Maternal dietary patterns in pregnancy and fetal growth in Japan: the Osaka Maternal and Child Health Study.

Maternal nutritional status during pregnancy is an important determinant of fetal growth. Although the effects of several nutrients and foods have been well examined, little is known about the relationship of overall maternal diet in pregnancy to fetal growth, particularly in non-Western populations. We prospectively examined the relationship of maternal dietary patterns in pregnancy to neonatal anthropometric measurements at birth and risk of small-for-gestational-age (SGA) birth among 803 Japanese women with live-born, singleton, term deliveries. Maternal diet in pregnancy was assessed using a validated, self-administered diet history questionnaire. Dietary patterns from thirty-three predefined food groups (g/4184 kJ) were extracted by cluster analysis. The following three dietary patterns were identified: the 'meat and eggs' (n 326), 'wheat products', with a relatively high intake of bread, confectioneries and soft drinks (n 303), and 'rice, fish and vegetables' (n 174) patterns. After adjustment for potential confounders, women in the 'wheat products' pattern had infants with the significantly lowest birth weight (P = 0·045) and head circumference (P = 0·036) among those in the three dietary patterns. Compared with women in the 'rice, fish and vegetables' pattern, women in the 'wheat products' pattern had higher odds of having a SGA infant for weight (multivariate OR 5·2, 95 % CI 1·1, 24·4), but this was not the case for birth length or head circumference. These results suggest that a diet high in bread, confectioneries, and soft drinks and low in fish and vegetables during pregnancy might be associated with a small birth weight and an increased risk of having a SGA infant.

Beverage consumption and the prevalence of tooth loss in pregnant Japanese women: the Osaka Maternal and Child Health Study.

Recently, there has been growing interest in the impact of beverage consumption on dental health because changes have occurred in the types and quantities of beverage consumed. This cross-sectional study investigated the relationship between consumption frequencies of various beverages and the prevalence of tooth loss among young adult women. Study subjects were 1002 pregnant Japanese women. Tooth loss was defined as previous extraction of one or more teeth. Dietary habits were evaluated by a validated dietary history questionnaire. Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the odds ratios and their 95% confidence intervals of tooth loss. Adjustment was made for age, gestation, parity, cigarette smoking, passive smoking at home and at work, family income, education, changes in diet in the previous one month, season when data were collected and body mass index. Of the 1002 subjects, 256 women had lost one or more teeth. Coffee consumption was independently associated with an increased prevalence of tooth loss. When subjects were divided according to consumption of coffee with or without sugar, an increased prevalence of tooth loss was found only in subjects who consumed coffee without addition of sugar. Compared with the lowest consumption of green tea, the intermediate but not the highest consumption of green tea was associated with an increased prevalence of tooth loss. There was no measurable association of intake of milk, black tea, cola, or 100% fruit juice with the prevalence of tooth loss. The findings suggest that coffee consumption might be associated with an increased prevalence of tooth loss among young adult women.

Prenatal genetic diagnosis of severe perinatal (lethal) hypophosphatasia.

Hypophosphatasia is an inherited disorder characterized by defective bone mineralization and a deficiency in tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNSALP) activity. This disorder is caused by various mutations of the TNSALP gene. We report here the prenatal diagnosis of the perinatal (lethal) type of hypophosphatasia in a sibling of an affected infant. The infant had been found to have hypophosphatasia on the basis of both clinical and radiologic manifestations and the finding of a homozygous single T nucleotide deletion at 1559 (1559delT) of the TNSALP gene on molecular analysis. Both parents were carriers with a heterozygous mutation in the same position, although they were not consanguineous. After their next child had been conceived, fetal genomic DNA was extracted from cultured cells of amniotic fluid at 15 weeks' gestation. The fetus had a homozygous 1559delT mutation. An ultrasonography examination at 19 weeks' gestation showed marked hypomineralization of all bony structures. A prenatal genetic diagnosis for hypophosphatasia in combination with ultrasonography is thus considered to be useful for confirming the diagnosis of hypophosphatasia, which presents with a wide variety of phenotypes. As a result, prenatal genetic counseling for hypophosphatasia with collaboration between obstetricians and clinical genetics teams.

Effects of different sampling points on evaluation of fetal descending aortic flow.

BACKGROUND: Widespread use of fetal aortic blood flow velocity measurements for assessment of fetal circulatory status has been precluded by difficulties in achieving an adequate Doppler insonation angle at particular sampling points. The goal of this study was to evaluate the differences in resistance index (RI) and systolic peak velocity (Vmax) of fetal aortic blood flow velocity waveforms throughout gestation among various Doppler sampling points. METHODS: A total of 551 normal women between 18-41 weeks of pregnancy participated in this study. Pulsed Doppler flow velocity waveforms were acquired from three different aortic sampling points (thoracic portion, beneath the diaphragm, and abdominal portion) of the fetal descending aorta. The Vmax and RI were calculated at the respective sampling points. RESULTS: The Vmax were significantly lower in abdominal portion than those in thoracic portion at every time point (from 69 +/- 11 cm/second in thoracic to 49 +/- 8 cm/second in abdominal portion at 18-19 gestational weeks, p<0.0001), and RI were also lower (from 0.84 +/- 0.05 in thoracic portion to 0.76 +/- 0.05 in abdominal portion at 18-19 gestational weeks, p<0.0001). Significant increase in the Vmax was seen until third trimester (from 58+/-10 cm/second at 18-19 gestational weeks to 113 +/- 13 cm/second at 38-39 gestational weeks beneath the diaphragm, p<0.0001), while the RI remained stable (0.79 +/- 0.04 at 18-19 gestational weeks; 0.80 +/- 0.05 at 38-39 gestational weeks beneath the diaphragm). CONCLUSIONS: In measuring the fetal circulatory status, these data demonstrate that the sampling point should be considered when evaluating the maximum systolic velocity and the resistance index of the fetal descending aorta.

Laparoscopic adrenalectomy on a patient with primary aldosteronism during pregnancy.

A pregnant 26-year-old woman was referred for evaluation and management of progressive hypertension and hypokalemia at 14 weeks of gestation. Her plasma aldosterone level was markedly elevated and magnetic resonance imaging showed a right adrenal tumor. Primary aldosteronism due to an aldosterone producing-adenoma was diagnosed. Because of progressive severe hypertension, a laparoscopic adrenalectomy was performed at 17 weeks of gestation. The procedure was completed without complication, and plasma aldosterone and potassium levels rapidly improved post-operatively. However, her hypertension persisted and the growth retardation of the fetus was found. Regrettably, intrauterine fetal death was confirmed at 26 weeks of gestation. Histological examination of the placenta revealed that the placental artery had very thick walls which had apparently caused a critical failure in fetal blood flow. The optimal timing of laparoscopic surgery during pregnancy and perioperative management were subsequently discussed.

Occlusion of the external cervical os after conization in a postpuerperal amenorrheic woman.

INTRODUCTION: Complete occlusion of the cervical canal following conization is an uncommon complication. CASE REPORT: We encountered a case in a woman with lactation amenorrhea who after conization to treat cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 3 developed hematometra and did not resume menstruation. This case was diagnosed early by ultrasonic tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). CONCLUSION: Postpuerperal amenorrheic women should be managed with care because of the increased risk of occlusion of the cervical duct after conization.

Activity of synthetic enzymes of tetrahydrobiopterin in the human placenta.

Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) is an essential co-factor for nitric oxide (NO) synthase (NOS) and regulates the production of NO, or endothelium-derived relaxation factor. Although NOS is highly expressed in the placenta and NO plays a critical role in the regulation of feto-placental circulation, the mechanism maintaining the level of BH4 is not known. To investigate the de novo synthesis of BH4 in the human placenta, the activity of guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase I (GTPCH), 6-pyruvoyltetrahydropterin synthase (PTPS), and sepiapterin reductase (SR) in the chorionic tissue during the first, second and third trimester of pregnancy was analyzed. GTPCH activity was the lowest of the three enzymes and became negligible after the second trimester. There was no significant change in PTPS activity throughout pregnancy. Although SR activity decreased significantly after the second trimester, the levels remained abundant throughout pregnancy. These results showed that GTPCH is a rate-limiting enzyme and the total activity of the de novo synthesis of BH4 is negligible in the mature placenta after the second trimester when fetal growth is accelerated. The present study suggests that the level of BH4 in the placenta depends principally on the system other than de novo synthesis. The salvage pathway is considered the most potent system, which is formed by the transfer of the substrates from the fetus and their enzymatic conversion to BH4 in the placenta.

Promotion of human blastocyst formation by red cell hemolysate.

Recently, blastocyst transfer has been increasingly performed to improve the implantation rate achieved by in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. This has created the need for new culture methods to improve in vitro blastulation. Culture with erythrocyte hemolysate promotes the development of early mouse embryos due to an antioxidant effect. The present study investigated whether erythrocyte hemolysate could also promote blastulation of human embryos. Eighty surplus embryos were obtained from 15 patients who gave informed consent. These embryos were cultured for 2 to 7 days after oocyte retrieval in medium with or without erythrocyte hemolysate. Blastocyst formation was observed in 53% and 28% of the embryos grown in hemolysate-supplemented and control cultures, respectively. The blastulation rate was significantly higher in hemolysate-supplemented culture than in control group (p = 0.02). These results suggest that culture medium supplemented with erythrocyte hemolysate may promote the blastulation of human embryos.

Decreased plasma tetrahydrobiopterin in pregnant women is caused by impaired 6-pyruvoyl tetrahydropterin synthase activity.

Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) is an essential cofactor of nitric oxide synthase as well as a cofactor of aromatic amino acid hydroxylases. However, its role in pregnancy is not yet understood. We evaluated the concentrations of BH4 throughout normal pregnancy and puerperium, and compared them with those of non-pregnant women by measuring its oxidation product biopterin. In addition, we also measured 6-pyruvoyl tetrahydropterin synthase (PTPS) activities, the rate-limiting enzyme in synthesizing BH4, in pregnant women at the 30th gestational week and non-pregnant women. Although the urinary biopterin levels did not remarkably change, plasma biopterin levels significantly decreased from the 10th gestational week to the 1st day of postpartum compared with those of non-pregnant women. There was no significant difference in PTPS activities between pregnant and non-pregnant women. However, the proportion of reticulocytes, which have been shown to possess high PTPS activity, is significantly higher in pregnant women than in non-pregnant women. Our results suggest that decreased plasma BH4 levels in pregnancy is caused by impaired PTPS activity.