The past and present day of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa Planch.) breeding in Pazar watershed, Turkey.

In this study, the problems of kiwifruit breeding in Pazar watershed which is 37 km east of city of Rize were investigated with public survey and the results of public survey were presented in two periods (1996-2002, 2002-2006). According to the results of questionnarie of the year 2002; 57.7% of total kiwifruit producers started to establish kiwifruit garden to gain additional income and 62.02% of total kiwifruit gardens were established less then 1000 m2 area, 24.05% of total kiwifruit producers did not do any search about kiwifruit breeding, while 38.8% of total farmers met serious problems while planting and caring of kiwifruit seedling, harvesting and marketing werent serious problem. During the second period (2002-2006) the numbers of kiwifruit producers who wanted to additional income increased 5.26 percantage and in this period 66.66% of total kiwifruit gardens were established less then 1000 m2 area and they and 81.48% of total kiwi farmers obtained kiwifruit seedlings from public bazaar and 55.55% of total kiwifruit farmers did not to any kind of site preparation before they planting of kiwifruit seedlings. Agricultural activities are still being practiced because most people are socially and economically dependent on such activities in the area.

Morphometric and electrophoretic analysis of 13 populations of Anatolian black pine in Turkey.

The genetic variation in populations of Anatolian black pine (Pinus nigra Arn. subsp. pallasiana (L.) Holmboe.), one of the species covering large areas in Turkey, was investigated. Open pollinated seeds were collected from 13 populations in a natural distribution range. Six characters of seeds (length, width, ratio of length to width, weight/1000 seeds) and seedling characters (cotyledon number and hypocotyls height) and two enzyme systems viz. leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) and glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, (GOT) were investigated. Significant differences were detected among the populations for the morphological characters. In addition, isozyme patterns of two enzyme systems revealed that LAP has two loci (one with 2 alleles and the other with 3), while GOT has three loci (two with 3 alleles and the third one with 2 alleles). Polymorphic loci were 74% on the average. The mean number of alleles per loci was 1.94 and expected heterozygosity was 19%. The mean total genetic diversity was calculated as 0.203; the mean gene diversity within populations was determined as 0.188, and the average between subpopulations diversity was 0.016. The relative magnitude of genetic differentiation among subpopulations was measured as 0.074 indicating that only 7.4% of the total genetic diversity was there between populations. Average genetic distance was 0.093 according to Gregorius. Nei's genetic distance was 0.022.