[Development and application of SSR markers of Saposhnikovia divaricata based on transcriptome].

Transcriptome sequencing was employed to mine the simple sequence repeat(SSR) locus information of Saposhnikovia divaricata and design specific primers, which aimed to provide a basis for the research on the genetic diversity of S. divaricata germplasm resources. The seed purity, 1 000-seed weight, germination rate, and seed vigor were determined. MISA was used to obtain the SSR locus information from 12 606 unigene longer than 1 kb in the transcriptome database. Forty-three pairs of SSR primers designed in Primer 3 were used to analyze the polymorphism of 28 S. divaricata samples of different sources. The results showed that there were differences in the seed purity, 1 000-seed weight, germination rate, vigor, and seed length and width among S. divaricata samples of different sources. Particularly, the germination rate and seed vigor had significant differences, and HB-ZJK1, NMG-CF4, NMG-BT, NMG-HLE1, and NMG-CF2 had significantly higher 1 000-seed weight, germination rate, and seed vigor than the samples of other sources. Among the 86 233 unigene, 12 606(14.62%) unigene contained 15 958 SSR loci, with one SSR locus every 5 009 bp on average. The SSR loci were mainly single nucleotide and dinucleotide repeats, which were dominated by G/C and TC/AG, respectively. All the primers were screened by using 28 S. divaricata sample from different habitats, and the primers corresponding to the amplification products with clear bands and stable polymorphism were obtained. The clustering results of the biological characteristics and genetic diversity of the 28 S. divaricata samples were basically consistent, and the samples of the same origin(HB-AG1, HB-AG2, HB-ZJK1, and HB-ZJK2) generally gathered together and had close genetic relationship. The SSRs in S. divaricata transcriptome has high frequency, rich types, and high polymorphism, which provides candidate molecular markers for the germplasm identification, genetic map construction, and molecular-assisted breeding.

[Transcriptome profiling of Saposhnikovia divaricata growing for different years and mining of key genes in active ingredient biosynthesis].

Saposhnikovia divaricata is a commonly used bulk medicinal plant. To explore the key enzyme genes and their expression in the biosynthesis of chromone and coumarin, the key active components, we carried out transcriptome sequencing(Illumina HiSeq) and bioinformatics analysis for the 1-year-old(S1) and 2-year-old(S2) plants of S. divaricata. A total of 40.8 Gb data was obtained. After the sequence assembly via Trinity, 110 732 transcripts and 86 233 unigenes were obtained, which were aligned and annotated with NR, Swiss-Prot, GO, KEGG, and PFAM. Daucus carota and S. divaricata had the highest sequence homology. KEGG pathway enrichment showed that the differentially expressed genes were mainly enriched in plant hormone signal transduction, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and flavonoid biosynthesis pathways. A total of 27 differentially expressed unigenes, including 13 enzyme genes, were identified in the pathways related to the synthesis of active ingredients in S. divaricata. Compared with S1 plant, S2 plant showed up-regulated expression of PAL, BGL, C4H, 4CL, CYP98A, CSE, REF, and CCoAOMT and down-regulated expression of CHS, CAD, and COMT. HCT and POD had both up-regulated and down-regulated unigenes. Among them, PAL, C4H, 4CL, BGL, and CHS can be used as candidate genes for the synthesis of the active ingredients in S. divaricata. The four key enzyme genes were verified by RT-qPCR, which showed the results consistent with transcriptome sequencing. This study enriches the genetic information of S. divaricata and provides support for the identification of candidate genes in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites.

Meta-analysis of elective surgical complications related to defunctioning loop ileostomy compared with loop colostomy after low anterior resection for rectal carcinoma.

Introduction Defunctioning loop ileostomy (LI) and loop colostomy (LC) are used widely to protect/treat anastomotic leakage after colorectal surgery. However, it is not known which surgical approach has a lower prevalence of surgical complications after low anterior resection for rectal carcinoma (LARRC). Methods We conducted a literature search of PubMed, MEDLINE, Ovid, Embase and Cochrane databases to identify studies published between 1966 and 2013 focusing on elective surgical complications related to defunctioning LI and LC undertaken to protect a distal rectal anastomosis after LARRC. Results Five studies (two randomized controlled trials, one prospective non-randomized trial, and two retrospective trials) satisfied the inclusion criteria. Outcomes of 1,025 patients (652 LI and 373 LC) were analyzed. After the construction of a LI or LC, there was a significantly lower prevalence of sepsis (p=0.04), prolapse (p=0.03), and parastomal hernia (p=0.02) in LI patients than in LC patients. Also, the prevalence of overall complications was significantly lower in those who received LIs compared with those who received LCs (p<0.0001). After closure of defunctioning loops, there were significantly fewer wound infections (p=0.006) and incisional hernias (p=0.007) in LI patients than in LC patients, but there was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of overall complications. Conclusions The results of this meta-analysis show that a defunctioning LI may be superior to LC with respect to a lower prevalence of surgical complications after LARRC.

[Pathological factors associated with staging of metastatic lymph node ratio and metastatic lymph node number in advanced gastric carcinoma].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the association of pathologic factors with the staging of metastatic lymph node ratio (rN) and metastatic lymph node number (pN), and to provide evidence for reasonable tumor staging in advanced gastric carcinoma (AGC). METHODS: The clinicopathological data of 555 patients, who received radical resection for primary tumor of AGC between November 2003 and December 2011 in The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, were reviewed retrospectively. The clinicopathological factors influencing rN and pN were analyzed. RESULTS: Univariate analysis showed that differentiation degree, vascular invasion, tumor diameter, gross type and invasion depth were significantly associated with rN or pN (all P<0.05). Histological type was significantly associated with rN (P<0.05), but not with pN. Logistic regression analysis revealed that vascular invasion, tumor diameter≥4 cm and invasion depth were independent risk factors for lymph node distant metastasis in AGC (all P<0.05). ROC curves showed that rN was consistent with pN in evaluating the diagnostic value of lymph node distant metastasis for tumor staging in AGC (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Vascular invasion tumor diameter≥4 cm and invasion depth are independent risk factors for lymph node metastasis in AGC based on either metastatic lymph node ratio (rN) or metastatic lymph node number (pN). The rN staging is consistent with the pN staging in evaluating the diagnostic value of metastatic lymph node for tumor staging in AGC.

[Meta-analysis on the correlation of cholecystectomy or cholecystolithiasis to risk of colorectal cancer in Chinese population].

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: It is reported that the incidence of colorectal cancer is higher in patients receiving cholecystectomy (CHE) than in those who did not. However, the correlation of CHE and cholecystolithiasis (CHO) to colorectal cancer is unclear. This study was to investigate the correlation of CHE or CHO to risk of colorectal cancer in Chinese population. METHODS: A meta-analysis was conducted according to the guidelines set forth by the meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology (MOOSE statement). A manual and computer search of literature was performed. Included literatures were evaluated using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Original data were extracted, pooled odd ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (Cl) were calculated using revman 5.0. RESULTS: In total 26 studies were included. The pooled OR between CHO or CHE, CHE alone, CHO alone and colorectal cancer were 3.00 (95%IC 2.30-3.91), 2.85 (95%IC 2.13-3.81) and 2.68 (95%IC 1.93-3.72), respectively. Sub-group analysis in sex and position of tumors revealed obvious correlation of CHE or CHO to colorectal cancer except for the men's subgroup. CONCLUSION: CHE or CHO may be associated with colorectal cancer in Chinese population.