Kaposiform Lymphangiomatosis as a Cause of Vaginal Bleeding & Discharge: A Case Report.

BACKGROUND: Prepubertal vaginal bleeding is a common presentation for pediatric adolescent gynecologists with a broad differential diagnosis that historically may not have included complex lymphatic anomalies. However, given recent consensus criteria and imaging capabilities, this may be a condition that pediatric adolescent gynecologists see more frequently in the future. CASE: We present a case of a 5-year-old pre-pubertal girl whose only presenting symptoms of a rare complex lymphatic anomaly was copious vaginal bleeding. After three vaginoscopies, two hysteroscopies, two pelvic MRIs, and a percutaneous ultrasound guided core needle biopsy, this patient was eventually diagnosed with Kaposiform lymphangiomatosis at age 9 years-old, and she is now being treated medically with sirolimus, a mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor, with improvement in her symptoms. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION: Complex lymphatic anomalies should be considered after initial and secondary workups for pre-pubertal vaginal bleeding or copious vaginal discharge are negative. Furthermore, this case illustrates the value of pelvic MRI in the setting of unknown cause of vaginal bleeding when typical workup is negative.

A Comparative Evaluation of Prosthetic and Biological Outcome as Influenced by Two Different Implant Restorative Materials (Porcelain Fused to Metal and Monolith Zirconia): A Prospective, Cross-arch Study.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prosthetic parameters, clinical indices, crestal bone levels, and inflammatory biomarkers in peri-implant crevicular fluid as influenced by two different implant restorative materials i.e., metal ceramic and monolithic zirconia at baseline, 1 Year and 2 Years. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty patients with bilateral implants placed in the same arch were selected. Monolithic zirconia (4Y-PSZ) crown was placed on one side whereas a metal ceramic (M C) crown was inserted on the contralateral side after randomization. Interproximal marginal bone level (MBL), clinical parameters, MMP-8 levels in PICF, and prosthetic characteristics (as determined by modified USPHS criteria) were evaluated at baseline, 1-year, and 2-year follow-ups. Data were descriptively examined. The results were evaluated using the Chi-Square Test, ANOVA, and student t-test. At p < .05., statistical significance was determined. RESULTS: Twenty MC crowns and twenty Mono-ZrO2 crowns were delivered. A 100% survival of the implants and the prosthetic crowns was achieved across all patients with no instances of failure noted throughout the two-year follow-up period. The periodontal changes observed in the participants were analysed and demonstrated statistically insignificant alterations. Prosthetic alterations were assessed according to USPHS criteria, revealing minor ceramic chippings and instances of screw loosening within the MC group during both the 1- and 2-year follow-up periods. These incidents were collectively categorized as technical issues. Regarding anatomical form and color match to the surrounding dentition, the Mono- ZrO2 crowns obtained much lower evaluations when compared to the M-C crowns. However, when evaluating the loss of marginal bone and level of inflammatory markers there were no discernible variations between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: The null hypothesis that there is no similarity in the survival rates and interactions at the peri-implant interface between the two types of restorations was rejected. Both monolithic zirconia and metal ceramic crowns demonstrated no statistical differences across all parameters examined in the present prospective investigation.

PTEN regulates expression of its pseudogene in glioblastoma cells in DNA methylation-dependent manner.

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive and frequent type of primary brain cancer in adult patients. One of the key molecular features associated with GBM pathogenesis is the dysfunction of PTEN oncosuppressor. In addition to PTEN gene, humans and several primates possess processed PTEN pseudogene (PTENP1) that gives rise to long non-coding RNA lncPTENP1-S. Regulation and functions of PTEN and PTENP1 are highly interconnected, however, the exact molecular mechanism of how these two genes affect each other remains unclear. Here, we analyzed the methylation level of the CpG islands (CpGIs) in the promoter regions of PTEN and PTENP1 in patient-derived GBM neurospheres. We found that increased PTEN methylation corelates with decreased PTEN mRNA level. Unexpectedly, we showed the opposite trend for PTENP1. Using targeted methylation and demethylation of PTENP1 CpGI, we demonstrated that DNA methylation increases lncPTENP1-S expression in the presence of wild type PTEN protein but decreases lncPTENP1-S expression if PTEN protein is absent. Further experiments revealed that PTEN protein binds to PTENP1 promoter region and inhibits lncPTENP1-S expression if its CpGI is demethylated. Interestingly, we did not detect any effect of lncPTENP1-S on the level of PTEN mRNA, indicating that in GBM cells PTENP1 is a downstream target of PTEN rather than its upstream regulator. Finally, we studied the functions of lncPTENP1-S and demonstrated that it plays a pro-oncogenic role in GBM cells by upregulating the expression of cancer stem cell markers and decreasing cell adhesion.

"Pinch and Stretch" technique to overcome ocular hypotony during scleral suturing of recti muscles.

During extraocular muscle surgery, an uneventful scleral suture pass is very essential. In presence of normal intraocular tension, the surgery is quite predictable and safe. However, in the presence of significant hypotony, it becomes challenging. Therefore, to mitigate complication rate in these cases, we have adopted a simple technique, that is, the "pinch and stretch" technique. The surgical steps of this technique are as follows: In eyes with significant ocular hypotony, the surgery is initiated with a routine forniceal/limbal peritomy, following which the muscle is sutured and dis-inserted. Using three tissue fixation forceps, the scleral surface is stabilized. Using first forceps, the surgeon rotates the globe toward themself from the muscle stump, and with the remaining two forceps, the assistant pinches and stretches the episcleral tissue in an outward and upward direction just beneath the intended marks. This creates a flat scleral surface with significant firmness. Sutures are passed over this rigid sclera and the surgery is completed without any complications.

Catheter fragment removal from a persistent left superior vena cava in a pediatric patient.

Tunneled central venous catheters and ports provide a long-term method of delivering nutrition, hydration, or medications in children. When these devices are no longer needed, it is best practice to remove them entirely. Complications associated with having long-term venous access devices or the process of device removal include site infections, venous thrombosis or occlusion, device fracture, and possible migration of fractured fragments. We present a case of catheter fragmentation that occurred in a pediatric patient during removal of a 3-year-old left chest port that had been placed into a left superior vena cava (SVC).

Evaluation and comparison of vertical marginal fit of three different types of multiunit screw-retained framework fabricated for an implant-supported prosthesis - An in vitro study.

Aim: The present study aimed to evaluate on a comparative basis the vertical marginal fit between conventionally casted, direct metal laser sintered (DMLS), and milled computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) one-piece metal framework supported by five implants using one-screw test and screw resistance test. Settings and Design: This is an in vitro study. Materials and Methods: Five implants were placed parallel to one other in a Styrofoam master model. A total of 30 implant-supported screw-retained superstructures were manufactured using three techniques, i.e., conventionally casted, milled, and sintered. To evaluate the vertical marginal discrepancy, screw resistance test, and one-screw test were used, and measurements were made using a stereomicroscope. Statistical Analysis Used: The data was analysed using two statistical tests, i.e., ANOVA and the post hoc Bonferroni test. Results: On evaluating the frameworks using one-screw test, the mean vertical misfit value at the terminal implant for the control group was 292.58 ± 15.46µm, for conventionally casted framework 398.41 ± 21.13 µm, for DMLS 343.44 ± 24.73 µm, and for CAD-CAM was 304.03 ± 14.23 µm, whereas the average misfit values at four implants on applying screw resistance test were 1268.65 ± 84.24 (control), 1774.88 ± 67.70 (casted), 1508.02 ± 62.19 (DMLS), and 1367.29 ± 81.87 (CAD-CAM). The average misfit values on two implants using screw resistance test were 635.02 ± 57.33 for the control group; for conventionally casted, it was 879.75 ± 35.93; for (DMLS) framework, it was 761.51 ± 32.85; and for milled CAD-CAM framework, it was 687.07 ± 42.17 µm. Conclusion: The mean vertical marginal discrepancy, when compared with control, was least in milled CAD-CAM frameworks, followed by sintered DMLS and conventionally casted frameworks. Hence, according to the present study, CAD/CAM technique is recommended to achieve maximum marginal fit in full mouth screw-retained implant-supported FDPs.

Synthesis of a Zirconium Complex of an N,O-type p-tert-Butylcalix[4]arene and Its Application in Some Multicomponent Reactions.

The synthesis and characterization of a new octahedral Zr(IV) complex of oxygen-depleted N,O-type calixarene ligand comprising two distal-functionalized pyrazole rings have been reported. The cone shape and structure of the prepared complex were confirmed univocally by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and NMR studies. The Zr metal lies at 2.091 Å from the plane of the calixarene ring. This complex has been utilized as an efficient catalyst for the synthesis of Biginelli adducts, bis(indolyl)methanes, and coumarins. This complex (Cl2Zr-calixarene) showed superior activity for these multicomponent reactions in comparison to the corresponding Ti(IV) and Zn(II) analogues. Ferrocene-appended bis(indolyl)methane, prepared using this catalyst, was also evaluated for its anticancer activity against the A-172 cell line.

Functions of long non-coding RNA ROR in patient-derived glioblastoma cells.

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most frequent and aggressive primary brain cancer in adult patients. A variety of long non-coding RNAs play an important role in the pathogenesis of GBM, however the molecular functions of most of them still remain elusive. Here, we investigated linc-RoR (long intergenic non-protein coding RNA, regulator of reprogramming) using GBM neurospheres obtained from 12 different patients. We demonstrated that the highest level of this transcript is detected in cells with increased EGFR expression. According to our data, linc-RoR knockdown decreases cell proliferation, increases sensitivity to DNA damage, and downregulates the level of cancer stem cell (CSC) markers. On the other hand, linc-RoR overexpression promote cell growth and increases the proportion of CSCs. Analysis of RNA sequencing data revealed that linc-RoR affects expression of genes involved in the regulation of mitosis. In agreement with this observation, we have showen that the highest level of linc-RoR is detected in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle, when linc-RoR is localized on the chromosomes of dividing cells. Based on our results, we can propose that linc-RoR performs pro-oncogenic functions in human gliobalstoma cells, which may be associated with the regulation of mitotic progression and GBM stemness.

Long non-coding RNAs orchestrate various molecular and cellular processes by modulating epithelial-mesenchymal transition in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) regulate various hallmarks associated with the progression of human cancers through their binding with RNA, DNA, and proteins. Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) is a cardinal and multi-stage process where epithelial cells acquire a mesenchymal-like phenotype that is instrumental for tumor cells to initiate invasion and metastasis. LncRNAs can potentially promote tumor onset and progression as well as drug resistance by directly or indirectly altering the EMT program. Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) are a dreadful malignancy affecting public health globally. The past few years have provided a better insight into the mechanism of EMT in HNSCC. The differential expression of the lncRNAs that can act either as promoters or suppressors in the process of EMT is of great importance. In this review, we aim to sum up, the highly structured mechanism with the diverse role of lncRNAs and their interaction with different molecules in the regulation of EMT. Moreover, discussing principal EMT pathways modulated by lncRNAs and their prospective potential value as therapeutic targets.

LncRNAs associated with glioblastoma: From transcriptional noise to novel regulators with a promising role in therapeutics.

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most widespread and aggressive subtype of glioma in adult patients. Numerous long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are deregulated or differentially expressed in GBM. These lncRNAs possess unique regulatory functions in GBM cells, ranging from high invasion/migration to recurrence. This review outlines the present status of specific involvement of lncRNAs in GBM pathogenesis, with a focus on their association with key molecular and cellular regulatory mechanisms. Also, we highlighted the potential of different novel RNA-based strategies that may be beneficial for therapeutic purposes.

Aortic quadfurcation with persistent left sciatic artery: an extremely rare anatomic variant in a 3-year-old boy.

Reports of aortoiliac variant anatomy are rare, especially in the pediatric population. A 3-year-old male patient with hypertension and left foot polydactyly with syndactyly was referred to our interventional radiology service for evaluation of a possible renovascular cause of the hypertension. Angiograms revealed an extremely rare anatomic variant consisting of the absence of the common iliac arteries bilaterally, resulting from quadfurcation of the abdominal aorta into the bilateral internal and external iliac arteries. Additionally, a persistent left sciatic artery was identified.

Minimally invasive treatment of retrocardiac tension pneumomediastinum in an extremely low birth weight infant.

A 23.4-week premature and extremely low birth weight neonate was transferred to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit for management of respiratory failure and retrocardiac pneumomediastinum, suspected to be the result of a low tracheal injury during intubation. Initial conservative management failed and chest radiographs demonstrated worsening retrocardiac pneumomediastinum. Due to the patient's extreme low birth weight and location of the pneumomediastinum, surgery was deemed to be very high risk and potentially fatal. We report the successful definitive percutaneous management of retrocardiac tension pneumomediastinum with a minimally invasive bedside method using an intercostal paraspinal approach under the guidance of ultrasound and plain radiography.

Ultrasound-detected venous changes associated with peripheral intravenous placement in children.

HIGHLIGHTS: Ultrasound shows several venous changes in pediatric PIV-containing veins. Changes were visualized by ultrasound in the absence of physical exam findings. Venous luminal narrowing, wall thickening, and thrombosis may explain PIV failure. BACKGROUND: Peripheral intravenous catheters (PIVs) are routinely used for venous access in hospitalized pediatric patients to administer fluids and medications and to aspirate blood. Unfortunately, PIVs do not remain functional for the entire duration of intravascular need. We hypothesized that PIV malfunction may be related to venous changes that can be visualized with ultrasound (US) imaging. The purpose of this study was to describe and document such changes in pediatric patients. METHODS: This Institutional Review Board-approved study was performed at a tertiary pediatric medical center. Patients underwent US scans of their PIV-containing veins, documenting venous characteristics such as depth, diameter, wall thickness, blood flow, valves, branch points, and presence of thrombus. Patient demographics and PIV characteristics were also recorded. RESULTS: Data from 30 patients including 12 males and 18 females with a mean age of 11 years were analyzed. Mean venous depth and diameter were 2.07 ± 0.13 and 2.02 ± 0.18 mm, respectively. Mean PIV dwell time at time of evaluation was 3.3 days. PIV-associated venous changes were seen in 73% of accessed veins and included lumen narrowing (47%), wall thickening (33%), presence of thrombus (20%), and absence of blood flow around the PIV tip (40%). CONCLUSION: PIV-associated venous changes are seen with US in the majority of pediatric patients with indwelling PIVs but are not necessarily appreciated on physical exam. These changes may help explain the high rate of pediatric PIV device failure. Given the small sample size, further investigation is needed to better characterize PIV-associated venous changes in children.

Computer-assisted needle navigation for pediatric internal jugular central venous cannulation: A feasibility study.

INTRODUCTION: Vascular access for central venous catheter placement is technically challenging in children. Ultrasound guidance is recommended for pediatric central venous catheter placement, yet many practitioners rely on imprecise anatomic landmark techniques risking procedure failure due to difficulty mastering ultrasound guidance. A novel navigation system provides a visual overlay on real-time ultrasound images to depict needle trajectory and tip location during cannulation. We report the first pediatric study assessing feasibility and preliminary safety of using a computer-assisted needle navigation system to aid in central venous access. METHODS: A prospective, institutional review board-approved feasibility study was performed. All participants provided written informed consent. Ten patients (mean age: 11.4 years, five males) underwent central venous catheter placement with ultrasound and navigation system guidance. All procedures were performed by interventional radiologists expert in vascular access. Feasibility was measured through binary (yes/no) responses from participating users assessing device usability and feasibility. The number of needle passes and procedure time measures were also recorded. RESULTS: Internal jugular veins (seven right sided, three left sided) were cannulated in all patients with no complications. Users confirmed navigation system feasibility in all 10 participants. Mean vein diameter and depth was 13.3 × 9.8 ± 3.4 × 2.1 and 7.0 ± 1.7 mm, respectively. Successful cannulation occurred in all patients and required only a single needle pass in 9 of 10 patients. Mean device set-up and vascular access times were 5:31 ± 2:28 and 1:48 ± 2:35 min, respectively. CONCLUSION: This pilot study suggests that it is feasible to use a novel computer-assisted needle navigation system to safely obtain central venous access under ultrasound guidance in pediatric patients.

A finite element analysis to study the stress distribution on distal implants in an all-on-four situation in atrophic maxilla as affected by the tilt of the implants and varying cantilever lengths.

AIM: The aim of this work was to evaluate stress distribution on implants in All-on-Four situation with varying distal implant angulations (30°,40°,45°) and varying cantilever lengths (4 mm, 8 mm, 12 mm, 16 mm) in atrophic maxilla using finite element analysis. SETTING AND DESIGN: A in vitro study, finite element analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY: Three-dimensional finite element model of an edentulous maxilla restored with a prosthesis supported by four implants was reconstructed to carry out the analysis. Three different configurations, corresponding to 3 tilt degrees of the distal implants (30°, 40°, and 45°) were subjected to 4 loading simulations. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: The results of the simulations obtained were evaluated in terms of Von Mises equivalent stress levels at the bone-implant interface. RESULT: From a stress-level viewpoint, the 45° model was revealed to be the most critical for peri-implant bone. In all the loading simulations, the maximum stress values were always found at the neck of the distal implants. With increasing distal implant tilt, cantilever length reduces depending on the quality of bone. At 30° angulation of distal implant a maximum cantilever length of 16 mm may be given if the quality of bone is D3 but only 8 mm cantilever may be recommended if bone quality is D4. At 40° angulation, 16 mm in D3 bone and 0 mm in D4 bone whereas at 45° angulation, it reduces to 12 mm in D3 bone and no cantilever is recommended with D4 bone. CONCLUSION: The 45° tilt induced higher stress values at the bone-implant interface, especially in the distal aspect, than the other 2 tilts analyzed. Stress values increased with increased cantilever length which was further influenced by the distal implant tilt and the quality of the bone.

Percutaneous Transgluteal Ureteral Stump Access: A Novel Approach to Hybrid Management of Ureteral Stump Syndrome.

Duplicated collecting systems with minimal-to-no function of the upper moiety are often treated surgically with upper pole heminephrectomy and ureterectomy. Complications associated with the ureteral stump can occur and are collectively known as ureteral stump syndrome. We present a case of ureteral stump syndrome treated with percutaneous transgluteal access into the stump which aided in identification of an ectopic ureteral opening that could not be identified by surgical means alone.

A Comparison of Ventriculoperitoneal and Ventriculoatrial Shunts in a Population of 544 Consecutive Pediatric Patients.

BACKGROUND: Although ventriculoperitoneal shunts (VPS) remain the first-line option in most instances of pediatric hydrocephalus, the long-term efficacy of ventriculoatrial shunts (VAS) remains unknown. OBJECTIVE: To characterize the long-term outcomes and adverse occurrences associated with both VPS and VAS at our institution. METHODS: The authors retrospectively analyzed all cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunting procedures performed over a 13-yr period at a single institution. A total of 544 pediatric shunt patients were followed for at least 90 d (VPS: 5.9 yr; VAS: 5.3 yr). RESULTS: A total of 54% of VPS and 60% of VAS required at least 1 revision. VPS demonstrated superior survival overall; however, if electively scheduled VAS lengthening procedures are not considered true "failures," no statistical difference is noted in overall survival (P = .08). VPS demonstrated significantly greater survival in patients less than 7 yr of age (P = .001), but showed no difference in older children (P = .4). VAS had a significantly lower rate of infection (P < .05) and proximal failure (P < .001). CONCLUSION: VAS can be a useful alternative to VPS when the abdomen is unsuitable, particularly in older children. Although VPS demonstrates superior overall survival, it should be understood that elective VAS lengthening procedures are often necessary, especially in younger patients. If elective lengthening procedures are not considered true failures, then the devices show similar survival.

Comparing two intraoral porcelain repair systems for shear bond strength in repaired cohesive and adhesive fractures, for porcelain-fused-to-metal restorations: An in vitro study.

AIM: The objective of research was to evaluate the shear bond strength of two commercially available intraoral porcelain repair systems, Clearfil repair system (Kuraray) and P and R repair system (Shofu) for repairing cohesive and adhesive fracture in metal-ceramic restorations. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: In vivo - comparative study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ninety samples of Nickel-Chromium metal discs were fabricated. Each disc was veneered with 2 mm thickness of ceramic material using custom made metal jig. Samples were divided into control (Group I n = 10) and two test groups (Group II n = 40 and Group III n = 40). Adhesive and cohesive fractures were created in test group samples, Group II (Ceramic substrate or cohesive defect) and Group III (metal substrate or adhesive defect). The samples of ceramic substrate (Group II) and metal substrate (Group III) were further subdivided into A and B containing 20 samples each according to the repair material used (A; Clearfil porcelain repair system and B; P and R porcelain repair system). All specimens were subjected to a standard shear load in the UTM until fracture occurred. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and post hoc Bonferroni test. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post hoc Bonferroni test. RESULTS: Clearfil repair system showed significantly higher shear bond strength value (29.16 Mpa) as compared to P and R repair system (27.23 Mpa) for cohesive fractures. Whereas if compared for repairing adhesive fractures P and R repair system had significantly higher shear bond strength values (26.59 Mpa) than Clearfil repair system (25.74 Mpa). CONCLUSIONS: From the present study, it was be concluded that for cohesive fracture Clearfil repair system is a better material and for adhesive fractures P and R repair material gives better results.

Atypical presentations of congenital hemangiomas: Extending the clinical phenotype.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Congenital hemangiomas (CH) are a group of benign vascular tumors that are present at birth and exhibit variable involution during infancy. Congenital hemangiomas that do not involute are typically solitary patch or plaque-type tumors that grow proportionally with somatic growth. We report a case series of 9 patients with persistent CH, which exhibited uncommon features including segmental involvement, recurrent or severe pain, or growth via volumetric increase in size or apparent increased extent of anatomic involvement over time. METHODS: Via retrospective chart review, we included patients with persistent CH and atypical presentations. Available data regarding clinical characteristics, natural history, histopathology, imaging, and genetic tests were collected. RESULTS: Data on 9 patients were collected, including 7 noninvoluting CH and 2 partially involuting CH. Three of the 9 cases had segmental distribution, 6 had apparent growth or clinical evolution, and 4 were symptomatic with pain. One also had marked localized intravascular coagulopathy. CONCLUSIONS: Ongoing or recurrent pain and large extent of anatomic involvement can be features of CH, albeit uncommon ones, and can pose both diagnostic and management challenges. Tissue genomic studies can offer a novel tool for CH diagnosis.

An in vitro study to evaluate and compare the surface roughness in heat-cured denture-based resin and injection-molded resin system as affected by two commercially available denture cleansers.

BACKGROUND: Denture hygiene is of utmost importance to maintain the dentures as well as the underlying tissues in appropriate health. Various denture cleansers as well as denture-based materials have evolved in the market; however, the effect of denture cleansers on different types of denture-based materials has not been very well documented. AIM: The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate and compare the surface roughness in heat-cured denture-based resin and injection-molded resin system as affected by two commercially available denture cleansers for a period of 15, 30, and 45 days. METHODOLOGY: A standardized metal die was fabricated to make 120 denture-based resin discs of uniform dimensions. The samples of heat-cured denture-based resin and injection-molded thermoplastic denture-based resin were immersed in the two denture cleansing solutions for a period of 15, 30, and 45 days, respectively. The surface roughness was evaluated by surface profilometer TR200. The data were subjected to statistical analysis and the comparison of quantitative data was done using unpaired t-test and repeated-measures ANOVA test. RESULTS: The surface roughness values (Ra) of heat cured denture base resin samples when immersed in two denture cleansers were 0.22 µm at 0 days, 0.27 and 0.29 µm at 15 days, 0.29 and 0.31 µm at 30 days, 0.30 and 0.31 µm at 45 days whereas for injection moulded samples surface roughness values were 1.31 & 1.27 µm at 0 days, 1.46 & 1.66 µm at 15 days, 1.50 & 1.69 µm at 30 days, and 1.50 & 1.69 µm at 45 days. CONCLUSION: The surface roughness (Ra) increased significantly in injection-molded polyamide denture-based resin samples when immersed in both the denture cleansers. Whereas, heat-cured denture-based resin samples did not reveal any significant surface changes at the various time intervals. Hence, the use of denture cleansers is questionable in thermoplastic resins.