Photobiomodulation and Sida tuberculata combination declines the inflammation's markers in knee-induced osteoarthritis.

The aim of this study was to assess potential combination effects of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) with Sida tuberculata extracts on the oxidative stress and antioxidant activity, as well as on the inflammatory process. Rats with knee osteoarthritis (OA) were treated with S. tuberculata extracts and PBMT (904 nm, 18 J/cm2). The animals were evaluated for nociception and edema. The blood, knee lavage and structures, spinal cord, and brainstem were collected for biochemical analyses (lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyl content, superoxide dismutase activity, non-protein thiol levels, and measurement of nitrite/nitrate). The knee structures were also used to measure cytokine levels. PBMT lowered the damage due to oxidative stress in the knee and at distant sites from the lesion. PBMT also reduced the levels of nitric oxide and cytokines, which could explain the nociception reduction mechanism. Similarly, S. tuberculata decreased the damage by oxidative stress, levels of nitrite/nitrate, and cytokines. The therapy combination reduced levels of cytokines and nitrite/nitrate. PBMT and S. tuberculata extracts reduced the oxidative stress and inflammation. It is noteworthy that PBMT increased the antioxidant activity in the knee and at sites distant from the lesion, contributing to a more significant decrease in nociception. The combination of therapies did not present significant effects on the analyzed parameters. Therefore, it is suggested that PBM is sufficient to minimize the signs and symptoms of the knee OA in our rat model.

A eletroterapia pode aprimorar o efeito de exercícios cinesiofuncionais no tratamento da dor lombar inespecífica crônica? / ¿Puede la electroterapia mejorar el efecto de los ejercicios kinesiofuncionales en el tratamiento del dolor lumbar crónico inespecífico? / Can electrotherapy improve the effect of kinesio-functional exercises in the treatment of chronic non-specific low back pain?

RESUMO O presente estudo teve como objetivo comparar o efeito de um protocolo de exercícios cinesiofuncionais (ECF) isolados ou associados a corrente interferencial (CI) ou corrente aussie (CA), sobre a intensidade da dor, a mobilidade/flexibilidade, a funcionalidade e a qualidade de vida (QV) de indivíduos com dor lombar inespecífica crônica. Trata-se de um ensaio clínico não randomizado, em que foram selecionados 42 sujeitos aleatorizados em três grupos: GI (treinamentos cinesiofuncional; n=14), GII (treinamentos cinesiofuncional + CI; n=14) e GIII (treinamento cinesiofuncional + CA; n=14). Os indivíduos foram submetidos a dez sessões de tratamento ao longo de 5 semanas e foram avaliados pré e pós-intervenção, usando escala visual analógica de dor (EVA); avaliação da QV pelo questionário SF-36; avaliação da mobilidade/flexibilidade lombar pelo teste de Schober modificado e o teste de sentar e alcançar com o banco de Wells; avaliação da incapacidade funcional através do índice Oswestry; e, para os aspectos depressivos, inventário de depressão de Beck (IDB). Na reavaliação, percebeu-se que houve melhora significativa em todos os grupos experimentais na intensidade da dor (p<0,0001) e na mobilidade/flexibilidade. No SF-36, verificamos que apenas os indivíduos tratados com exercícios associados à corrente elétrica apresentaram melhora dos domínios capacidade física, aspectos físicos e dor. A avaliação do IDB não apresentou modificações pré e pós-intervenção. Conclui-se que a associação das técnicas terapêuticas apresentou maior benefício aos indivíduos da amostra, uma vez que produziu melhora sobre as variáveis avaliadas, como dor, mobilidade/flexibilidade e qualidade de vida.

RESUMEN El presente estudio tuvo por objetivo comparar el efecto de un protocolo de ejercicios kinesiofuncionales (ECF) aislados o asociados con corriente interferencial (CI) o corriente aussie (CA) sobre la intensidad del dolor, la movilidad/flexibilidad, la funcionalidad y la calidad de vida (CV) de las personas con dolor lumbar crónico inespecífico. Este es un ensayo clínico no aleatorizado en el que participaron 42 individuos y se los dividieron al azar en tres grupos: GI (entrenamientos kinesiofuncionales; n=14), GII (entrenamientos kinesiofuncionales + CI; n=14) y GIII (entrenamiento kinesiofuncional + CA; n=14). Se sometieron a los participantes a diez sesiones de tratamiento, durante 5 semanas, y estos pasaron por una evaluación antes y después de la intervención por medio de una escala visual de dolor analógica (EVA); evaluación de la CV por el cuestionario SF-36; evaluación de la movilidad/flexibilidad lumbar utilizando la prueba de Schober modificada y la prueba de sentarse y llegar al banco Wells; evaluación de la incapacidad funcional empelando el índice de Oswestry; y, para los aspectos depresivos, el Inventario de Depresión de Beck (BDI). En la reevaluación, la intensidad del dolor (p<0,0001) y la movilidad/flexibilidad tuvieron una mejora significativa en todos los grupos experimentales. En el SF-36, solo los individuos tratados con ejercicios asociados con corriente eléctrica mejoraron la capacidad física, los aspectos físicos y los dominios del dolor. La evaluación del BDI no cambió antes ni después de la intervención. Se concluye que la asociación entre técnicas terapéuticas tuvo un efecto positivo para los individuos de la muestra por la mejora producida en las variables evaluadas, como el dolor, la movilidad/flexibilidad y la calidad de vida.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to compare the effect of a Kinesio-functional exercise protocol (KFE) isolated or associated with Interferential Current (IC) or Aussie Current (AC) on pain intensity, mobility/flexibility, functionality, and quality of life (QoL) of individuals with chronic non-specific low back pain. This is a non-randomized clinical trial, in which 42 individuals were randomly divided into three groups: GI (KFE; n=14), GII (KFE+IC; n=14) and GIII (KFE+AC, n=14). The individuals underwent 10 treatment sessions (five weeks). The individuals were evaluated before and after the intervention, using the Pain visual analog scale (VAS); the assessment of QoL was conducted using the SF-36 questionnaire; the assessment of lumbar mobility/flexibility, by the modified Schober test and the Wells Bank; the assessment of functional disability, using the Oswestry Index; and for depressive aspects, the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) was used. In the reassessment, we observed a significant improvement in all experimental groups regarding pain intensity (p <0.0001) and mobility/flexibility. In SF-36, we found that only individuals treated with exercises associated with electrical current improved their physical capacity, physical aspects, and pain domains. The BDI assessment did not show any changes before or after the intervention. We conclude that the association of therapeutic techniques showed greater benefit to the individuals in the sample since it improved the evaluated variables, such as pain, mobility/flexibility, and quality of life.

Sida tuberculata reduces oxidative stress and pain caused by the knee osteoarthritis.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Knee osteoarthritis (OA) cause pain and edema, as well as unbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species and antioxidant activity. These problems interfere with the articular function, leading to a significant loss of life quality. Sida tuberculata R.E.Fr. is an herbaceous plant belonging to the Malvaceae family found in southern Brazil. This plant has traditionally been consumed as an aqueous extract and popularly used in the treatment of many diseases, with antioxidant and antimicrobial activity, reducing pain and inflammation. AIM OF THE STUDY: To verify the effects of S. tuberculata extract obtained from leaves on oxidative, toxic and nociceptive parameters induced by knee OA in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Aqueous extracts of S. tuberculata were evaluated under phytochemical analyses. Knee Osteoarthritis was induced in rats with monosodium iodoacetate (1.5 mg/50 µl) and treated with S. tuberculata extract. The animals were treated orally with 3 doses of S. tuberculata extract (STE): 1.5, 5 and 15 mg/ml, for 14 days. For biochemical analyses, the following tests were performed: lipid peroxidation, carbonylated protein content, superoxide dismutase activity, non-protein thiol levels and myeloperoxidase activity. For the evaluation of pain and edema we verify mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia, spontaneous pain observation and measurement of knee edema with a caliper. For histological evaluations, the animal knee joints were removed. For toxicity evaluation, the levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and urea, as well as the relative weight of the organs were analyzed. RESULTS: The S. tuberculata phytochemical analyses showed the majority peak corresponding to 20-hydroxyecdysone (20HE). The plant extract decreased damages related to oxidative stress in the blood serum (lipid peroxidation and carbonyl content) Overall, the STE 5 mg Group presented the greater statistical significance, in the blood serum samples, in relation to the other groups, being the most relevant result. The S. tuberculata groups presented pain decrease, lower neutrophil activity in the knee, and increased blood serum activity. The animals of S. tuberculata groups showed a decrease in mechanical hyperalgesia. The animals treated also presented lower scores for spontaneous pain. It was observed that the dose of 5 mg presented, once again, more expressive results, since the animals of this group had a higher frequency (greater number of days) with significant decrease of pain. In the histological analysis, in the STE 5 mg group, the articular cartilage lesions were observed at an intermediate point between the damage found in the MIA and Diclofenac groups. Besides that, the STE did not show significant changes in oxidative stress damage in liver and kidney samples. Blood serum samples did not indicate significant differences in liver and renal function. As well as, there were no differences in mean relative body weights in relation to control groups (Salina and MIA). CONCLUSION: S. tuberculata reduced the damage due to oxidative stress and pain caused by knee osteoarthritis in rats. In addition, the extract presented no toxicity. Our results suggest that S. tuberculata seems to have a therapeutic potential in the osteoarthritis treatment.

Evaluation of monosodium iodoacetate dosage to induce knee osteoarthritis: Relation with oxidative stress and pain.

AIM: To determine the dose of monosodium iodoacetate (MIA) required to induce oxidative stress, as well as pain and edema; to confirm the induction of knee osteoarthritis (OA) symptoms in rats by the presence of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reduction of antioxidant agents; and to verify the presence of histopathological injury in these affected joints. METHOD: Biological markers of oxidative stress, pain, knee edema, and cartilage degeneration provided by different doses of MIA (0.5; 1.0 or 1.5 mg) in rat knee joints were analyzed. The animal evaluations were conducted during 15 days for mechanical and cold hypersensitivity, spontaneous pain and edema. After that, blood serum, intra-articular lavage and structures of knee, spinal cord and brainstem were collected for biochemical analysis; moreover, the knees were removed for histological evaluation. RESULTS: This study demonstrates that the highest dose of MIA (1.5 mg) increased the oxidative stress markers and reduced the antioxidant reactions, both in the focus of the lesion and in distant sites. MIA also induced the inflammatory process, characterized by pain, edema, increase in neutrophil count and articular damage. CONCLUSION: This model provides a basis for the exploration of underlying mechanisms in OA and the identification of mechanisms that may guide therapy and the discovery of OA signals and symptoms.

Efeito dos exercícios de fortalecimento, de marcha e de equilíbrio no tratamento de osteoartrite de joelho / Eff ect of strength, gait and balance exercises, in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis

A osteoartrite (OA) é uma doença reumática, degenerativa e progressiva que atinge as articulações sinoviais. Indivíduos com OA apresentam dor, rigidez articular matinal, sinais infl amatórios, crepitações, hipotrofi a muscular e limitações na amplitude de movimento. A fi sioterapia utiliza de recursos terapêuticos, como exercícios, para reduzir os sintomas e melhorar a qualidade de vida do indivíduo com OA. Este trabalho teve por fi nalidade verifi car o efeito da associação de exercícios de fortalecimento, de marcha e de equilíbrio sobre a dor, a amplitude de movimento, o equilíbrio, a qualidade de vida e a capacidade funcional de indivíduos com OA de joelho. Estudo clínico cego, no qual participaram 16 indivíduos com OA de joelho de ambos os gêneros e idade média de 61,38 ±16,10 anos. Os participantes realizaram 12 sessões de fi sioterapia, realizando exercícios de fortalecimento, marcha e equilíbrio. Eles foram avaliados antes e após o tratamento, por meio da escala visual analógica de dor, do questionário Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis (WOMAC), do questionário de qualidade de vida SF-36, da goniometria, teste Timed Up and Go, teste de caminhada rápida de 10 metros, Escala de equilíbrio de Berg e teste de Romberg. Obteve-se diminuição da dor e, melhora da qualidade de vida nos domínios do questionário SF-36: aspectos funcionais, dor, estado geral de saúde e aspectos emocionais. O tratamento também proporcionou aumento da amplitude de movimento em fl exão, melhorou o equilíbrio no teste de Romberg com os olhos fechados e funcionalidade nos domínios rigidez e aspecto funcional do questionário WOMAC. Os exercícios de fortalecimento, marcha e equilíbrio foram capazes de reduzir a dor, melhorar a amplitude de movimento, equilíbrio, funcionalidade e qualidade de vida de pacientes com OA de joelho....(AU)

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a rheumatic, degenerative and progressive disease that aff ects the synovial joints. Individuals with OA experience pain, morning stiff ness, infl ammatory signals, crackles, muscular atrophy and limitations in range of motion. Physical therapy uses therapeutic resources, such as exercise, to reduce symptoms and improve the quality of life of individuals with OA. This study aimed to verify the eff ect of strengthening exercises association, gait and balance on pain, range of motion, balance, quality of life and functional capacity of patients with knee OA. Blind clinical study, which involved 16 subjects with knee OA of both genders, mean age of 61.38 ± 16.10 years. The participants underwent 12 physiotherapy sessions, performing strengthening exercises, gait and balance. They were evaluated before and after treatment by visual analogue pain scale, the questionnaire Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis (WOMAC), the quality of life questionnaire SF-36, goniometry, Timed Up and Go test, test fast walk 10 meters, Berg balance Scale and Romberg test. Obtained decreased pain and improved quality of life in the domains of the SF-36 questionnaire: functional aspects, pain, general health and emotional aspects. The treatment also provided increased range of motion in fl exion, improved balance in the Romberg test with eyes closed and functionality in the areas stiff ness and functional aspect of the WOMAC questionnaire. Strengthening exercises, gait and balance were able to reduce pain, improve range of motion, balance, functionality and quality of life of patients with knee OA....(AU)

Eficácia do treino de marcha e de equilíbrio em pacientes com osteoartrite de joelho / Effectiveness of gait and balance training in patients with knee osteoarthritis

A osteoartrite (OA) é uma doença degenerativa osteoarticular, crônica e progressiva, de etiologia multifatorial que se manifesta por artralgia e limitação da função articular. Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar a eficácia de exercícios terapêuticos baseados no treino de marcha ou de equilíbrio no ganho de funcionalidade (força muscular e equilíbrio) e na diminuição da dor em pacientes com OA de joelho. Participaram 20 pacientes portadores de OA de joelho que foram avaliados por meio do grau de dor, da amplitude de movimento (ADM), da força muscular, do equilíbrio, de questionários de funcionalidade e de qualidade de vida. Os pacientes foram divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos: grupo 1 foi submetido ao treino de marcha e o grupo 2, ao treino de equilíbrio. Os pacientes portadores de OA de joelho apresentaram melhora após os atendimentos (estatisticamente significante nos grupos): grau de dor, ADM de joelho, força muscular de quadríceps à direita, equilíbrio, e nível de funcionalidade e de qualidade de vida (somente no grupo de marcha). Assim, os resultados indicaram que os exercícios de marcha foram eficazes em 4 (num total de 6) das variáveis estudadas (grau de dor, ADM, força muscular e qualidade de vida), após a fisioterapia.(AU)

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic, progressive and degenerative osteoarticular disease, multifactorial, which is manifested by arthralgia and limitation of joint function. This study aimed to analyze the effectiveness of therapeutic exercises based on gait or balance training in gain functionality (muscle strength and balance) and in reducing pain in patients with knee OA. Twenty patients with knee OA were included and evaluated by degree of pain, range of motion (ROM), muscle strength, balance, functionality and quality of life questionnaires. The patients were randomly divided into two groups: group 1 was submitted to gait training and group 2 to the balance training. Patients with knee OA showed improvement after the treatments (statistically significant in groups): degree of pain, ROM of the knee, quadriceps strength right balance, and level of functionality and quality of life (only in the group of gait). Thus, the results indicated that the running exercises were effective in 4 (of 6) of the variables studied (degree of pain, ROM, muscle strength and quality of life), after physical therapy.(AU)

Prevalence of postural alterations in students of Basic Education in the city of Vila Velha, Espírito Santo state, Brazil / Prevalência de alterações posturais em escolares de Ensino Fundamental de Vila Velha (ES)

Introduction Human posture goes through a series of changes in the course of body growth and development, i.e., in childhood and adolescence. Moreover, during these phases, individuals are subject to risk behaviors for spinal problems, especially those related to the use of backpacks and to poor sitting posture. Objective This study aimed to detect the prevalence of postural alterations in school children enrolled in the UMEF Vila Olímpica, Vila Velha, Espírito Santo. Methods We evaluated 513 schoolchildren in the orthostatic position and in the anterior, posterior and side view. The following structures were analyzed: head, shoulder, the cervical, thoracic and lumbar spine, pelvis and lower limbs. Results There was a high prevalence of postural deviations: rotated or tilted head, elevated shoulder and pelvis, valgus or varus knee, head protraction, alterations of the thoracic spine, anteriorized shoulders, pelvis in anteversion, knees semiflexion or hyperextension and cavus or planus feet. Conclusion Our results suggest that there is a high prevalence of postural alterations in students in the school network of Vila Velha (ES). This could be detected through public health policies, such as the federal government´s Health at School Program (PSE). .

Introdução A postura do ser humano apresenta uma série de mudanças no decorrer do crescimento e desenvolvimento corporais, ou seja, na infância e na adolescência. Além disso, durante essas fases, os indivíduos estão sujeitos a comportamentos de risco para a coluna, principalmente aqueles relacionados à utilização de mochilas e à postura sentada. Objetivo A finalidade desse trabalho foi verificar a prevalência de alterações posturais em escolares da UMEF Vila Olímpica, Vila Velha, Espírito Santo. Métodos Foram avaliados 513 escolares na posição ortostática, em vista anterior, posterior e perfil, no qual foram analisadas as seguintes estruturas: cabeça, ombro, colunas cervical, torácica e lombar, pelve e membros inferiores. Resultados Os resultados apresentaram uma grande prevalência de desvios posturais: cabeça rodada ou inclinada, elevação do ombro e da pelve, joelho valgo ou varo, além de cabeça em prostração, alterações da coluna torácica, ombros anteriorizados, pelve em anteroversão, joelhos em semiflexão ou hiperextensão, e pés cavos ou planos. Conclusão Os resultados sugerem que há uma alta prevalência de alterações posturais em escolares na rede de ensino do município, o que poderia ser identificado através de políticas públicas de saúde, como o Programa Saúde na Escola (PSE) do governo federal. .

Alterações posturais em crianças e adolescentes institucionalizados / Postural changes in institutionalized children and teenagers

Na infância e adolescência se faz necessário uma melhor atenção à saúde, em especial das alterações na composição corporal que é determinante na saúde do adulto. Diversos fatores influenciam o desenvolvimento, como a hereditariedade e carga genética, mas principalmente o ambiente que os circunda. Um ambiente institucional é desfavorável para o desenvolvimento integral de crianças e adolescentes e gera prejuízos evidentes que afetam diretamente a saúde física. O objetivo desse trabalho foi detectar alterações posturais nas crianças e adolescentes institucionalizadas. Foram avaliados 37 indivíduos, sendo 24 crianças e 13 adolescentes, que responderam um questionário com informações pessoais e hábitos diários, e a avaliação postural na qual foram avaliados na vista anterior, lateral e posterior, com fotografias posteriormente analisadas no Software de Avaliação Postural (SAPO). Dos indivíduos avaliados, a maioria realiza atividades físicas, adota a posição de decúbito lateral para dormir e utiliza mochila de 2 alças. Na avaliação postural, observou-se que as crianças apresentaram uma elevada prevalência de cabeça rodada, elevação de ombro à direita, EIAS elevada à esquerda, inclinação de tronco para o lado direito, valgo dos joelhos, além da anteriorização da cabeça e do corpo, e escoliose.

During childhood and teenager periods health care especially those related to body composition changes is needed. Several factors influence development not only heredity and genetic burden but also the environment that embraces them. An institutional environment is unfavorable for the comprehensive development of children and teenagers. This promotes apparent growing losses which directly affect physical health. The aim of this study was to detect postural changes in institutionalized children and teenagers. Thirty seven individuals were assessed, 24 children and 13 teenagers, who answered a questionnaire with personal information, daily habits and postural assessment in which they were evaluated on anterior, lateral and posterior views, with photographs subsequently analyzed in a Postural Assessment Software (SAPO). All patients - the majority were physically active - adopts the lateral position to sleep and uses 2 backpack straps. We observed that children showed a high prevalence of twisted head, elevation of the right shoulder, high left ASIS, right trunk tilt, valgus knee, forward head and body and scoliosis. The teenagers had higher prevalence of twisted head to the right, higher left shoulder, high right ASIS, right trunk tilt, varus right knee and valgus left knee, forward head and body, decreased tibial angle - tarsal. We also observed a high rate of emotional problems; however, there was no function between the standing posture of children and teenagers and drawing the human figure leaning. Thus, it is critical to early detect these changes during childhood and teenagers periods for a preventive and specific physiotherapy intervention in order to minimize problems, discomforts and future consolidation of these changes throughout adult posture.