RESUMO
Polymer solar cells are one of the promising energy sources because of the easy solution-processable production with large area at a low cost without toxicity. Among the polymer materials, a donor-acceptor conjugated copolymer PTB7 has been extensively studied because of the typical high-performance polymer solar cells. Here, we show operando direct observation of charge accumulation in PTB7:PC71BM blend solar cells from a microscopic viewpoint using electron spin resonance spectroscopy. The accumulation of ambipolar charges in the PTB7-based cells is directly observed for the first time, which shows a clear correlation with the performance deterioration during device operation. The sites of the ambipolar charge accumulation are elucidated at the molecular level, whose information would be useful for improving the cell durability in addition to the performance improvement.
RESUMO
A full range spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) technique that relies on the linear phase modulation of one of the interferometer arms has been widely utilized. Although this method is useful, the mirror image elimination is not perfect for samples in which regions with high axial motion exist. In this paper, we introduce a new modulation pattern to overcome this mirror image elimination failure. This new modulation is a parabolic phase modulation in the transverse scanning direction, and is applied to the SD-OCT reference beam by an electro-optic modulator. Flow phantom and in vivo experiments demonstrate that for moving structures with large velocities, this parabolic phase modulation technique presents better mirror image elimination than a standard linear phase modulation method. A direct consequence of this enhanced mirror image removal is an improved velocity range obtained with phase-resolved Doppler imaging. Consequently, applying the proposed technique in retinal blood flow measurements may be useful for ophthalmologic diagnosis.
