Electron beam-induced white emission from iridium complexes-doped polymer dots.

Radiation detection plays an important role in diverse applications, including medical imaging, security, and display technologies. Scintillators, materials that emit light upon exposure to radiation, have garnered significant attention due to their exceptional sensitivity. Previous research explored polymer dots (P-dots) doped with iridium complexes as nano-sized scintillators for radiation detection, but these were constrained to emitting specific colors like red, green, and blue, limiting their utility. Recently, there has been a breakthrough in the development of white light emitters stimulated by UV-visible light. These emitters exhibit a broad spectral range in the visible wavelength, enhancing contrast and simplifying detection by visible-light sensors. Consequently, the quest for white color scintillators in radiation detection has emerged as a promising avenue for enhancing scintillation efficiency. In this study, we present a novel approach by applying P-dots doped with two iridium complexes to create white light-emitting nano-sized scintillators. These scintillators offer a wider spectral coverage within the visible-light wavelength range. Under UV light (365 nm) excitation, our synthesized P-dots exhibited remarkable white light emission. Moreover, when excited by electron beam irradiation, we observed the clear emission close to white emission which is valuable for improving the detection of radiation.

Radioluminescence from polymer dots based on thermally activated delayed fluorescence.

We demonstrate that polymer dots doped with thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) molecules clearly exhibit blue radio-luminescence upon hard X-ray and electron beam irradiation, which is a new design for nano-sized scintillators.

Red, green, and blue radio-luminescent polymer dots doped with heteroleptic tris-cyclometalated iridium complexes.

In this study, we synthesized radioexcitable luminescent polymer dots (P-dots) doped with heteroleptic tris-cyclometalated iridium complexes that emit red, green, and blue light. We investigated the luminescence properties of these P-dots under X-ray and electron beam irradiation, revealing their potential as new organic scintillators.

Mesolysis of an asymmetric diphenyldisulfide radical anion studied by γ-ray and pulsed-electron radiolyses.

Diaryldisulfides are known to undergo S-S bond cleavage upon one-electron reduction, which is called mesolysis of radical anions, to form the corresponding arylthiyl radical and anion. In this study, we prepared (4-cyanophenyl)(4'-methoxyphenyl)disulfide (MeOSSCN), and the mesolytic profiles were investigated by γ-ray and pulsed-electron radiolyses in 2-methyltetrahydrofuran. As a result of radiolysis of MeOSSCN at room and lower temperatures, the formation of the methoxythiyl radical was recognized upon mesolysis of the radical anion. This observation indicated that intramolecular electron transfer in the radical anion occurred, and the stepwise mechanism was operative after the attached electron occupied the antibonding σ*-orbital for promoting the S-S bond cleavage. According to the Arrhenius expression for the decay rates of the radical anion, the activation energy and frequency factor were determined. DFT calculations provided the bond dissociation energy and bond length for the S-S bond and charge distribution on the S atoms in the radical anion. The substituent effects on the mesolysis process are discussed.

Solvent-dependent fluorescence behaviour of imide-fused [n]phenacenes (n = 3, 5, 7).

Imide-fused [n]phenacenes (nPDIs, n = 3, 5, 7) were systematically synthesised and their electronic features were investigated by electrochemical and electronic spectral measurements. nPDIs showed two reduction waves attributed to formation of radical ions and dianions. 3PDI produced blue fluorescence independent of solvent polarity. In contrast, 5PDI and 7PDI displayed marked positive solvatofluorochromism due to intramolecular charge transfer characters between the imide moieties and phenacene π cores in the excited state. The spectral features were analyzed by the Lippert-Mataga relationship and theoretical calculations.

Photochemical synthesis and device application of acene-phenacene hybrid molecules, dibenzo[n]phenacenes (n = 5-7).

Dibenzo[n]phenecenes (DBnPs, n = 5-7) were conveniently synthesised through Mallory photocyclization as the key step. Effective mobilities of single-crystal field-effect transistors of DBnPs were evaluated to demonstrate that C2h-symmetrical DB6P shows higher performance than C2v-symmetrical DB5P and DB7P.

Blue fluorescence from N,O-coordinated BF2 complexes having aromatic chromophores in solution and the solid state.

We prepared amide-heterocycle (HC) compounds having various aromatic π-electron systems (Ar), such as phenyl, naphthyl, furyl, thienyl and phenanthryl moieties, and converted them as ligands to difluoroboronated complexes, Ar@HCs. Blue fluorescence from Ar@HCs was observed in solution and the solid state, and the fluorescence quantum yields (Φf) and lifetimes (τf) were determined. The Φf values in CHCl3 were as small as 0.1 except for the phenanthrene derivatives (0.4-0.6). Observation of the triplet-triplet absorption upon laser flash photolysis of Ar@HCs in solution indicated that the fluorescence process competes with intersystem crossing to the triplet state. Blue fluorescence in the solid state was observed with the Φf values of 0.3-0.7. Based on the crystallographic data, the relationship between the crystal structures and emission features of Ar@HCs in the solid state is discussed.

Fluorescence behaviour of 2-, 3- and 4-amino-1,8-naphthalimides: effects of the substitution positions of the amino functionality on the photophysical properties.

The absorption and fluorescence spectra of a series of 1,8-naphthalimide derivatives incorporating the amino functionality at the 2-, 3- and 4-positions of the naphthalene ring (2APNI, 3APNI and 4APNI, respectively) were systematically investigated in various solvents and in the solid state. The fluorescence spectra of 2APNI were insensitive to solvent polarity and intermolecular hydrogen-bonding even in a protic medium such as methanol. Thus, 2APNI displayed blue fluorescence with a moderate fluorescence quantum yield (λFmax = 420-445 nm, ΦF 0.2-0.3) in the solvents investigated. In contrast, the fluorescence spectra of 3APNI and 4APNI were strongly solvent dependent showing positive solvatofluorochromism with large Stokes shifts. Upon increasing the solvent polarity, the fluorescence colours changed from blue in hexane (λFmax = 429 nm) to orange-yellow in methanol (λFmax = 564 nm) for 3APNI, and from blue in hexane (λFmax = 460 nm) to yellow in methanol (λFmax = 538 nm) for 4APNI. The fluorescence quantum yields of 3APNI and 4APNI decreased with increasing solvent polarity. In the solid state, APNIs displayed red-shifted fluorescence emission compared to that in solution (λFmax = 541 nm for 2APNI, 575 nm for 3APNI, and 561 nm for 4APNI) and the fluorescence quantum yields in the solid state were lower than those in solution.

Blue Fluorescence from BF2 Complexes of N,O-Benzamide Ligands: Synthesis, Structure, and Photophysical Properties.

Small molecules having intense luminescence properties are required to promote biological and organic material applications. We prepared five types of benzamides having pyridine, pyridazine, pyrazine, and pyrimidine rings and successfully converted them into three types of the difluoroboronated complexes, Py@BAs, as novel blue fluorophores. Py@BA having a pyridine moiety (2-Py@BA) showed no fluorescence in solution, whereas Py@BAs of pyridazine and pyrazine moieties (2,3-Py@BA and 2,5-Py@BA, respectively) emitted blue fluorescence with quantum yields of ca. 0.1. Transient absorption measurements using laser flash photolysis of the Py@BAs revealed the triplet formation of 2,3- and 2,5-Py@BAs, while little transient signal was observed for 2-Py@BA. Therefore, the deactivation processes from the lowest excited singlet state of fluorescent 2,3- and 2,5-Py@BAs consist of fluorescence and intersystem crossing to the triplet state while that of the nonfluorescent Py@BA is governed almost entirely by internal conversion to the ground state. Conversely, in the solid state, 2-Py@BA emitted intense fluorescence with a fluorescence quantum yield as high as 0.66, whereas 2,3- and 2,5-Py@BAs showed fluorescence with quantum yields of ca. 0.2. The crystal structure of 2-Py@BA took a herringbone packing motif, whereas those for 2,3- and 2,5-Py@BAs were two-dimensional sheetlike. On the basis of the difference in crystal structures, the emission mechanism in the solid state was discussed.

Tetraalkoxyphenanthrene-Fused Hexadecadehydro[20]- and Tetracosadehydro[30]annulenes: Syntheses, Aromaticity/Antiaromaticity, Electronic Properties, and Self-Assembly.

Tetraalkoxyphenanthrene-fused hexadecadehydro[20]- and tetracosadehydro[30]annulenes possessing octatetrayne linkages were synthesized and their properties together with those of phenanthrene-fused octadehydro[12]- and dodecadehydro[18]annulenes have been investigated. Various spectroscopic and electrochemical measurements as well as quantum chemical calculations support that planar [20]- and [30]annulenes are weakly antiaromatic and nonaromatic, respectively. The detailed concentration- and temperature-dependent 1H NMR and UV-vis data of present dehydroannulenes provided evidence for the enhancement of π-π stacking interactions by extension of the acetylenic linkages. Dehydroannulenes formed self-assembled clusters and their morphology and crystallinity proved to depend on the length of acetylenic linkages, the shape of dehydroannulene core, and the bulkiness of alkoxy groups appended to the phenanthrene moieties.

Unique Solid-State Emission Behavior of Aromatic Difluoroboronated ß-Diketones as an Emitter in Organic Light-Emitting Devices.

Aromatic difluoroboronated ß-diketone (BF2 DK) derivatives are a widely known class of luminescent organic materials that exhibit high photoluminescent quantum efficiency and unique aggregation-dependent fluorescence behavior. However, there have been only a few reports on their use in solid-state electronic devices, such as organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs). Herein, we investigated the solid-state properties and OLED performance of a series of π-extended BF2 DK derivatives that have previously been shown to exhibit intense fluorescence in the solution state. The BF2 DK derivatives formed exciplexes with a carbazole derivative and exhibited thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) behavior to give orange electroluminescence with a peak external quantum efficiency of 10 % that apparently exceeds the theoretical efficiency limit of conventional fluorescent OLEDs (7.5 %), assuming a light out-coupling factor of 30 %.

Laser photolysis studies of ω-bond dissociation in aromatic carbonyls with a C-C triple bond stimulated by triplet sensitization.

We have prepared three types of carbonyl compounds, benzoylethynylmethyl phenyl sulfide (2@SPh), (p-benzoyl)phenylethynylmethyl phenyl sulfide (3@SPh) and p-(benzoylethynyl)benzyl phenyl sulfide (4@SPh) with benzoyl and phenylthiylmethyl groups, which are interconnected with a C-C triple bond and a phenyl ring. Laser flash photolysis of 3@SPh and 4@SPh in acetonitrile provided the transient absorption spectra of the corresponding triplet states where no chemical reactions were recognized. Upon laser flash photolysis of 2@SPh, the absorption band due to the phenylthiyl radical (PTR) was obtained, indicating that the C-S bond cleaved in the excited state. Triplet sensitization of these carbonyl compounds using acetone and xanthone was conducted using laser photolysis techniques. The formation of triplet 3@SPh was seen in the transient absorption, whereas the PTR formation was observed for 2@SPh and 4@SPh, indicating that the triplet states were reactive for the C-S bond dissociation. The C-S bond dissociation mechanism for 4@SPh upon triplet sensitization is discussed in comparison with those for 2@SPh and 3@SPh.

Systematic investigations on fused π-system compounds of seven benzene rings prepared by photocyclization of diphenanthrylethenes.

We studied the photoproducts of 1-(n-phenanthryl)-2-(m-phenanthryl)ethenes (nEm; n, m = 1, 3 and 9) for understanding photocyclization patterns based on NMR spectroscopy. The crystal structures of the photoproducts were analyzed by X-ray crystallography, and the photophysical features of the photocyclized molecules were investigated based on emission and transient absorption measurements. Phenanthrene derivatives substituted at the 1- and 3-positions were prepared for synthesizing nEm by photocyclization of stilbene derivatives. We obtained four types of primary photoproducts (n@m) from the corresponding nEm. Two of them were found to have racemic molecular structures in the single crystal determined by X-ray crystallography. Besides the primary photoproducts, two types of secondary photoproducts (n@mPP) were isolated. Fluorescence quantum yields and lifetimes of the obtained photoproducts were determined in solution whereas the definite fluorescence quantum yields were obtained in the powder. Observation of the triplet-triplet absorption spectra in solution by laser photolysis techniques showed that intersystem crossing to the triplet state competes with the fluorescence process.

Photochemical synthesis and photophysical properties of coumarins bearing extended polyaromatic rings studied by emission and transient absorption measurements.

We prepared a variety of coumarin derivatives having expanded π-electron systems along the direction crossing the C3-C4 bond of the coumarin skeleton via a photochemical cyclization process and investigated their photophysical features as a function of the number (n) of the added benzene rings based on emission and transient absorption measurements. Upon increasing n, the fluorescence quantum yields of the π-extended coumarins increased. Expanding the π-electron system on the C3-C4 bond of the coumarin skeleton was found to be efficient for increasing the fluorescence ability more than that on the C7-C8 bond. Introducing the methoxy group at the 7-position was also efficient for enhancing the fluorescence quantum yield and rate of the expanded coumarins. The non-radiative process from the fluorescence state was not substantially influenced by the expanded π-electron system. The competitive process with the fluorescence was found to be intersystem crossing to the triplet state based on the observations of the triplet-triplet absorption. The effects of the expanded π-electron systems on the fluorescence ability were investigated with the aid of TD-DFT calculations.

Spectroscopic Properties of Amine-substituted Analogues of Firefly Luciferin and Oxyluciferin.

Spectroscopic and photophysical properties of firefly luciferin and oxyluciferin analogues with an amine substituent (NH2 , NHMe and NMe2 ) at the C6' position were studied based on absorption and fluorescence measurements. Their π-electronic properties were investigated by DFT and TD-DFT calculations. These compounds showed fluorescence solvatochromism with good quantum yields. An increase in the electron-donating strength of the substituent led to the bathochromic shift of the fluorescence maximum. The fluorescence maxima of the luciferin analogues and the corresponding oxyluciferin analogues in a solvent were well correlated with each other. Based on the obtained data, the polarity of a luciferase active site was explained. As a result, the maximum wavelength of bioluminescence for a luciferin analogue was readily predicted by measuring the photoluminescence of the luciferin analogue in place of that of the corresponding oxyluciferin analogue.

Photochemical synthesis and photophysical features of ethynylphenanthrenes studied by emission and transient absorption measurements.

Phenanthrenes substituted with trimethylsilylethynyl and phenylethynyl groups were photochemically prepared, and their photophysical properties were systematically investigated based on measurements of fluorescence quantum yields, lifetimes, and transient absorption. Introducing ethynyl groups into the phenanthrene skeleton caused an increase in the fluorescence quantum yields compared to that of phenanthrene. The quantum yields and rates of fluorescence were dependent on the substituting position(s) and the terminating group for the C-C triple bond. The observation of the triplet-triplet absorption of the substituted phenanthrenes was evident for the nonradiative process being intersystem crossing competitive with the fluorescence process. The mechanism of increasing the fluorescence abilities by substituting with the ethynyl group(s) was discussed with the aid of TD-DFT calculations.

Photochemically-assisted synthesis and photophysical properties of difluoroboronated ß-diketones with fused four-benzene-ring chromophores, chrysene and pyrene.

We investigated the photophysical properties of difluoroboronated ß-diketones (BF2DK) with chrysene and pyrene skeletons (ChB and PyB, respectively) in solution and in the solid state. Acetylchrysenes, as the key precursors to ChBs, were photochemically prepared from the corresponding (acetylphenyl)naphthylethenes by means of a modified photocyclization method. The absorption and emission spectra of the BF2DKs were obtained in chloroform and acetonitrile, and the quantum yields and lifetimes of the fluorescence were determined. Excimeric fluorescence from PyB was absent even in highly concentrated solution. Based on the Lippert-Mataga analysis of the absorption and fluorescence features, the photophysical properties of the ChBs were discussed in comparison with those of PyB. The fluorescence states of the studied BF2DKs are shown to be of a charge-transfer character. The fluorescence quantum yields decrease with increasing the solvent polarity due to the enhanced internal conversion process. The fluorescence quantum yields in the solid state of the studied BF2DKs were determined, and it was found that PyB is fluorescent, whereas the fluorescence quantum yields of the ChBs depend on the substituted position of the chrysene moiety.

Solvent-induced multicolour fluorescence of amino-substituted 2,3-naphthalimides studied by fluorescence and transient absorption measurements.

A series of amino-2,3-naphthalimide derivatives having the amino functionality at 1-, 5- and 6-positions (, and , respectively) were prepared, and their photophysical properties were systematically investigated based on the measurements of steady-state absorption and fluorescence spectra, fluorescence lifetimes as well as transient absorption spectra. The s efficiently fluoresced in solution, and the emission spectra appreciably shifted depending on the solvent polarity. displayed only a slight fluorescence red-shift upon increasing the solvent polarity. In contrast, and showed marked positive solvatofluorochromism with large Stokes shifts displaying multicolour fluorescence; the fluorescence colours of and varied from violet-blue in hexane to orange-red in methanol. and , thus, serve as micro-environment responding fluorophores. In methanol, the intensity of the fluorescence emission band of and significantly reduced. Based on the fluorescence quantum yields and lifetimes, and transient absorption measurements, it has been revealed that internal conversion from the S1 state of s to the ground state was accelerated by the protic medium, resulting in a reduction in their fluorescence efficiency, while intersystem crossing from the S1 state to a triplet state was not responsible for the decrease of fluorescence intensity.

Blocking cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer formation by steric hindrance.

The efficiency of thymine (Thy) and uracil (Ura) to form cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) in solution, upon UV irradiation differs by one order of magnitude. This could to be partially related to the steric hindrance induced by the methyl at C5 in thymine. The aim of the present work is to establish the influence of a bulky moiety at this position on the photoreactivity of pyrimidines. With this purpose, photosensitization with benzophenone and acetone of a 5-tert-butyl uracil derivative () and the equivalent Thy () has been compared. Introduction of the tert-butyl group completely blocks CPD formation. Moreover, the mechanistic insight obtained by laser flash photolysis is in accordance with the observed photoreactivity.

Preparation and photophysical properties of fluorescent difluoroboronated ß-diketones having phenanthrene moieties studied by emission and transient absorption measurements.

Six difluoroboronated ß-diketones having the phenanthrene skeleton (Phe@Ar) are prepared. Based on the measurements of the fluorescence quantum yields, lifetimes and transient absorption, the photophysical features of Phe@Ar are studied in comparison with those of difluoroboronated diketones having phenyl, naphthyl and anthryl moieties. ß-Diketones having 1-, 2-, 3- and 9-phenanthryl moieties (PheDKAr) were prepared as the precursor to Phe@Ar. 1-Acetylphenanthrene was synthesized by the photocyclization method as the key building block of PheDKAr having the 1-phenanthryl moiety. The counter aromatic moieties (Ar) of the prepared PheDKAr are varied with phenyl, furyl and thienyl rings (Ar = Ph, F and T, respectively) to investigate the effects of π-conjugation on the fluorescence properties. The prepared Phe@Ars are fluorescent with appreciable fluorescence quantum yields which depend on the substitution position of the phenanthrene moiety. 3-Phe@Ph having the 3-phenanthryl moiety provides the largest fluorescence quantum yield (0.81) in acetonitrile among the Phe@Ars whereas 2-Phe@Ph having the 2-phenanthryl moiety shows the smallest fluorescence quantum yield (0.07) in acetonitrile. All the Phe@Ars show fluorescence also in the solid state, and the fluorescence spectra and quantum yields were determined. Transient absorption measurement using laser flash photolysis of the Phe@Ars revealed the triplet formation. DFT and TD-DFT calculations of Phe@Ars rationalize the dependency of the fluorescence quantum yields on the substitution position of the phenanthrene skeleton in terms of difference in the oscillator strength for the HOMO-LUMO transition.