Prevalence of smartphone addiction and its relation with psychological distress and internet gaming disorder among medical college students.

Background: The incidence of smartphone addiction has been widely studied, but the research on the relationship between smartphone addiction and psychological distress and internet gaming disorder is limited. This study investigated the characteristics and prevalence of smartphone addiction and its relation with psychological distress and internet gaming disorder. Furthermore, it provides the scientific basis for intervention measures in schools, families, and society. Methods: A random cluster sampling method was applied to investigate 656 medical students from grades 1 to 4 at Wannan Medical College in Anhui province, People's Republic of China. The questionnaire consisted of general information, a smartphone addiction scale, an Internet gaming disorder scale, and a Kessler 6-item psychological distress test. The obtained results were first summarized using descriptive statistics. The Chi-square test was used to compare the status of smartphone addiction. Binary logistic regression was used to analyze the relationship between smartphone addiction and various variables. Results: Our results showed that the prevalence of smartphone addiction in medical students was 49.5% (325/656). Psychological distress (p < 0.001), internet gaming disorder (p < 0.001), and childhood trauma (p = 0.001) were highly correlated with smartphone addiction in medical students. Psychological distress, and internet gaming disorder were positively associated with smartphone addiction (p < 0.000). Conclusion: The prevalence of smartphone addiction is high among medical students in Chinese. Smartphone addiction is highly related to related to internet gaming disorder and psychological distress.

Prevalence and associated factors of insomnia symptoms after ending China's dynamic zero-COVID policy: a cross-sectional survey of frontline nursing staff in Chinese hospitals.

Background: After the Chinese government announced the end of the dynamic zero-COVID policy on January 8, 2023, the COVID-19 pandemic peaked. Frontline nursing staff are at high risk of infection transmission due to their frequent contact with COVID-19 patients. In addition, due to the ending of China's dynamic zero-COVID policy, frontline nursing staff have grappled with increased workload, fatigue, and more. This study aimed to explore the prevalence of insomnia symptoms in frontline nursing staff and its influencing factors following the end of the policy. Methods: Between January and February 2023, this study was conducted by the Wenjuanxing platform to survey frontline nursing staff in a hospital in Wuhu City, Anhui Province. All the nursing staff included in this study had a COVID-19 infection. The questionnaires included the Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS), PC-PTSD-5 Chinese Version Scale, the Fear of COVID-19 Scale, The 2-item Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC-2) Scale, and the burden of COVID-19 Scale. Binary logistic regression methods were used to identify variables associated with insomnia symptoms. Results: Among the 694 frontline nursing staff, 74.5% (517/694) exhibited insomnia symptoms. Fear of COVID-19 (p < 0.001), the burden of COVID-19 (p < 0.05), PTSD (p < 0.001), and higher technical titles (p < 0.008) were highly correlated with insomnia symptoms in frontline nursing staff. Psychological resilience (p < 0.001) was a protective factor for insomnia symptoms among frontline nursing staff. Conclusion: After ending China's dynamic zero-COVID policy, the prevalence of insomnia symptoms among frontline nursing staff is generally higher. This study highlights the association between insomnia symptoms and PTSD, fear of COVID-19, COVID-19 burden, and resilience. Psychological assistance is needed for frontline nursing staff to prevent insomnia symptoms and protect the mental health of frontline nursing staff after the end of China's dynamic zero-COVID policy.

Neural mechanisms distinguishing two types of cooperative problem-solving approaches: An fNIRS hyperscanning study.

Collaborative cooperation (CC) and division of labor cooperation (DLC) are two prevalent forms of cooperative problem-solving approaches in daily life. Despite extensive research on the neural mechanisms underlying cooperative problem-solving approaches, a notable gap exists between the neural processes that support CC and DLC. The present study utilized a functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) hyperscanning technique along with a classic cooperative tangram puzzle task to investigate the neural mechanisms engaged by both friends and stranger dyads during CC versus DLC. The key findings of this study were as follows: (1) Dyads exhibited superior behavioral performance in the DLC task than in the CC task. The CC task bolstered intra-brain functional connectivity and inter-brain synchrony (IBS) in regions linked to the mirror neuron system (MNS), spatial perception (SP) and cognitive control. (2) Friend dyads showed stronger IBS in brain regions associated with the MNS than stranger dyads. (3) Perspective-taking predicted not only dyads' behavioral performance in the CC task but also their IBS in brain regions associated with SP during the DLC task. Taken together, these findings elucidate the divergent behavioral performance and neural connection patterns between the two cooperative problem-solving approaches. This study provides novel insights into the various neurocognitive processes underlying flexible coordination strategies in real-world cooperative contexts.

Practical synthesis of allylic amines via nickel-catalysed multicomponent coupling of alkenes, aldehydes, and amides.

Molecules with an allylic amine motif provide access to important building blocks and versatile applications of biologically relevant chemical space. The need for diverse allylic amines requires the development of increasingly general and modular multicomponent reactions for allylic amine synthesis. Herein, we report an efficient catalytic multicomponent coupling reaction of simple alkenes, aldehydes, and amides by combining nickel catalysis and Lewis acid catalysis, thus providing a practical, environmentally friendly, and modular protocol to build architecturally complex and functionally diverse allylic amines in a single step. The method is remarkably simple, shows broad functional-group tolerance, and facilitates the synthesis of drug-like allylic amines that are not readily accessible by other methods. The utilization of accessible starting materials and inexpensive Ni(ii) salt as the alternative precatalyst offers a significant practical advantage. In addition, the practicality of the process was also demonstrated in an efficient, gram-scale preparation of the prostaglandin agonist.

Social Rejection but Not Ostracism Increases Cognitive Effort Avoidance.

Purpose: Social exclusion has been found to have a significant impact on cognitive control processing. However, the existing research on this topic has yielded inconsistent findings, possibly due to variations in the type of exclusion and individuals' cognitive effort. Two studies were conducted to explore the influence of social rejection and ostracism on cognitive effort avoidance. Participants and Methods: Study 1 involved forty-six adults who were randomly divided into a rejection group and a control group using a get-acquainted paradigm. The demand selection task (DST) was used to measure cognitive effort avoidance. In Study 2, forty-eight adults were recruited, Cyberball and DST paradigms were used to evoke ostracism and test cognitive effort avoidance, respectively. Results: The results of study 1 showed that individuals who were socially rejected by their partners exhibited impaired response accuracy of cognitive control and increased cognitive effort avoidance. This indicates that social rejection has a negative impact on cognitive control processing and that individuals may be more likely to avoid cognitive effort when experiencing social rejection. The results of study 2 showed that ostracism had an impact on both response speed and accuracy, but it did not significantly affect cognitive effort avoidance. This indicates that social rejection affects cognitive control processing differently than ostracism, and individuals are more likely to avoid cognitive effort when experiencing social rejection. Conclusion: These findings suggest that social rejection and ostracism have different effects on cognitive effort, which may contribute to the inconsistent cognitive performance during social exclusion. Future research may explore the underlying mechanisms that lead to these differences and examine how individuals can mitigate the negative effects of social exclusion on cognitive control processing.

Psychometric Properties of the Chinese Version of the Comprehensive Autistic Trait Inventory.

Background: The Comprehensive Autistic Trait Inventory (CATI) was an appropriate assessment tool that included all the principal dimensions related to autism defined in DSM-5 for the general population. However, its validity and reliability in the general Chinese population still need to be examined. Purpose: We revised the inventory and estimated the validity and reliability of the Chinese version of the CATI among 2232 general undergraduates. Methods: The Chinese version of the CATI (CATI-C) was administered to 2259 undergraduates using the online Questionnaires Star electronic system. Internal consistency, convergent validity, discriminant validity, test-retest reliability, and measurement invariance across gender were calculated. In order to determine the diagnostic accuracy and optimal cut-off score of the CATI-C, an analysis using the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) was performed. Results: The CATI-C includes 35 items of two factors and six dimensions. CFA demonstrated that the fit index of the structure of the scale was good (Satorra-Bentler chi-square/degrees of freedom [S-Bχ2 /df] = 2.406, Standardized Root Mean Square Residual [SRMR] = 0.038, Root Mean Square Error of Approximation [RMSEA] = 0.037, Comparative Fit Index [CFI] = 0.929, Tucker-Lewis Index [TLI] = 0.917). The convergent validity examined based on the Autism Spectrum Quotient total score was satisfactory (r = 0.54). The internal consistency reliability of social factor, non-social factor, and total scores were 0.87, 0.85, and 0.90. The test-retest reliability was 0.80. A cut-off score of 115 provided optimal sensitivity and specificity for the CATI-C (sensitivity = 0.926, specificity = 0.781, and Youden's index = 0.707). Conclusion: The CATI-C has satisfactory reliability and validity in measuring autistic traits. It showed a good model fit for social and non-social second-order bifactors and measurement invariance across gender.

Antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects of PGLa-loaded TiO2 nanotube arrays.

Objectives: This study investigated the antimicrobial effect and anti-inflammatory activities of PGLa-loaded TiO2 nanotube arrays (TiO2 NTs) in osteoblast-like MG-63 cells. Methods: The surface morphology and roughness of three titanium (Ti) substrates (Ti, TiO2 NTs, PGLa-loaded TiO2 NTs) were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscope (AFM). The wettability of three titanium substrates was evaluated by contact angle. Biocompatibility of PGLa-loaded TiO2 NTs were evaluated in MG-63 cells (cell adhesion, proliferation, cytoskeletal evaluation and alkaline phosphatase activity). Spread plate counting method was used to evaluate antibacterial abilities of the titanium substrates. The calcein AM/PI staining evaluated cell viability of MG-63 cells on the substrates with or without proinflammatory factors (TNF-α). Results: The average surface roughness of untreated Ti, TiO2 NTs, PGLa-loaded TiO2 NTs were found to be 135.8 ± 6.4 nm, 300.5 ± 10.5 nm, 348.9 ± 16.9 nm, respectively. The contact angle of the untreated Ti was 77.4° ± 6.6°. TiO2 NTs displayed excellent wettability which of contact angle was 12.1° ± 2.9°. The contact angle of the PGLa-loaded TiO2 NTs was 34.6° ± 4.9°. MG-63 cells on surface of PGLa-loaded TiO2 NTs showed better cell adhesion, proliferation and osteogenic activity. The antibacterial rate of PGLa-loaded TiO2 NTs group significantly increased (84.6% ± 5.5%, p < 0.05). The rate of dead cells on the surfaces of the PGLa-loaded TiO2 NTs with TNF-α decreased significantly (4.49% ± 0.02, p < 0.01). Conclusion: PGLa-loaded TiO2 NTs have multi-biofunctions including biocompatibility, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties.

NLRP3 inflammasome-induced pyroptosis in digestive system tumors.

Programmed cell death (PCD) refers to cell death in a manner that depends on specific genes encoding signals or activities. PCD includes apoptosis, pyroptosis, autophagy and necrosis (programmed necrosis). Among these mechanisms, pyroptosis is mediated by the gasdermin family and is accompanied by inflammatory and immune responses. When pathogens or other danger signals are detected, cytokine action and inflammasomes (cytoplasmic multiprotein complexes) lead to pyroptosis. The relationship between pyroptosis and cancer is complex and the effect of pyroptosis on cancer varies in different tissue and genetic backgrounds. On the one hand, pyroptosis can inhibit tumorigenesis and progression; on the other hand, pyroptosis, as a pro-inflammatory death, can promote tumor growth by creating a microenvironment suitable for tumor cell growth. Indeed, the NLRP3 inflammasome is known to mediate pyroptosis in digestive system tumors, such as gastric cancer, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, gallbladder cancer, oral squamous cell carcinoma, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, in which a pyroptosis-induced cellular inflammatory response inhibits tumor development. The same process occurs in hepatocellular carcinoma and some colorectal cancers. The current review summarizes mechanisms and pathways of pyroptosis, outlining the involvement of NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis in digestive system tumors.

Reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the Comprehensive Autistic Trait Inventory-short form (CATI-SF-C) in the general population.

The current study aims to provide psychometric analyses of a shortened version of the Comprehensive Autistic Trait Inventory (CATI) from three different samples administered to 4910 Chinese populations (56.864 % females, mean age 19.857 ± 4.083) aged 14-56. The factor structure of CATI in Chinese was examined by confirmatory factor analysis and exploratory structural equation modeling, and a 24-item Chinese version short form of CATI (CATI-SF-C) was developed. The validity (structure validity, convergent validity, and discriminant validity) and reliability (internal consistency and test-retest reliability) were evaluated, and the predictive ability for classifying autism was examined (Youden's Index = 0.690). According to these findings, the CATI-SF-C is a reliable and valid autistic traits assessment tool for the general population.

Academic Passion and Subjective Well-Being among Female Research Reserve Talents: The Roles of Psychological Resilience and Academic Climate.

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between academic passion (AP) and subjective well-being (SWB), along with the mediating role of psychological resilience (PR) and the moderating role of academic climate (AC), among Chinese female research talent in reserve. A convenience sampling method was used to select 304 female master's degree students from several universities in the central region of China a questionnaire survey. The results show that: (1) AP has a positive predictive effect on the SWB of female reserve research talents; (2) PR partially mediated the relationship between the AP and SWB of female reserve research talents; (3) AC moderated the relationship between the AP and SWB of female reserve research talents. Thus, the findings of this study support a moderated mediation model that explores the relationship between AP and SWB for female research backups, with PR as the mediating variable and AC as the moderating variable. These findings provide a new perspective with which to explore the mechanisms influencing the subjective well-being of female research reserves.

Lnc-17Rik promotes the immunosuppressive function of Myeloid-Derived suppressive cells in esophageal cancer.

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a population of immature bone marrow cells that accumulate in large numbers in the spleen, peripheral blood, bone marrow, lymph nodes, and local and metastatic foci of tumors. C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein ß (C/EBPß) play key roles in regulating the immunosuppressive function and differentiation of MDSCs. Our study revealed that the long noncoding RNA Lnc-17Rik was able to promote immunosuppression in tumors by facilitating the activation and expression of key genes involved in MDSC differentiation. Lnc-17Rik was shown to directly interact with CHOP and C/EBPß LIP to facilitate their dissociation from the transcriptional repressor complex involving C/EBP LAP/LIP/CHOP. Moreover, Lnc-17Rik increased the association of WD repeat-containing protein 5 (WDR5) with C/EBP LAP, promoting H3K4me3 enrichment in the promoter regions of arginase 1 (Arg-1), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2), nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2) and NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) to enhance the expression of these genes. Furthermore, using a CD45 chimeric model we confirmed that Lnc-17Rik promoted the differentiation of monocytic (M)-MDSCs in vivo with the introduction of Lnc-17Rik-overexpressing MDSCs shown to promote tumor growth as a result of enhancing their immunosuppressive function. Notably, human Lnc-17Rik is highly homologous to mouse Lnc-17Rik and fulfills similar functions in human MDSC-like cells. In addition, we also found a high level of Lnc-17Rik in peripheral blood MDSC of patients with esophageal cancer. These findings suggest that Lnc-17Rik plays an important role in controlling the immunosuppressive function of MDSCs in the tumor environment and may further serve as a potential therapeutic target for patients with esophageal cancer.

Influence of Social Exclusion on Cool and Hot Inhibitory Control in Chinese College Students.

Social exclusion can affect nearly every aspect of a person's mental health, both on an emotional and cognitive level. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether cool or hot inhibitory control capacity varied under social exclusion. More precisely, participants who had experienced and not experienced social exclusion were compared to explore the influence of social exclusion on cool and hot inhibitory controls. Social exclusion was induced through the use of a Cyberball game, and participants were divided into an exclusion group and an inclusion group. The number Stroop task and emotional face Stroop task were used to measure the cool and hot inhibitory control, respectively. In the cool Stroop task, participants had to refrain from reading printed digits to identify the number of items presented in the array. In the hot Stroop task, participants had to inhibit the meaning of the word to identify the emotion displayed on the face. Reaction time, accuracy, and Stroop interference were analyzed to compare the inhibitory control between the exclusion group and the inclusion group. The results showed an extension of the response time in the exclusion group compared to the inclusion group. We found a higher interference effect in the number of Stroop tasks in the exclusion group than that in the inclusion group, but it was not significant in the emotional face Stroop task. The results suggest that the cognitive and emotional basis of inhibitory control may differ during social exclusion. The present findings expand our understanding of how social exclusion affects cool and hot inhibitory controls and their internal psychological mechanism.

Does cone-beam computed tomography examination increase the micronuclei frequency in the oral mucosa exfoliated cells? A systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: This systematic review (SR) with meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the frequency of micronuclei in the oral mucosa exfoliated cells after cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) examination. METHODS: We performed language-independent computer-assisted data searches using PubMed databases, Cochrane, Embase, Web of Science all databases, and Google Scholar. The literature on micronucleus (MN) frequency of clinical trials before and after CBCT examination was included. The frequency of MN in exfoliated cells of the human oral mucosa was the primary outcome of the study. All statistical analyses were performed with R (version 4.1.0), RStudio (version 2022.02.2 + 485) software, and Meta packages (version 5.2-0). Two reviewers independently assessed the quality of the included studies by the EPHPP (Effective Public Health Practice Project) Modified scale with minor modifications. The heterogeneity of the data was analyzed using I2 statistics, in which I2 > 50% was considered substantial heterogeneity. RESULTS: A total of 559 articles were selected through the search strategy. After screening titles and abstracts, nine full-text manuscripts were assessed for eligibility, and six observational studies were included in the meta-analysis. The present study showed a significant increase in MN frequency of human oral mucosal exfoliated cells 10 days after CBCT examination compared to baseline (SMD = - 0.56, 95%-CI = - 0.99 ~ - 0.13, p = 0.01). Because of the high heterogeneity among the studies (I2 = 72%), after removing one study that was the main source of heterogeneity, excluding the study (I2 = 47%), the common-effect model was chosen, and the meta-analysis also showed that the frequency of MN in human oral mucosa exfoliated cells increased significantly 10 days after CBCT examination (SMD = - 0.35, 95%-CI = - 0.59 ~ - 0.11, p = 0.004). CONCLUSION: This review suggested that CBCT examination increases the frequency of micronuclei in oral mucosal exfoliated cells.

Boredom Proneness on Chinese College Students' Phubbing during the COVID-19 Outbreak: The Mediating Effects of Self-Control and Bedtime Procrastination.

Objective: To analyze the relationship between boredom proneness and phubbing among Chinese college students and examine how self-control and bedtime procrastination mediate this relationship during the COVID-19 outbreak. Methods: A total of 707 Chinese college students were voluntarily surveyed. They completed the Generic Scale of Phubbing (GSP), Short Boredom Proneness Scale (SBPS), Bedtime Procrastination Scale (BPS), and Self-Control Scale (SCS). Results: (1) The results revealed that men scored higher on boredom than women. (2) The analysis revealed significant associations between each of the variables. Boredom proneness was positively correlated with bedtime procrastination (r = 0.318; P < 0.001) and phubbing (r = 0.418; P < 0.001) and negatively correlated with self-control (r = -0.518; P < 0.001). (3) Mediation analysis suggested that self-control and bedtime procrastination mediate the relationship between boredom proneness and phubbing (effect of self-control = 0.094, P < 0.001, 95% CI [0.062∼0.128]; effect of bedtime procrastination = 0.025, P < 0.001, 95% CI [0.011∼0.042]; and effect of self-control and bedtime procrastination = 0.032, P < 0.001, 95% CI [0.020∼0.046]). Conclusion: Self-control and bedtime procrastination mediate the association between boredom proneness and phubbing among Chinese college students during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Exosome-Transmitted miR-506-3p Inhibits Colorectal Cancer Cell Malignancy via Regulating GSTP1.

Exosome-mediated microRNA transfer has been shown to regulate cancer progression. However, the involvement of exosomal-miR-506-3p in colorectal cancer (CRC) is unknown. The goal of the research was to study into the role of exosomal-miR-506-3p in CRC. Using a qRT-PCR experiment, it was observed that CRC tissues had lower levels of miR-506-3p than non-tumor tissues. It was observed that miR-506-3p inhibited the proliferation, regulates apoptosis, and cell cycle of HT29 and SW480 cells as compared to control groups. Dual luciferase reporter assay results showed that GSTP1 was the downstream target molecule of miR-506-3p, which was consistent with the database prediction. Furthermore, FHC cells transfected with miR-506-3p could transfer miR-506-3p to SW480 cells, limiting cell growth and inducing cell death. We discovered a unique regulatory mechanism in which exosome-mediated transfer of miR-506-3p reduces proliferation and induces apoptosis in CRC through negative regulation of GSTP1, implying that exosome-mediated delivery of miR-506-3p provides fresh insight into CRC diagnostics and treatment.

Adjuvant effects of Chinese medicinal tonics on gastric, liver, and colorectal cancers-OMICs-based contributions to understanding their mechanism of action.

Gastric, liver, and colorectal cancers belong to gastrointestinal (GI) cancers, one of the most threatening diseases in the world. The tonics class in Chinese medicines plays a critical role in antigastrointestinal cancer as adjuvants. However, it is a challenge to study the effects and underlying mechanisms of tonics due to their multiple components and multiple targets; OMICs were introduced to facilitate the investigation of the complex mixture of tonics. In this review, the online databases PubMed, ProQuest, Web of Knowledge, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Chongqing VIP, and Wanfang were retrieved from 1 January 2011 to 31 May 2022, in an aim to summarize and discuss the research progress of the effects and, especially, the underlying mechanisms of tonics for antigastrointestinal cancers via OMICs. The results showed that through the combination of OMICs and other technologies, tonics have been used for gastrointestinal cancer by targeting cancer hallmarks, enhancing body resistance to carcinogenesis, enhancing therapeutic effects, and/or decreasing side effects. In conclusion, tonics may play a promising role in gastric, liver, and colorectal cancers as adjuvants and can be well investigated via the combination of OMICs and other technologies, which deserves further study.

Time perception of individuals with subthreshold autistic traits: the regulation of interpersonal information associations.

BACKGROUND: People with high subthreshold autistic traits usually share behavioral patterns similar to those of individuals on the autism spectrum, but with fewer social and cognitive changes. The effect of autistic traits on time perception and the role of interpersonal information in this effect remain unexplored. METHODS: This study used a temporal bisection task between 400 and 1600 ms to compare the time perception of individuals with higher and lower autistic traits, and to explore the regulation of interpersonal information on their time perception by establishing associations between identities and geometric shapes. Thirty-two participants with high autistic traits and thirty-one participants with low autistic traits participated in this study. RESULTS: In the absence of identity information, people with high autistic traits tended to judge short durations as longer. Their subjective bisection point was lower, and the Weber ratio was higher than for those with low autistic traits, suggesting that their overestimation of short duration was due to decreased temporal sensitivity. With the involvement of interpersonal information, the proportion of long responses for no identity was significantly lower than for self, friends, and strangers, which seemed more obvious in individuals with low autistic traits although there was no significant interaction between identity and group. The Weber ratio of no identity was lower than that for other identities. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that individuals with high autistic traits have more conservative responses that are relatively shorter in duration, and this change is related to a decline in perceptual sensitivity. Compared to individuals with high autistic traits, the time perception of individuals with low autistic traits seemed more susceptible to interpersonal information.

Motion or sociality? The cueing effect and temporal course of autistic traits on gaze-triggered attention.

Gaze-triggered attention changes have been found in individuals with high autistic traits in the nonclinical population. However, gaze cues used in previous studies imply not only sociality of gaze but also the motion of gaze. To exclude the influence of motion, we manipulated the cue sociality by setting dot cues with similar motion characteristics as gaze cues to explore the underlying reasons of gaze-triggered attention changes in individuals with high autistic traits. We used a cueing paradigm within a visual matching task and recorded individuals' eye movements. Both the RT and eye movement of probe interface showed the benefit from gaze of the low autistic trait group was larger than that from dot and was larger than that of the high autistic trait group. While the high autistic trait group show similar benefit between gaze and dot. Eye movement results showed the dynamic changes of validity effect in two groups. The interaction between autistic traits and cue sociality was not significant within the 500 ms of cue presentation, marginally significant within 500-1,000 ms after cue presentation, but significant after 1,000 ms of cue presentation. The results demonstrated that the changes of gaze-triggered attention in individuals with high autistic traits was mainly caused by the sociality of gaze in the relative late stage.

Serine hydroxymethyltransferase 2 (SHMT2) potentiates the aggressive process of oral squamous cell carcinoma by binding to interleukin enhancer-binding factor 2 (ILF2).

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a frequent threatening head and neck malignancy. Serine hydroxymethyltransferase 2 (SHMT2) was identified to be upregulated in OSCC and its high expression was associated with poor patient prognosis. This paper set out to assess the influence of SHMT2 on OSCC progression and the potential mechanisms related to interleukin enhancer-binding factor 2 (ILF2). First of all, reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and western blot examined the expression of SHMT2 and ILF2 in OSCC cells. Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) and colony formation assays appraised cell proliferation. Terminal-deoxynucleotidyl Transferase Mediated Nick End Labeling (TUNEL) staining was to estimate the apoptotic rate of cells. Further, wound healing and transwell assays verified the migration and invasion of cells. Western blot was adopted to detect the expression of factors related to apoptosis, migration, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). The possible interaction of SHMT2 and ILF2 was predicted by a Molecular INTeraction (MINT) and BioGRID databases and determined using co-immunoprecipitation (IP) assay. Subsequently, ILF2 was overexpressed to investigate whether SHMT2 regulated OSCC progression by binding to ILF2. Results implied that SHMT2 possessed increased expression in OSCC cells, and OSCC cell viability, migration, invasion, EMT were inhibited and apoptosis was potentiated after its silencing. ILF2 bound to SHMT2 and ILF2 expression was downregulated after SHMT2 silencing in OSCC cells. Importantly, ILF2 overexpression abolished the suppressive role of SHMT2 interference in the progression of OSCC. Collectively, SHMT2 could promote the progression of OSCC by binding to ILF2.

Inhibitory control training and transcranial direct current stimulation of the pre-supplementary motor area: behavioral gains and transfer effects.

Inhibitory control is a critical part of executive function and an important cognitive process in daily life. It is currently unclear how to optimally improve inhibitory control ability through behavior training and other interventions. Here, we explored the factors that influence inhibition control training in two experiments, focusing on the gains and transfer effects of training. Experiments 1 and 2 investigated the effects of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the pre-supplementary motor area and an increase in training duration on the training effect for inhibitory control, respectively, as well as the transfer effects when participants completed the Stroop and directed forgetting tasks. The results showed a stable training effect in relation to inhibitory control and a transfer effect for the Stroop task. Anodal tDCS in the pre-supplementary motor area could effectively improve inhibitory control ability, but not further enhance the training effect for inhibitory control. Moreover, increasing the training duration did not enhance the training effect for inhibitory control. The addition of tDCS and the extension of training duration failed to enhance the training effect, indicating that there may be a limitation of improvement in inhibitory control. The findings provide evidence regarding the further intervention effects of behavioral training and tDCS.