The gut microbiota-aromatic hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) axis mediates the anticolitic effect of polyphenol-rich extracts from Sanghuangporus.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a significant global health concern. The gut microbiota plays an essential role in the onset and development of IBD. Sanghuangporus (SH), a traditional Chinese medicinal mushroom, has excellent anti-inflammatory effects and is effective at modulating the gut microbiota. Despite these attributes, the specific anticolitic effects of SH and the mechanisms through which the gut microbiota mediates its benefits remain unclear. Herein, we demonstrated that polyphenol-rich extract from SH effectively alleviated the pathological symptoms of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis in mice by modulating the gut microbiota. Treatment with SH distinctly enriched Alistipes, especially Alistipes onderdonkii, and its metabolite 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid (5HIAA). Oral gavage of live A. onderdonkii or 5HIAA potently mitigated DSS-induced colitis in mice. Moreover, both 5HIAA and SH significantly activated the aromatic hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), and the administration of an AhR antagonist abrogated their protective effects against colitis. These results underscore the potent efficacy of SH in diminishing DSS-induced colitis through the promotion of A. onderdonkii and 5HIAA, ultimately activating AhR signaling. This study unveils potential avenues for developing therapeutic strategies for colitis based on the interplay between SH and the gut microbiota.

[Development of Raman spectroscopy study of fluid inclusions].

In the present paper, the exploration process of the laser Raman analysis of fluid inclusions was reviewed and summarized. The authors tried to outlook the future research work on laser Raman analysis of fluid inclusions at low and room temperature. Research work at low temperatures: (1) Common multiple salt systems in the fluid inclusions; (2) Trying qualitative and quantitative analysis of ingredients in natural fluid inclusions; (3) Microthermometry considered first melting temperature as the eutectic temperature, and this view was suspected, so further research is needed; (4) chloride hydrate structure is inconclusive at low temperatures. Research work at room temperatures: (1) how Fe3+, Zn2+, Cu2+ and other ions being considered as the main metal ions of mineralization combine with Cl- and H2O are how to combine; (2) The reason for different concentrations of NaCl, CaCl2, MgCl2, CuCl2, ZnCl2, FeCl3 solution resulting in the shift of Raman OH stretching region (2 800-3 800 cm(-1)).

[Gauss-Lorentz quantitative research on O-H stretching Raman spectra of water in common chlorine salt solution].

In order to explore the Raman spectroscopy quantitative method of common cations in geological fluids, the present paper has systematically studied Raman spectra of NaCl-H2O, CaCl2-H2O, MgCl2-H2O, CuCl2-H2O, ZnCl2-H2O and FeCl3-H2O solutions by Gauss-Lorentz deconvolution integrated peaks. The results shows that: (1) there is a good quantitative relationship between the peak intensity ratio (low-frequency/high frequency) and the concentration for all systems studied, and this result provides a convenient and reliable quantitative method for quantitative analysis of these systems at room temperature. (2) In the NaCl-H2O and CaCl2-H2O and MgCl2-H2O system, with the concentration increasing, the peak intensity ratio (LF/HF) shows a declining trend , and this result suggests that the number of intermolecular hydrogen bonds is gradually reduced; however, in the CuCl2-H2O, ZnCl2-H2O and FeCl3-H2O system, the trend is on the rise; and this result suggests that the number of intermolecular hydrogen bonds is gradually increased; Such a result may be related to the complex that the transition metal ions formed in these three systems, and further studies are needed. (3) It can be seen through the slopes (that are obtained from fitting curves of the intensity ratio and the concentration in all systems) that the ability affecting of hydrogen bond of water molecules is in such order: CaCl2, MgCl2 > NaCl, FeCl3 > ZnCl2, CuCl2.

[Raman spectroscopic study of the complex and quantitative analysis in the system CuCl2-H2O and FeCl3-H2O].

In the present paper, the Raman peaks of complex in the CuCl2-H2O system and FeCl3-H2O system were studied in detail. In the CuCl2-H2O system, the superimposed characteristic peaks of various complex formed by Cu2+ and Cl- (such as [CuCl4]2- and [CuCl6]4-) may be formed the peak of 286 cm(-1), and the superimposed characteristic peaks of various complex formed by Cu2+ hydrate([Cu(H2O)4]2+ and [Cu(H2O)6]2+ based) may be formed the peak of 412 cm(-1); Through the analysis of peak parameters, we has founded two quantitative relationships: (1) The peak intensity ratio (I1 I3I 400 or I2/I3 400) of 286 cm(-1) (or 412 cm(-1)) and OH stretching Raman spectrum of water (at 3 400 cm(-1)) and concentration; (2) The integral area of 286 cm(-1) (or 412 cm(-1)) and concentration. In the FeCl3-H2O system, 173 and 331 cm(-1) might be attributed to [FeCl4]- that is the most common form of FeCl3 complex in aqueous solution. The superimposed characteristic peaks of various complex formed by Fe3+ and Cl- (such as [FeCl]2+, [FeCl2]+ etc) may be formed the broad peak of 173 cm(-1), and the superimposed characteristic peaks of various complex formed by Fe3+ hydrate([Fe(H2O)4]3+ and [Fe(H2O)6]3+ based) may be formed the broad weak peak behind of 331 cm(-1). Through the analysis of peak parameters, we has founded two quantitative relationships: (1) The integral area of 331 cm(-1) (A2) and concentration; (2) The integral area ratio of 173 and 331 cm(-1) (A1/A2) and concentration.

[Cryogenic Raman spectroscopic studies in the system of NaCl-MgCl2-H2O].

In the present paper, the best experimental conditions for producing hydrates in the NaCl-H2O and MgCl2-H2O systems were found through the cryogenic Raman spectroscopy. This experimental condition is rapidly cooling to -180 degrees C and slowly warming to observe hydrate formation process (that is manifested as a darkening of the vision in the microscope), and finally, rapidly cooling down to -180 degrees C. Moreover, a qualitative or semiquantitative analytical method for NaCl-MgCl2-H2O system was established. This method is that 3 537 cm(-1) may instruct the existence of NaCl hydrates, 3 514 cm(-1) may instruct the existence of MgCl2 hydrates, and comparison of the intensity of 3 537 and 3 514 cm(-1) peaks can be used to estimate the ratio of NaCl and MgCl2 in the system. All these are the foundations for quantifying the components of natural fluid inclusions. The author supports Samson's idea through observing the phenomenon of experiments in the controversy of the meta-stable eutectics formation model, that is ice forms on initial cooling, leaving a residual, interstitial, hypersaline liquid. On warming, the salt hydrates crystallize from this liquid.

[Effects of cations in chlorine salt solution on O-H stretching Raman spectra of water].

In order to understand the effects of the common cations in geofluids on the structure of water, the present paper systematically studied the Raman spectra of NaCl-H2O, CaCl2-H2O, MgCl2-H2O, CuCl2-H2O, ZnCl2-H2O and FeCl3-H2O solutions by two methods. (1) The frequency shifts of the peak maximum around 3,400 cm(-1) in O-H stretching Raman spectra of water reveal the destruction effects of these cations on the structure of water: Ca2+ > Mg2+ > Na+, Fe3+ > Zn2+ > Cu2+; (2) Comparing the intensities of the shoulder peak around 3,250 cm(-1) in the O-H stretching Raman spectra of water: (1) all salts concerned destruct the structure of water; (2) with respect to the same chloride, the destruction extent of hydrogen-bond increases with concentration increasing; (3) comparing different chloride solutions at the same concentration, the destruction effects of catnions on the structure of water decrease in the sequences Ca2+ > Mg2+ > Na+ and Fe3+ > Zn2+ > Cu2+. (4) A hydrogen bond-affected mechanism combining cation destruction with complex compound production is supposed for the first time, and is used to explain the effects of the canions on the structure of water: CaCl2 > MgCl2 > FeCl3 > NaCl > ZnCl2 > CuCl2.