Unified Solid Solution Product of [Nb][C] in Nb-Microalloyed Steels with Various Carbon Contents.

In this work, the solid solution product of [Nb][C] in the Nb-microalloyed steels with various carbon contents in the range of 0.20~1.80 wt.% was investigated by means of the extraction phase analysis method. The results showed that the Nb content in austenite tended to first decrease and then increase with the increase of carbon content in the steels. A unified solid solution product of [Nb][C] in austenite at different temperatures was obtained according to the results of the experimental steels. The Nb content in austenite of the experimental steels with high carbon contents was lower than that calculated by Ohtani's equation. The existence of NbC precipitates in the case and the core of the specimens carburized at 930 °C and 980 °C were verified by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations. The pinning effect of NbC precipitates on austenite grain growth was calculated according to the size and amount of NbC precipitates in the carburized case and the core of the carburized specimens. The calculated results of prior austenite grain sizes were in good agreement with the experimental results, which indicated that the unified solid solution product of [Nb][C] in Nb-microalloyed steels with various carbon contents was applicable for the low-pressure carburizing process.

Insights into the function of metallic 1T phase tungsten disulfide as cocatalyst decorated zinc indium sulfide for enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen production activity.

Improving the separation efficiency of carriers is an important part of enhancing photocatalytic activity. Herein, we successfully decorated metallic 1T phase tungsten disulfide (1T-WS2) on the surface of zinc indium sulfide (ZnIn2S4) and investigated the synergistic effect of 1T-WS2 on ZnIn2S4. The characterization results show that 1T-WS2 improves the light absorption capacity and utilization efficiency, increases the catalytic active site, improves the photogenerated charge separation efficiency, and optimizes the reduction potential of ZnIn2S4. Theoretical calculations show that compared with ZnIn2S4, 1T-WS2/ZnIn2S4 has a smaller adsorption Gibbs free energy of the intermediate state H*, which is conducive to the catalytic reaction. Under simulated solar irradiation, the hydrogen (H2) production rate of 1T-WS2/ZnIn2S4 with a loading of 12 wt% reaches 30.90 mmol h-1 g-1, which is 3.38 times higher than that of single ZnIn2S4 (9.13 mmol h-1 g-1). In addition, the apparent quantum efficiency of 1T-WS2/ZnIn2S4 with a loading of 12 wt% reaches 21.14 % under monochromatic light at a wavelength of λ = 370 nm. This work analyzes the light absorption and carrier separation to the catalytic site, and elucidates the mechanism for the enhancement of the photocatalytic hydrogen production performance.

A general strategy for the enhanced H2 production performance of CdS/noble metal sulfide nanorods photocatalysts by cation exchange.

In this work, we report a series of noble metal (Ag, Au, Pt, etc.) sulfides that act as co-catalysts anchoring on CdS nanorods (NRs) obtained via a cation exchange strategy to promote photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. CdS NRs are first generated via a hydrothermal routine, noble metal sulfides are then in-situ grown on CdS NRs by a cation exchange method. CdS/Ag2S, CdS/Au2S and CdS/PtS NRs show improved hydrogen production rates (2506.88, 1513.17 and 1004.54 µmol g-1h-1, respectively), approximately 18, 11 and 7 times higher than CdS NRs (138.27 µmol g-1h-1). Among CdS/noble metal sulfide NRs, CdS/Ag2S NRs present the best H2 production performance. The apparent quantum efficiency (AQE) of CdS/Ag2S NRs achieves 3.11 % at λ = 370 nm. The improved photocatalytic performance of CdS/noble metal sulfide NRs dues to the following points: i) Noble metal sulfides on CdS NRs are beneficial for elevating light-absorbing and light-utilizing capacities, contributing to generating more photoexcited charges; ii) Noble metal sulfides are in-situ grown on CdS NRs as electron acceptors by a cation exchange method, thus the photoexcited electrons generated by CdS NRs rapidly migrate to the surface of noble metal sulfides, successfully accelerating the carriers separation efficiency. This series of noble metal sulfides acting as co-catalysts anchoring on CdS NRs offer new insights into the construction principles of high-performance photocatalytic hydrogen evolution catalysts.

Construction of two-dimensional zinc indium sulfide/bismuth titanate nanoplate with S-scheme heterojunction for enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution.

Improving the separation efficiency of photogenerated carriers plays an important role in photocatalysis. In this study, two-dimensional (2D)/2D zinc indium sulfide (ZnIn2S4)/bismuth titanate (Bi4Ti3O12) nanoplate heterojunctions were synthesized to alter the Bi4Ti3O12 morphology, modulate the bandgap of Bi4Ti3O12, and enhance the utilization of light. Meanwhile, the construction of the S-scheme heterojunction establishes an internal electric field at the ZnIn2S4/Bi4Ti3O12 heterojunctions interface and achieves the spatial separation of photogenerated charges. The hydrogen production rate of ZnIn2S4/Bi4Ti3O12 nanoplate with the optimal ratio reaches 27.50 mmol h-1 g-1, which is 1.5 times higher than that of ZnIn2S4/Bi4Ti3O12 nanoflower (18.28 mmol h-1 g-1) and 2.4 times higher than that of ZnIn2S4 (11.69 mmol h-1 g-1). The apparent quantum efficiency of ZnIn2S4/Bi4Ti3O12 nanoplate reached 57.9 % under a single wavelength of light at 370 nm. This work provides insights into the study of new materials for photocatalytic hydrogen production.

Semimetal 1T' phase molybdenum sulfide decorated on zinc indium sulfide with S-scheme heterojunction for enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution.

Heterojunction engineering is an effective strategy to improve photocatalytic performance. Two-dimensional (2D)/2D semimetal 1T' phase molybdenum sulfide/zinc indium sulfide (1T'-MoS2/ZnIn2S4) S-scheme heterojunctions with tight and stable interfaces were synthesized by a simple hydrothermal synthesis method. Under the optimal 1T'-MoS2 loading ratio (5 wt%), the hydrogen production rate of 1T'-MoS2/ZnIn2S4 composites reaches 11.42 mmol h-1 g-1, which is 3.1 and 1.4 times higher than that of pure ZnIn2S4 (2.9 mmol h-1 g-1) and ZnIn2S4/Pt (8.01 mmol h-1 g-1), and the apparent quantum efficiency (AQE) reaches 53.17 % (λ = 370 nm). Semimetal 1T' phase MoS2 on ZnIn2S4 broadens the light absorption range, enhances the light absorption ability, promotes electron transfer, and offers abundant active sites. The establishment of S-scheme heterojunctions achieves the spatial separation of photogenerated charges and increases the reduction potential. This work provides insights for the design of novel photocatalysts.

Virtual Coriolis-Force-Based Mode-Matching Micromachine-Optimized Tuning Fork Gyroscope without a Quadrature-Nulling Loop.

A VCF-based mode-matching micromachine-optimized tuning fork gyroscope is proposed to not only maximize the scale factor of the device, but also avoid use of an additional quadrature-nulling loop to prevent structure complexity, pick-up electrode occupation, and coupling with a mode-matching loop. In detail, a mode-matching, closed-loop system without a quadrature-nulling loop is established, and the corresponding convergence and matching error are quantitatively analyzed. The optimal straight beam of the gyro structure is then modeled to significantly reduce the quadrature coupling. The test results show that the frequency split is narrowed from 20 Hz to 0.014 Hz. The scale factor is improved 20.6 times and the bias instability (BI) is suppressed 3.28 times. The observed matching accuracy demonstrates that a mode matching system without a quadrature suppression loop is feasible and that the proposed device represents a competitive design for a mode-matching gyroscope.

Dual cocatalysts and vacancy strategies for enhancing photocatalytic hydrogen production activity of Zn3In2S6 nanosheets with an apparent quantum efficiency of 66.20.

Converting solar energy into hydrogen energy is a feasible means to solve the current energy crisis. However, developing an excellent photocatalyst with high light utilization and stability for hydrogen production remains a great challenge. In this work, CoS2 nanoparticles as cocatalysts are growth on Zn3In2S6 nanosheets with abundant sulfur vacancies for hydrogen evolution, and the optimal rate of hydrogen evolution is as high as 5.69 mmol h-1 g-1 in the absence of noble metal co-catalyst Pt, which is 2.87 and 2.29 times that of CoS2/Zn3In2S6 (with few sulfur vacancies) and Zn3In2S6 (with rich sulfur vacancies). In addition, the hydrogen production rate of CoS2/Zn3In2S6 composite (with rich sulfur vacancies and 1 wt% Pt) is 24.17 mmol h-1 g-1, which is 4.25 and 1.90 times that of CoS2/Zn3In2S6 (with rich sulfur vacancies) and 1%-Pt/Zn3In2S6 (with rich sulfur vacancies), respectively. The apparent quantum efficiency (AQE) of CoS2/Zn3In2S6 composite (with rich sulfur vacancies and 1 wt% Pt) reaches 66.20% under light irradiation at the wavelength of 370 nm. Above all indicate that dual cocatalysts (CoS2 and Pt) and sulfur vacancies can promote the efficient hydrogen evolution activity of Zn3In2S6 nanosheets. This work will provide new ideas and insights for the development of photocatalytic hydrogen production technology.

1D/1D W18O49/Cd0.9Zn0.1S S-scheme heterojunction with spatial charge separation for high-yield photocatalytic H2 evolution.

Semiconductor photocatalytic water splitting is a green way to convert solar energy into chemical energy, but the recombination of electron and hole pairs and the low utilization of sunlight restrict the development of photocatalytic technology. By comparing the morphologies and hydrogen production properties of different proportions of solid solutions (CdxZn1-xS), one-dimensional (1D) Cd0.9Zn0.1S nanorods (NRs) with the best photocatalytic properties are obtained. In addition, 1D W18O49 nanowires are assembled on the surface of 1D Cd0.9Zn0.1S NRs to construct a novel 1D/1D step-scheme (S-scheme) W18O49/Cd0.9Zn0.1S heterojunction photocatalyst. The W18O49/Cd0.9Zn0.1S heterojunction expands the optical absorption capacity of Cd0.9Zn0.1S NRs to provide more energy for the photoexcitation of electrons. The optimal hydrogen production rate of W18O49/Cd0.9Zn0.1S NRs with W18O49 content of 9 wt% is as high as 66.3 mmol·h-1·g-1, which is 5.7 times and 1.6 times higher than that of Cd0.9Zn0.1S NRs and 1 wt% Pt/Cd0.9Zn0.1S NRs. The apparent quantum efficiency (AQE) of 9 wt% W18O49/Cd0.9Zn0.1S reaches 56.0 % and 25.9 % under light wavelength irradiation at 370 and 456 nm, respectively. After the 20 h cycle stability test, the activity of photocatalytic hydrogen evolution does not decrease, due that the severe photo-corrosion of Cd0.9Zn0.1S NRs is efficiently inhibited. This work not only provides a simple and controllable synthesis method for the preparation of heterojunction structure, but also opens up a new way to improve the hydrogen evolution activity and stability of sulfur compounds.

Predictions and Experiments on the Distortion of the 20Cr2Ni4A C-ring during Carburizing and Quenching Process.

This paper focuses on the effect of gear steel on distortion due to phase transformation in carburizing and quenching. The carburizing and quenching process of C-rings under suspension was studied by using the finite element method based on the thermo-mechanical theory, considering phase transformation. The phase transformation kinetics parameters, depending on different carbon contents, were measured by Gleeble-3500. The distortion behavior of the carburized C-ring during the cooling stage was analyzed, as well as the carbon concentration distribution and martensite volume fractions. The accuracy of the simulation was also verified by comparing the experimental data with the simulated result of the distortion and microstructure. A reliable basis is provided for predicting the distortion mechanism of gear steels in carburizing and quenching.

The protective effect of electroacupuncture on the renal cortex of SHRs: A metabonomic analysis.

Hypertension affects multiple organs in the body during the development of the disease. The antihypertensive effect of acupuncture has been confirmed. How the protective effect of electroacupuncture on the renal cortex of the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) is achieved has not yet been determined. The purpose of this study was to understand the impact of electroacupuncture on the blood pressure of SHRs and the impact on metabolites in the renal cortex, looking for potential differential metabolites and then proceeding to the next step of exploratory research. The experimental animals were divided into four groups: control group, model group, electroacupuncture group and losartan potassium group. Electroacupuncture on bilateral Taichong (LR3) and Zusanli (ST36) lasted for 3 weeks, and the renal cortex was collected for metabonomics research. UHPLC-MS was used to analyze the changes in the metabolic spectrum of renal cortex tissue. The results showed that electroacupuncture can significantly reduce the blood pressure of SHRs. A total of 12 metabolites changed significantly in the comparison between each group and the model group.The possible mechanism is that the primary bile acid biosynthesis, bile secretion, tryptophan metabolism and other metabolic pathways affect the renal cortex.

A cation exchange strategy to construct Rod-shell CdS/Cu2S nanostructures for broad spectrum photocatalytic hydrogen production.

Herein, Cu2S as the outer shell is grown on CdS nanorods (NRs) to construct rod-shell nanostructures (CdS/Cu2S) by a rapid, scalable and facile cation exchange reaction. The CdS NRs are firstly synthesized by a hydrothermal route, in which thiourea as the precursor of sulfur and ethylenediamine (EDA) as the solvent. And then, the outer shells of CdS NRs are successfully exchanged by Cu2S via a cation exchange reaction. The obtained CdS/Cu2S rod-shell NRs exhibit much enhanced activity of hydrogen production (640.95 µmol h-1 g-1) in comparison with pure CdS NRs (74.1 µmol h-1 g-1) and pure Cu2S NRs (0 µmol h-1 g-1). The enhanced photocatalytic activity of CdS/Cu2S rod-shell NRs owns to the following points: i) the photogenerated electrons generated by CdS quickly migrate to Cu2S without any barrier due to rod-shell structure by the in-situ cation exchange reaction, a decreased carrier recombination is achieved; ii) Cu2S as outer shells broaden the light absorption range of CdS/Cu2S rod-shell NRs into visible or even NIR light, which can produce more electrons and holes. This work inspires people to further study the rod-shell structured photocatalyst through the cation exchange strategy to further solar energy conversion.

Phosphorous-doped 1T-MoS2 decorated nitrogen-doped g-C3N4 nanosheets for enhanced photocatalytic nitrogen fixation.

Herein, we report that the phosphorous-doped 1 T-MoS2 as co-catalyst decorated nitrogen-doped g-C3N4 nanosheets (P-1 T-MoS2@N-g-C3N4) are prepared by the hydrothermal and annealing process. The obtained P-1 T-MoS2@N-g-C3N4 composite presents an enhanced photocatalytic N2 reduction rate of 689.76 µmol L-1 g-1h-1 in deionized water without sacrificial agent under simulated sunlight irradiation, which is higher than that of pure g-C3N4 (265.62 µmol L-1 g-1h-1), 1 T-MoS2@g-C3N4 (415.57 µmol L-1 g-1h-1), 1 T-MoS2@N doped g-C3N4 (469.84 µmol L-1 g-1h-1), and P doped 1 T-MoS2@g-C3N4 (531.24 µmol L-1 g-1h-1). In addition, compared with pure g-C3N4 NSs (2.64 mmol L-1 g-1h-1), 1 T-MoS2@g-C3N4 (4.98 mmol L-1 g-1h-1), 1 T-MoS2@N doped g-C3N4 (6.21 mmol L-1 g-1h-1), and P doped 1 T-MoS2@g-C3N4 (9.78 mmol L-1 g-1h-1), P-1 T-MoS2@N-g-C3N4 (11.12 mmol L-1 g-1h-1) composite also shows a significant improvement for photocatalytic N2 fixation efficiency in the sacrificial agent (methanol). The improved photocatalytic activity of P-1 T-MoS2@N-g-C3N4 composite is ascribed to the following advantages: 1) Compared to pure g-C3N4, P-1 T-MoS2@N-g-C3N4 composite shows higher light absorption capacity, which can improve the utilization rate of the catalyst to light; 2) The P doping intercalation strategy can promote the conversion of 1 T phase MoS2, which in turn in favor of photogenerated electron transfer and reduce the recombination rate of carriers; 3) A large number of active sites on the edge of 1 T-MoS2 and the existence of N doping in g-C3N4 contribute to photocatalytic N2 fixation.

The fabrication of graphitic carbon nitride hollow nanocages with semi-metal 1T' phase molybdenum disulfide as co-catalysts for excellent photocatalytic nitrogen fixation.

Improving the efficiency of photogenerated carrier separation is essential for photocatalytic N2 fixation. Herein, the 2D semi-metal 1T'-MoS2 was uniformly distributed in g-C3N4 nanocages (CNNCs) by a hydrothermal method, and the 1T'-MoS2/CNNC composite was obtained. 1T'-MoS2 as a co-catalyst can promote the transfer of electrons, improve the separation efficiency of photogenerated carriers, and also increase the number of effective active sites. In addition, the unique nanocage morphology of CNNCs is conducive to the scattering and reflection of incident light and improves the light absorption capacity. Therefore, the optimized 1T'-MoS2/CNNC composite (5 wt%) shows a significantly improved photocatalytic N2 fixation rate (9.8 mmol L-1 h-1 g-1) and good stability, which is significantly higher than pure CNNCs (2.9 mmol L-1 h-1 g-1), Pt/CNNC (8.2 mmol L-1 h-1 g-1) and Pt/g-C3N4 nanosheet (CNNS, 6.3 mmol L-1 h-1 g-1). This work guides guidance for the design of green and efficient N2 fixation photocatalysts.

Clinical study on acupuncture treatment of hypertension with hyperactivity of liver yang.

INTRODUCTION: Hypertension can lead to different degrees complications of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular, and increase the risk of sudden death. Acupuncture has become a complementary alternative therapy for hypertension because of its antihypertensive and nontoxic side effects. However, there is still lack of evidence-based medicine evidence for an effective acupuncture antihypertensive prescription. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of a special acupuncture prescription on hypertension with hyperactivity of liver yang. METHODS: In this randomized controlled trial, we will recruit 56 hypertensive patients with hyperactivity of liver yang. Then the patients will be randomly divided into control group and experimental group. The control group will be treated with western medicine, and the experimental group will be treated with medicine combined with acupuncture. The intervention will last 4 weeks. The indices will be collected before acupuncture, after acupuncture, and 2 weeks after acupuncture. The primary outcome will be 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure. The secondary outcomes will be clinic blood pressure, anxiety and depression score, and the syndrome score of hyperactivity of liver yang. The auxiliary indicators will be blood pressure load values and salt sensitivity risk rate. The exploratory indicator will be acupoint diagnosis. The safety evaluation indicator will be incidence of adverse events. DISCUSSION: The results of this study will provide favorable evidence for the efficacy and safety of acupuncture in reducing blood pressure, and explore the positive reaction acupoints which related to hypertension.

Facile preparation of metallic 1T phase molybdenum selenide as cocatalyst coupled with graphitic carbon nitride for enhanced photocatalytic H2 production.

Low-cost, highly active and efficient alternative co-catalysts that can replace precious metals such as Au and Pt are urgently needed for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Herein, we show that 1T phase MoSe2 can act as the co-catalyst in the 1T-MoSe2/g-C3N4 composites and we synthesize this composite by a one-step hydrothermal method to promote photocatalytic H2 generation. Our prepared 1T-MoSe2/g-C3N4 composite exhibits highly enhanced photocatalytic H2 production compared to that of g-C3N4 nanosheets (NSs) only. The 7 wt%-1T-MoSe2/g-C3N4 composite presents a considerably improved photocatalytic HER rate (6.95 mmol·h-1·g-1), approximately 90 times greater than that of pure g-C3N4 (0.07 mmol·h-1 g-1). Moreover, under illumination at λ = 370 nm, the apparent quantum efficiency (AQE) of the 7 wt%-1T-MoSe2/g-C3N4 composite reaches 14.0%. Furthermore, the 1T-MoSe2/g-C3N4 composites still maintain outstanding photocatalytic HER stability.

Effect of isocenter deviation on volume modulated arc therapy plan results and gamma passing rate in the treatment of cervical cancer.

BACKGROUND: Isocenter deviation, often induced by small displacements of both the device and the patient, is a common error seen in radiotherapy. In this study, we investigated the impact of isocenter deviation on the results of the volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) plan and dosimetric verification gamma passing rate in the treatment of cervical cancer. METHODS: The clinical data of 15 patients with cervical cancer who were treated with VMAT were retrospectively collected and analyzed. In this study, the isocenter site modification method was adopted. The VMAT plan with isocenter deviation adjustment was set as the experimental group, while the original plan was set as the control group. The impact of isocenter deviation on the results of the VMAT plan and dosimetric verification gamma passing rate was analyzed. Applying gamma analysis with different test criterions, the impact of isocenter deviation on the gamma passing rates was evaluated, and the sensitivity of different test criterions in identifying isocenter deviation was also analyzed. RESULTS: There was a significant difference in the average dose in the target area between experimental group and control group (P<0.05). In organs at risk (OAR) terms, isocenter deviations also caused significant differences in dose parameters between the two groups. Except that there was no significant difference in the rectal V40 between two groups when the isocenter deviation was greater than 3 mm in the y axis direction. With the increase in the isocenter deviation, there was a trend towards decreased gamma passing rates with different analysis criterions in the experimental group. The 2 mm/2% standard had the highest sensitivity for identifying isocenter deviation. CONCLUSIONS: Isocenter deviation has significant effects on the results of the volume rotation intensity modulation plan and dosimetric verification gamma passing rates in the treatment of cervical cancer. When the isocenter deviation was less than 3 mm, a higher gamma passing rate (>90%) could also be obtained under the condition of the 3 mm/3% test criterions. It is recommended that the 2 mm/2% test standard should be utilized in clinical practice.

Non-high temperature method to synthesize carbon coated TiO2 nano-dendrites for enhanced wide spectrum photocatalytic hydrogen evolution activity.

TiO2 is a popular photocatalyst due to its low cost and easy availability. Herein, we for the first time synthesized carbon coated TiO2 nano-dendrites (C-TiO2 NDs) using a simple hydrothermal method without high-temperature sintering, in which citric acid is used as an adjuvant. This unique dendritic structure consisting of a single small hexagonal piece greatly increases the BET specific area (116.386 m2 g-1) and pore size (0.418 cm3 g-1), increasing the photocatalytic active site and facilitate efficient capture of light. Besides, compared with the TiO2 nanobelts (NBs) prepared by sintering method, the surface of C-TiO2 NDs prepared by hydrothermal method with citric acid are coated with carbon layers, which make C-TiO2 NDs exhibit stronger photocatalytic hydrogen evolution performance under simulated solar light irradiation due to the presence of carbon coatings promoting electron-hole separation and absorbing NIR light.

Porous graphitic carbon nitride with nitrogen defects and cobalt-nitrogen (CoN) bonds for efficient broad spectrum (visible and near-infrared) photocatalytic H2 production.

The porous graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) with nitrogen defects and cobalt-nitrogen (CoN) bonds (g-C3N4-Co-K) is prepared by controllable copolymerization of melamine with KOH and Co(NO3)2·6H2O. The method not only provides g-C3N4 with porous structure and CoN bonds that accelerate photoexcited carrier transfer and endow numerous active sites, but also redshifts the g-C3N4 absorption edge into near-infrared (NIR) light region through the introduction of nitrogen defects and thus is suitable for H2 evolution. The g-C3N4-Co-K exhibits significantly superior photocatalytic hydrogen generation performance (808 µmol h-1 g-1) under simulated solar light irradiation, about 15.5 times higher than pure g-C3N4, about 5.2 times higher than g-C3N4 with CoN bonds (g-C3N4-Co), and about 2.1 times higher than g-C3N4 with nitrogen defects (g-C3N4-K). Interestingly, it is for the first time revealed that the synergistic effect of nitrogen defects and CoN bonds result in enhanced H2 generation activity (470 µmol h-1 g-1) under NIR light irradiation.

[Exploration into the simplex reinforcing-reducing manipulation of acupuncture].

Four controversial types of simplex reinforcing-reducing manipulation of acupuncture and their possible meanings were summarized to explore several key elements of reinforcing-reducing manipulation of acupuncture, in addition, the simplex reinforcing-reducing manipulation of acupuncture was classified by single factor. It is concluded that the definition of simplex reinforcing-reducing manipulation of acupuncture should try not to include other non-manipulative elements. According to single factor, it can be divided into: needle-oriented reinforcing-reducing manipulation, twisting reinforcing-reducing manipulation, lifting and interpolating reinforcing-reducing manipulation, fast and slow reinforcing-reducing manipulation, breathing reinforcing-reducing manipulation, opening and closing reinforcing-reducing manipulation. In addition, after considering the effect and principle of number reinforcing-reducing manipulation, it can be considered.