with a higher maximal urinary flow rate (OR = 2.416, 95%CI: 1.026-5.689, P = 0.044) and with a higher average flow rate (OR = 2.484, 95%CI: 1.054-5.854, P = 0.038). CONCLUSION: In complex hypospadias, a scrotal septal flap could be a versatile and reliable option for resurfacing the penis.

Staged Buccal Mucosa Graft Urethroplasty for Proximal Hypospadias in Children: A Short- to Mid-Term Follow-Up Retrospective Study.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study is to report our experience with modified staged buccal mucosa graft urethroplasty for the repair of proximal hypospadias in children and adolescents. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 183 patients were treated at the Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College between 2010 and 2019. The patients were grouped according to age: (1) within 1.5-year-old group, (2) prepuberty group (Tanner stage 1), and (3) puberty group. RESULTS: In total, 153 patients were included in this study. Thirty-six patients had complications: seven after stage one; 29 after stage two; one patient had two complications. Maximum flow rates were 11.80 ± 1.46 mL/s in the 1.5-year-old group, 13.24 ± 2.61 mL/s in the prepuberty group, and 13.60 ± 2.20 mL/s in the puberty group (p = 0.199). Average flow rates were 6.86 ± 1.37, 7.94 ± 1.74, and 7.88 ± 1.22 mL/s, respectively (p = 0.203). The optimal hypospadias objective scoring evaluation score of 16 was seen in 117 patients (76%), the score of 15 in 23 patients (15%), 14 in 10 (7%), and 13 in 3 patients (2%). Patients with an uncomplicated treatment (no complication) had a higher clinical outcome than patients with a complication (15.8 ± 0.53 vs. 15.3 ± 0.97, with or without complication, p = 0.000). Multivariable analyses showed that previous treatment was closely related to the complication rate (p = 0.016). CONCLUSION: The modified procedure allows for two-stage repair of proximal hypospadias with good results with a low complication rate and good functional results. Delaying operation did not increase complication rates in our research.

Surgical Treatment for Facial Port Wine Stain by Prefabricated Expanded Cervical Flap Carried by Superficial Temporal Artery.

BACKGROUND: Port wine stain (PWS) is a congenital benign vascular malformation. Laser treatment is the main therapy for PWS. But some patients are not sensitive to it, and failed laser treatment will leave scars on face. Hence in this study, the authors used prefabricated flap carried by superficial temporal artery to treat PWS. METHODS: Nine patients diagnosed with large-scaled PWS (occupying more than half of the cheek) from January 2008 to December 2017 were selected in the study. One of them did not finish the treatment. Eight patients completed all scheduled treatments. In the first stage, superficial temporal vessels were transferred to the donor site and then an expander was implanted. About 80 to 150 days later, PWS was removed and the prefabricated flap was used to repair the wound. All the 8 patients were followed-up for 10 months to 36 months. RESULTS: Prefabricated flap survived well. All patients are satisfied with the appearance. The color and texture of prefabricated flap is similar to the surroundings. CONCLUSION: The combination of prefabricated flap and skin soft tissue expander not only extends the scale of flap but also enhances the efficacy of surgical treatment. It is a good candidate to treat PWS.

Resurfacing of the Mid and Lower Faces by Preexpanded Supraclavicular Flap.

Extensive scarring and giant nevi on the mid and lower faces places further demands on scar resurfacing in terms of match, size, and thickness. The area of supraclavicular cervical flap is rather limited, but the expansion could expand its utility in facial resurfacing.Rectangular expanders were inserted via the incisions at the upper fringes of clavicles, and implanted under supraclavicular flap areas. After full expansion, the flap based on supraclavicular artery was elevated to cover the defects left by surgical removal of scar or tumor. Pedicle division was performed on the 10 to 14 days postoperatively.A total of 17 patients were treated with the described technique between 2005 and 2015. The dimensions of the flap ranged from 17 cm × 8.5 cm to 22 cm × 12 cm. The average size was 197 cm. Twenty-one flaps (with 4 patients in bilateral fashion) survived completely. Epidermolysis occurred to 2 flaps, which healed by conservative management. These flaps matched well with the face in terms of the color, thickness, and texture. No obvious flap shrinkage occurred in the follow-up. The donor sites were closed primarily without loss of function or breast deformity.It is an efficient and safe method to obtain preexpanded supraclavicular flap, applying to patients with extensive scarring on mid and lower faces, especially female ones. Excellent aesthetics can be achieved without compromising function and aesthetics of donor sites.

Risk Factors for Urethrocutaneous Fistula Repair After Hypospadias Surgery: A Retrospective Study.

OBJECTIVES: We review our experience in urethrocutaneous fistula (UCF) repair after hypospadias surgery to investigate the risk factors for unsuccessful outcome. METHODS: Two hundred eleven patients had undergone UCF repair in our department from January 2005 to December 2015. This study included 185 patients who were followed up for more than 6 months. The age of patients, size, site and number of UCFs, number of UCF repairs, urethral complications other than UCF, and postoperative infection were included as potential risk factors. Binary logistic regression analysis was used for multivariate analysis. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Stratified analysis and assessment of additive interaction were performed to have a better understanding of the relation between the risk factors. RESULTS: Urethrocutaneous fistula repairs failed in 38 patients (20.5%) at first attempt. In the univariate analysis, size of UCFs (P = 0.012), times of UCF repair (P = 0.008), and postoperative infection (P = 0.044) were statistically related with the outcome of surgery. In the multivariate analysis, only the size of UCFs (P = 0.030; adjusted OR, 2.42; 95% CI, 1.09-5.36) and times of repair (P = 0.008; adjusted OR, 3.09; 95% CI, 1.35-7.07) were identified as risk factors for unsuccessful outcome. We had consistent results in the stratified analysis. No additive or multiplicative interaction between the 2 risk factors was found. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggested that UCF repairs after hypospadias surgery were easier to fail if one of the UCFs was larger than 2 mm or it had been repaired repeatedly. But when both factors existed, the increase of the risk was not statistically significant. The age of patients, site and number of UCFs, complications other than UCF, and postoperative infection were not significantly related to the success rate of UCF repair.

Long-Term Follow-Up of Flap Prefabrication in Facial Reconstruction.

BACKGROUND: Flap prefabrication is to turn a random flap into an axial flap by transferring a vascular pedicle. METHODS: In the past 13 years, we have prefabricated 20 flaps in 20 patients by the superficial temporal artery and its concomitant veins. Typically, a 50- to 800-mL tissue expander was implanted in the donor site. After flap maturation, the prefabricated flap was raised and transferred locally to cover the large defect on the face. All the cases were followed up regularly. RESULTS: The patients' age were between 3 and 27 years, the size of the flaps were between 3.5 × 5.5 cm and 13 × 15 cm, the superficial temporal artery length was between 10 and 15 cm. All flaps were transferred successfully: 10 of the flaps had venous congestion, partial epidermis exfoliation and flap necrosis occurred in 4 flaps. All cases were followed up for at least 1 year, the longest follow-up period was 9 years. Long-term follow-up results showed the prefabricated flap survived in good condition and had a satisfactory outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Because flap prefabrication is practical, and long-term follow-ups have proved its preferable characters and stability, it is a fine method for large area facial reconstructions.

[One-stage reconstruction of distal urethra with free graft of tublar oral mucosa ].

Objective To investigate the therapeuctic effect of one-stage reconstruction of distal urethra with free graft of tublar oral mucosa. . Methods: Two strips of oral mucosa graft(0.4-0.6 cm in width),were harvested and sutured around an oiled silk roll to form mucosa tube. The mucosa tube was used to reconstruct distal urethra. Postoperative pressure dressing and earlier urination were recommended Results: From May 2007 to October 2015,16 cases with distal urethra defect or stenosis were treated with this method. The urethra defect was 2-4 cm in length. Urethral fistula happened in 3 patients. All the other 13 cases healed primarily.10 cases were followed up for 1-5 years by telephone with normal function. Conclusions: One-stage reconstruction with free graft of bulbar oral mucosa is suitable and reliable for distal urethra defect less than 4 cm in length.

[Application of V shape flap for the urethral external meatus and glanuloplasty].

OBJECTIVE: To discuss the methods for urethral external meatus and glanuloplasty after correction of hypospadias. METHODS: The V shape flap on the dorsal side of glan, combined with the bilateral glan flaps were moved to the ventral side. The flap at the ventral side of urethral external meatus was turned over. Then the urethral external meatus was repositioned to the top end of glan with the ventral defects covered by the dorsal flaps. Then the coniform glan was reconstructed. RESULTS: From January 2008 to December 2013, 28 cases were treated, including glandular hypospadias, postoperative retraction of external urethral meatus and meatal stenosis. 21 patients were followed up for 1 -12 months (average, 1 month) with marked improvement of glan appearance and retraction of external meatus. No meatal stenosis happened. CONCLUSIONS: Postoperative retraction of urethral external meatus and meatal stenosis can be corrected by V shape flap on the dorsal side of glan combined with the bilateral glan flaps. The flat appearance of glan can be improved. It is an ideal method for glandular hypospadias.

Augmentation Phalloplasty With Autologous Dermal Fat Graft in the Treatment of "Small Penis".

BACKGROUND: Our objective is to report on the efficacy and safety of dermal fat graft in augmentation phalloplasty performed on patients who presented complaining of "small penis," and evaluate the cosmetic and psychological outcomes of it. METHODS: From April 2010 and January 2015, 23 Chinese adult patients aged 18 to 33 years (average, 23 years) with subjective perception of small penis were included; all who requested an increase in the penile dimension underwent penile elongation (suprapubic skin advancement-ligamentolysis) and girth enhancement by dermal fat graft. Besides objective measurement, Male Genital Image Scale was used to facilitate selection of patients and evaluate the outcome, respectively. The change and shrinkage of the dermal fat strips was evaluated by ultrasound examination and computed tomography. RESULTS: No major complications or erection deficiencies occurred during the postoperative follow-up period. After 6 months, the mean flaccid length was increased by 2.27 ± 0.54 cm, whereas the mean flaccid circumference gain was 1.67 ± 0.46 cm. Significant improvement of genital satisfaction was reported during the follow-up. The shrinkage of dermal fat strips was inconspicuous, and no curvature was observed due to fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS: With strict patient selection, this procedure is proved to be a plausible and reasonable option for patients with penile dysmorphophobia. Also, it provides a potential alternative procedure to current dominant methods and promotes the aesthetic results with penile lengthening.

Modified Penile Augmentation by Dermal-Fat Graft in Post-Hypospadias Adults.

BACKGROUND: Although a considerable part of patients desire further improvement in penile size after hypospadias repairs, penile augmentation is only considered in patients with congenital penile hypoplasia or acquired penile retraction. Modified penile augmentation by free dermal-fat graft is introduced to satisfy these patients and improve surgical safety. METHODS: From April 2012 to December 2014, a total of 15 male adults after hypospadias repairs, aged 18-24 years, underwent modified penile augmentation which involved girth enhancement by a free dermal-fat graft and penile elongation (suprapubic skin advancement-ligamentolysis). A specially designed tunneling instrument was introduced to facilitate pericavernous thickening without degloving. Outcome evaluation was mainly based on objective penile measurements and results of the Male Genital Image Scale. RESULTS: With 6 months' follow-up, all patients had achieved excellent cosmetic results, with a significant average dimensional increase of 1.53 ± 0.23 cm in flaccid girth and 1.67 ± 0.24 cm in flaccid length. No erection deficiencies or urinary fistula occurred. Patients' perception of male genitalia improved postoperatively, with the average MGIS score rising from 31.73 ± 4.86 to 40.20 ± 4.54. CONCLUSIONS: This modified technique is safe and effective in enlarging penile size. The use of the specially designed tunneling instrument simplifies penile girth enhancement, avoiding unnecessary trauma to the neo-urethra and neurovascular bundle. It is confirmed that physical dimensional enhancement does contribute to improving their underestimation of penile size. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.

[Plasty method for penoscrotal transposition].

Objective: To investigate the plasty method for penoscrotal transposition and its efficacy. Methods: The adhesion between penis tunica albuginea and scrotum sheath capsule was separated to return the testis and their sheath capsule to the abdomen side of penis. Also, the scrotum skin was also transferred to the abdomen side of penis. The normal anatomic position of penis and scrotum was returned. Results: Between Jan 2004 to Oct 2015,34 cases were treated.5 scrotum fascia skin flaps underwent ischemia at the flap tip with delayed healing. All the other flaps survived with primary healing and good appearance. Conclusions: Adhesion between penis tunica albuginea and scrotum sheath capsule should be separated to return the testis and their sheath capsule, as well as scrotum skin to the abdomen side of penis. It' s an optional method for penoscrotal transposition.

[PLASTIC SURGERY OF SCALP AND FACIAL PLEXIFORM NEUROFIBROMAS].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the plastic surgical treatment and the way to reduce hemorrhage for scalp and facial plexiform neurofibromas. METHODS: Between July 2004 and July 2013, 20 patients with scalp and facial plexiform neurofibromas (17 cases of neurofibromatosis type I and 3 cases of plexiform neurofibroma) were treated, and the clinical data were retrospectively analyzed. There were 9 males and 11 females with an average age of 37 years (range, 18-56 years). The disease duration ranged from 8 to 56 years (mean, 19 years). The scalp was involved in 6 cases, the face in 7 cases, and both the scalp and face in 7 cases. The extent of involvement ranged from 4 cm x 3 cm to 15 cm x 13 cm. Obvious pigmentation was seen in 2 cases. Endovascular embolization was performed before surgical intervention in 4 cases. Preliminary sutures around the lesion were carried out in 18 cases having an involved range over 5 cmx5 cm. One-stage excision was performed in 17 cases, and two-stage excision in 3 cases. Wound repair and facial orthopedic treatment were performed after tumor excision. RESULTS: The intraoperative blood loss was 100-500 mL (mean, 300 mL) for patients undergoing single operation. For 3 patients undergoing two-stage excision, the blood loss of the first operation was 500, 600, and 800 mL respectively, and the blood loss of the second operation was all 50 mL. Autologous blood transfusion of 200, 400, and 400 mL was performed in 3 cases respectively. The preliminary sutures were removed at 3-7 days (mean, 5 days) after operation. All the incisions healed primarily without secondary hemorrhage and hematoma, and the flap and skin graft survived totally. Fifteen patients were followed up 1 year to 7 years (mean, 2.5 years). All patients showed significant improvement in appearance. No significant progression, expanding, and sagging were observed. CONCLUSION: Endovascular embolization and preliminary sutures around the lesion can be used to reduce hemorrhage in resection of plexiform neurofibroma in the scalp and face. Personalized surgical plan of benign neurofibromatosis should be made to reduce the tumor mass, to improve function and appearance.

[Comparative study of three different methods for penile reconstruction].

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effect of three methods for penile reconstruction. METHODS: From Sept. 2000 to Dec. 2012, penile reconstruction was performed in 48 cases with free scapular flap transplantation, or pedicled superficial circumflex iliac artery skin flap, or anterolateral thigh skin flap pedicled with lateral circumflex femoral artery. The flaps were 12.0-14.5 cm in length, 10-12 cm in width and the urethra perimeter was about 2-3 cm. RESULTS: Free scapular flaps were used in 21 cases, with flap failure in 3 cases due to insufficient blood supply. Malleable penile prosthesis was implanted in 11 cases, which was exposed in 3 cases. Groin skin flaps were used in 21 cases, with flap failure in 8 cases due to insufficient blood supply. Malleable penile prostheses were implanted in 7 cases, which was exposed in 3 cases. Anterolateral thigh skin flaps were used in 6 cases, with flap failure in 2 cases due to necrosis and infection. No prosthesis was implanted in this group. All the failure cases underwent secondary reconstruction with successful results. 37 cases were followed up for 1-6 years, avevage 2.5 years. 26 cases were satisfied with the results of appearance and function. CONCLUSIONS: Among these three methods, the free scapular flap is most recommended for its high survival rate, low complication rate and high patient satisfaction.

Pre-expanded cervico-acromial fasciocutaneous flap based on the supraclavicular artery for resurfacing post-burn neck scar contractures.

OBJECTIVE: Post-burn cicatricle contractures of neck pose a challenge for plastic and reconstructive surgeons. To improve functional and cosmetic results, and to minimize the donor-site morbidity, we use pre-expanded cervico-acromial fasciocutaneous flap based on the supraclavicular artery as a feasible choice for resurfacing large skin defects of the neck. METHODS: In this series, from 2008 to 2012, 18 patients with ages ranging between 11 and 42 years (20 flaps with 2 patients in bilateral fashion) suffering from post-burn scar contractures of the neck were treated. In the first stage, an expander was implanted on the deep fascia layer of the cervico-acromial region; 600 to 800 mL of saline was then injected during a 10- to 16-week period. In the second stage after expansion, sufficient skin and tissue was obtained to resurface the defects of the neck after releasing the contractures and excision of post-burn scars. RESULT: All 20 flaps healed primarily with good functional and cosmetic results. The maximum size was 23×16 cm, whereas the minimum was 20×8 cm. After an average follow-up time of 12 months, significant improvement in range of motion with good esthetic outcomes were achieved, and the scars in donor sites seemed acceptable. There ware no significant complications. CONCLUSIONS: The pre-expanded cervico-acromial fasciocutaneous flap based on the supraclavicular artery can provide a large amount of thin tissue with both good color and texture, and without the need for microsurgery, and avoid the disadvantages of donor-site morbidity. This flap is reliable and safe for resurfacing large skin defects of the neck.

[Repair of middle and lower face scars using alar thin expanded cervical flap with pedicle in anterior neck].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the application of alar thin expanded cervical flap with pedicle in anterior neck for large scars on middle and lower face. METHODS: From February 2000 to July 2013, 26 patients with scars on the middle and lower face were treated with the alar thin expanded cervical flaps with pedicle in anterior neck. After the skin of anterior neck was expanded by implanting skin expanders, alar thin expanded cervical flap with pedicle in anterior neck was obtained with size of 163-275 cm(2). Then the scars on the middle and lower face with the size of 135-196 cm(2) were excised, with the area of excision allowing full coverage of the expanded flap. The flap was rotated and advanced to the middle and lower face, and the incision was closed in layers. RESULTS: The 26 patients were followed up for 2 to 24 months. Twenty-one flaps survived, with good appearance and function. Four flaps showed venous retardation at distal part, and only one flap showed necrosis of the right edge. They were healed by free skin grafting. CONCLUSIONS: The alar thin expanded cervical flap not only makes maximum use of expanded flap on the premise of ensuring blood supply, but also guarantees good color, texture, and contour of face and neck.

Reconstruction of facial soft tissue defects with pedicled expanded flaps / 中华整形外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the application of pedicled expanded flaps for the reconstruction of facial soft tissue defects.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The expanded skin flaps, pedicled with orbicularis oculi muscle, submental artery, the branch of facial artery, superficial temporal artery, interior upper arm artery, had similar texture and color as facial soft tissue. The pedicled expanded flaps have repaired the facial soft tissue defects.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Between Jan. 2003 to Dec. 2013, 157 cases with facial soft tissue defects were reconstructed by pedicled expanded flaps. Epidermal necrosis happened at the distal end of 8 expanded flaps, pedicled with interior upper arm artery(4 cases), orbicularis oculi muscle(3 cases) and submental artery(1 case), which healed spontaneously after dressing. All the other flaps survived completely with similar color and inconspicuous scar. 112 cases were followed up for 8 months to 8 years. Satisfactory results were achieved in 75 cases. 37 cases with hypertrophic scar at incisions need secondary operation.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Island pedicled expanded flap with similar texture and color as facial soft tissue is suitable for facial soft tissue defects. The facial extra-incision and large dog-ear deformity could be avoided.</p>

Infraorbital and zygomatic reconstruction using pre-expanded rotation flap based on the orbicularis oculi muscle.

Infraorbital and zygomatic reconstruction procedures pose challenges to plastic surgeons because of the close location of the operation to the eyes and nose. Failed flap design can lead to distortion of the adjacent organs and tissue, particularly for larger defects. Flaps based on the orbicularis oculi muscle (OOM) can be easily rotated from the lateral or temporal region to cover the infraorbital and zygomatic area. We use a soft-tissue expander to enlarge the size of this flap for larger defect repair. Out of a total of 12 patients whose infraorbital or zygomatic defects ranged from 2.0 × 3.0 cm to 4.0 × 5.0 cm, 11 experienced a successful repair without complications. The size of the pre-expanded rotation flap ranged from 3.0 × 4.0 cm to 5.0 × 7.0 cm. The pre-expanded rotation flap based on the OOM has the advantages of an excellent colour and thickness match to the infraorbital and zygomatic areas, a reliable blood supply, abundant tissue and negligible donor-site morbidity. It has thus become our favourite technique for infraorbital and zygomatic reconstruction.