Evaluation of antifungal activity of cerium oxide nanoparticles and associated cellular responses.

Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2), as a metal oxide nanomaterial, are increasingly used for various industrial and biomedical applications. Although their cytotoxicity to bacteria and the associated mechanisms have attracted particular attention, the mechanisms behind their antifungal effects have remained unclear. This study investigated the antifungal properties of CeO2, focusing on Aspergillus oryzae. CeO2 inhibited fungal spore germination on solid substrates, and the effect was fungistatic rather than fungicidal. CeO2 inhibited fungal growth, especially under UV irradiation, and induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Tocopherol reduced the intracellular ROS levels and the growth-inhibitory effects of CeO2, suggesting that ROS are involved in these growth-inhibitory effects. Transcriptomic analysis revealed upregulated expression of genes related to phospholipases and phosphate metabolism. CeO2 affected phosphate ion concentration in the medium, potentially influencing cellular responses. This research provided valuable insights into the antifungal effects of CeO2 application, which differ from those of conventional photocatalysts like TiO2.

Accumulative scFv-Fc antibody gene integration into the hprt chromosomal locus of Chinese hamster ovary cells.

We have previously developed an accumulative site-specific gene integration system (AGIS) using Cre-recombinase and mutated loxP sites. AGIS enables repeated transgene integration into a predetermined chromosomal site in mammalian cells. However, the process of establishing cells with multiple integrated copies of the transgene is still time-consuming. In the present study, we describe an improved version of AGIS that facilitates and accelerates the establishment of high-producer Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Two donor vectors were simultaneously introduced into the cells in a single transfection. Cells with successfully targeted transgene integration were screened based on a change in the color of the reporter fluorescent protein that they express. Repeated rounds of integration allowed the transgene copy number to be increased. As a model, an scFv-Fc antibody gene was integrated into the hprt locus of the CHO cell genome. After three rounds of integration, a high-producer CHO cell clone with six copies of the scFv-Fc gene was successfully established. scFv-Fc productivity was approximately four-fold greater than a control cell line harboring a single copy of the transgene. This newly designed AGIS procedure should facilitate the development of producer cells suitable for biopharmaceutical protein production.

Homologous recombination via synthesis-dependent strand annealing in yeast requires the Irc20 and Srs2 DNA helicases.

Synthesis-dependent strand-annealing (SDSA)-mediated homologous recombination replaces the sequence around a DNA double-strand break (DSB) with a copy of a homologous DNA template, while maintaining the original configuration of the flanking regions. In somatic cells at the 4n stage, Holliday-junction-mediated homologous recombination and nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) cause crossovers (CO) between homologous chromosomes and deletions, respectively, resulting in loss of heterozygosity (LOH) upon cell division. However, the SDSA pathway prevents DSB-induced LOH. We developed a novel yeast DSB-repair assay with two discontinuous templates, set on different chromosomes, to determine the genetic requirements for somatic SDSA and precise end joining. At first we used our in vivo assay to verify that the Srs2 helicase promotes SDSA and prevents imprecise end joining. Genetic analyses indicated that a new DNA/RNA helicase gene, IRC20, is in the SDSA pathway involving SRS2. An irc20 knockout inhibited both SDSA and CO and suppressed the srs2 knockout-induced crossover enhancement, the mre11 knockout-induced inhibition of SDSA, CO, and NHEJ, and the mre11-induced hypersensitivities to DNA scissions. We propose that Irc20 and Mre11 functionally interact in the early steps of DSB repair and that Srs2 acts on the D-loops to lead to SDSA and to prevent crossoverv.

Mismatch-induced lethality due to a defect in Escherichia coli RecQ helicase in exonuclease-deficient background: Dependence on MutS and UvrD functions.

Escherichia coli DNA-unwinding protein RecQ has roles in the regulation of general recombination and the processing of stalled replication forks. In this study, we found that knockout of the recQ gene in combination with xonA xseA recJ mutations, which inhibit methyl-directed mismatch repair (MMR), caused about 100-fold increase in sensitivity to a purine analog 2-aminopurine (2AP). Intriguingly, inactivation of a MMR initiator due to the either mutation mutS or uvrD completely suppressed the 2AP sensitivity caused by recQ xonA xseA recJ mutations, suggesting that RecQ helicase might act on the DNA structures that are generated by the processing of DNA by the MutSLH complex and UvrD helicase. Moreover, the recQ gene knockout in combination with xonA xseA recJ mutations enhanced 2AP-induced filament formation, and increased by twofold the rate of spontaneous forward mutations in the thyA locus but did not increase the rate of rifampicin-resistant mutations. We discuss about the possible interplay between E. coli RecQ helicase and mismatch recognition factors.

Regulation of homologous integration in yeast by the DNA repair proteins Ku70 and RecQ.

The product of the BLM gene, which is mutated in Bloom syndrome in humans, and the Saccharomyces cerevisiae protein Sgs1 are both homologous to the Escherichia coli DNA helicase RecQ, and have been shown to be involved in the regulation of homologous recombination. Mutations in these genes result in genome instability because they increase the incidence of deletions and translocations. We present evidence for a genetic interaction between SGS1 and YKU70, which encodes the S. cerevisiae homologue of the human DNA helicase Ku70. In a yku70 mutant background, sgs1 mutations increased sensitivity to DNA breakage induced either by treatment with camptothecin or by the expression of the restriction enzyme EcoRI. The yku70 mutation caused a fourfold increase in the rate of double-strand break (DSB)-induced target integration as that seen in the sgs1 mutant. The combination of yku70 and sgs1 mutations additively increased the rate of the targeted integration, and this effect was completely suppressed by deletion of RAD51. Interestingly, an extra copy of YKU70 partially suppressed the increase in targeted integration seen in the sgs1 single mutant. These results suggest that Yku70 modulates the repair of DSBs associated with homologous recombination in a different way from Sgs1, and that the inactivation of RecQ and Ku70 homologues may enhance the frequency of gene targeting in higher eukaryotes.