The effect of producer service agglomeration externalities on urban green innovation efficiency in China.

For China's urban industrial layout and green innovation, determining which types of producer service agglomeration externalities (PSAE) are most conducive to the rise of green innovation efficiency (GIE) has theoretical and practical relevance. Based on the panel data of 274 prefecture-level cities in China from 2006 to 2019, this paper adopted the super-SBM model with unexpected output to evaluate the urban GIE. It used the Moran I index to judge the spatial auto-correlation of GIE, followed by the spatial Durbin model (SDM) to examine the spatial spillover effect of PSAE on the urban GIE. Then we used a comprehensive threshold effects model to investigate the non-linear relationship. The results demonstrate that Marshall-Arrow-Romer externality (MARE) and Jacobs externality (JACE) are curbing the urban GIE. Porter externality (PORTERE) inhibits the region and promotes the surrounding area. Furthermore, these effects also depend on the stage of economic development.

Response assignment influences visual recognition.

This study investigated whether two different neural systems influenced performance in an immediate visual recognition, i.e. visual same/different task. An observer had to respond rapidly whether a test consonant had just appeared in the study string by pressing one of two response keys, labeled same and different. When the same response was assigned to the response key on the right, there was no effect of study-string position on target response time (RT), indicating that the test item was not compared with the study string. When the different response was assigned to the response key on the right, same RT was an increasing function of the left-to-right position of a target in the study string and different RT was slower than same RT, indicating that during test the study string was compared with the test item. Functional magnetic resonance imaging confirmed that the caudate and left hippocampus were more active when the different response was assigned to the right key but the right hippocampus was more active when the same response was assigned to the right key. Therefore, two different computational processes are performed by two different brain systems depending on whether the same or different response is assigned to the right response key.