RESUMO
Objective: To examine the influence of varying articulations of the right to health under domestic constitutions, legislation and jurisprudence on the scope of legal protection for health. Methods: We investigated legal recognition of the right to health, by conducting a three-level search. First, we searched databases containing constitutional texts. Second, we did a thematic analysis of those constitutional texts with explicit constitutional recognition of health rights, employing NVivo for coding. For the 54 World Health Organization (WHO) Member States without explicit constitutional provisions, we explored statutory paths, judicial constructions and instances where both methods contributed to the acknowledgement of health rights. Lastly, we confirmed evidence of jurisprudence constructing a right to health based on a combination of domestic law and international human rights norms incorporated directly into the text. Findings: We identified 140 WHO Member States with a constitutionalized right to health. Our analysis suggests there are notable variations in the legal scope of protection for health, including breadth of entitlements and the possibility of enforcing these rights through the legal system. We also highlight the critical importance of constitutional acknowledgement, legislative measures, and judicial interpretations in shaping the legal entitlements to health-care services, affecting their accessibility and financial support. Conclusion: The analysis offers insights for policy-makers to assess different approaches to health-related entitlements, with implications for health financing and the evaluation of Member States' strides towards universal access to comprehensive care. This analysis also illuminates how distinct formulations of the right to health have varied effects on reducing health disparities.
Assuntos
Direito à Saúde , Organização Mundial da Saúde , Humanos , Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde/legislação & jurisprudência , Saúde Global , Direitos Humanos/legislação & jurisprudência , Política de SaúdeRESUMO
After considerable progress in recent decades, maternal mortality and morbidity (MMM) either stagnated or worsened in most regions of the globe between 2016 and 2020. The world should be outraged given that we have known the key interventions necessary for preventing MMM for over three-quarters of a century. Since the 1990s, human rights advocacy on MMM has gained crucial ground, demonstrating that entitlements related to maternal health are judicially enforceable and delineating rights-based approaches to health in the context of MMM. Nonetheless, evident retrogressions, coupled with ballooning social inequalities, redoubled austerity post-pandemic, and a conservative populist backlash against reproductive rights, underscore the steep challenges we face. This paper offers five lessons gleaned from what we have achieved during the past 30 years of human rights advocacy on maternal health, and where we have fallen short: (1) maternal health is not a technical challenge alone and is inseparable from reproductive justice; (2) reproductive justice requires strengthening health system infrastructures; (3) we must center the political economy of global health in our advocacy, not just national policies; (4) litigation is part of a larger advocacy toolkit, not a go-it-alone strategy; and (5) we must use metrics that tell us why women are dying and what to do.
Assuntos
Saúde Materna , Direito à Saúde , Feminino , Humanos , Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde , Direitos Sexuais e Reprodutivos , Internacionalidade , Direitos da MulherRESUMO
In December of 2020, the Argentine Congress legalized abortion through 14 weeks, vastly increasing access to abortion care in the country. The law's passage followed years of advocacy for abortion rights in Argentina - including mass public and civil society mobilization, vocal support from an established pool of abortion providers who offered abortion services under specific legal exceptions prior to the new law, and the growth of community groups such as the Socorristas en Red who provide support for people to self-manage abortions. Aided by ample political will, the number of health facilities offering services increased substantially after the law was passed, and the public visibility around the law has helped assure people seeking abortion that it is their right. Proyecto mirar is an initiative focused on both gathering and using qualitative and quantitative data to inform stakeholders about the progress and obstacles of the law's implementation. In this review, we present an overall summary of the first two years of implementation of the abortion law in Argentina based on proyecto mirar data and contextualized through the historical processes that have contributed to the law's passage and application. While we see increases in abortion services and improved public perception around abortion rights, inequities in access and quality of care persist throughout the country. Specifically, providers in some regions are well trained, while others create obstacles to access, and in some regions health services provide high quality abortion care whereas others provide substandard care. To be sure, the implementation of public policies does not happen overnight; it requires government support and backing to tackle obstacles and solve implementation problems. Our findings suggest that when new abortion laws are passed, they must be supported by civil society and government leaders to ensure that associated policies are well crafted and monitored to ensure successful implementation.
Assuntos
COVID-19/epidemiologia , Saúde Global/tendências , Internacionalidade , Pandemias/prevenção & controle , Fatores Socioeconômicos , COVID-19/economia , COVID-19/transmissão , COVID-19/virologia , Saúde Global/economia , Recursos em Saúde/economia , Recursos em Saúde/tendências , Humanos , Invenções/economia , Invenções/tendências , Pandemias/economia , SARS-CoV-2/patogenicidadeAssuntos
Serviços de Saúde do Adolescente/organização & administração , Serviços de Saúde da Criança/organização & administração , Infecções por Coronavirus/epidemiologia , Pneumonia Viral/epidemiologia , Serviços de Saúde da Mulher/organização & administração , Adolescente , Serviços de Saúde do Adolescente/normas , Betacoronavirus/isolamento & purificação , COVID-19 , Criança , Serviços de Saúde da Criança/normas , Pré-Escolar , Infecções por Coronavirus/economia , Infecções por Coronavirus/prevenção & controle , Infecções por Coronavirus/virologia , Feminino , Saúde Global/normas , Recursos em Saúde/provisão & distribuição , Disparidades em Assistência à Saúde/tendências , Direitos Humanos/ética , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Pandemias/economia , Pandemias/prevenção & controle , Pneumonia Viral/economia , Pneumonia Viral/prevenção & controle , Pneumonia Viral/virologia , Gravidez , SARS-CoV-2 , Responsabilidade Social , Serviços de Saúde da Mulher/normas , Organização Mundial da SaúdeAssuntos
Previsões , Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde , Liderança , Direito à Saúde , Justiça Social , Direitos Humanos , Humanos , Internacionalidade , PolíticaAssuntos
Infecções por Coronavirus/epidemiologia , Regulamento Sanitário Internacional/normas , Pneumonia Viral/epidemiologia , Betacoronavirus , COVID-19 , Infecções por Coronavirus/economia , Saúde Global , Humanos , Pandemias/economia , Pneumonia Viral/economia , Saúde Pública , SARS-CoV-2 , Organização Mundial da SaúdeAssuntos
Infecções por Coronavirus/prevenção & controle , Regulamento Sanitário Internacional , Direito Internacional , Pandemias/prevenção & controle , Pneumonia Viral/prevenção & controle , Viagem/legislação & jurisprudência , COVID-19 , Infecções por Coronavirus/epidemiologia , Saúde Global/legislação & jurisprudência , Humanos , Pneumonia Viral/epidemiologia , Organização Mundial da SaúdeAssuntos
Serviços de Saúde do Adolescente/organização & administração , Saúde Global , Serviços de Saúde Materno-Infantil/organização & administração , Cobertura Universal do Seguro de Saúde/organização & administração , Adolescente , Criança , Comportamento Cooperativo , Feminino , Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde/organização & administração , Humanos , Relações Interinstitucionais , Parcerias Público-Privadas/organização & administração , Qualidade da Assistência à Saúde/organização & administração , Nações UnidasRESUMO
Overcoming continuing polarization regarding judicial enforcement of health rights in Latin America requires clarifying divergent normative and political premises, addressing the lack of reliable empirical data, and establishing the conditions for fruitful inter-sectoral, inter-disciplinary dialogue.
Assuntos
Reforma dos Serviços de Saúde/legislação & jurisprudência , Equidade em Saúde/legislação & jurisprudência , Prioridades em Saúde/legislação & jurisprudência , Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde/legislação & jurisprudência , Humanos , América Latina , Programas Nacionais de Saúde/legislação & jurisprudência , Fatores SocioeconômicosAssuntos
Saúde Global/legislação & jurisprudência , Política de Saúde , Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde/legislação & jurisprudência , Desenvolvimento Sustentável/legislação & jurisprudência , Feminino , Saúde Global/economia , Saúde Global/história , Equidade em Saúde/normas , Equidade em Saúde/tendências , Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde/economia , Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde/organização & administração , História do Século XXI , Humanos , Serviços Jurídicos/métodos , Expectativa de Vida/tendências , Masculino , Controle Social Formal/métodos , Pessoas Transgênero/legislação & jurisprudênciaAssuntos
Responsabilidade Social , Desenvolvimento Sustentável/legislação & jurisprudência , Cobertura Universal do Seguro de Saúde/ética , Adolescente , Criança , Feminino , Saúde Global , Objetivos , Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde/normas , Humanos , Masculino , Nações Unidas/organização & administração , Cobertura Universal do Seguro de Saúde/normasRESUMO
Applying a robust human rights framework would change thinking and decision-making in efforts to achieve Universal Health Coverage (UHC), and advance efforts to promote women's, children's, and adolescents' health in East Africa, which is a priority under the Sustainable Development Agenda. Nevertheless, there is a gap between global rhetoric of human rights and ongoing health reform efforts. This debate article seeks to fill part of that gap by setting out principles of human rights-based approaches (HRBAs), and then applying those principles to questions that countries undertaking efforts toward UHC and promoting women's, children's and adolescents' health, will need to face, focusing in particular on ensuring enabling legal and policy frameworks, establishing fair financing; priority-setting processes, and meaningful oversight and accountability mechanisms. In a region where democratic institutions are notoriously weak, we argue that the explicit application of a meaningful human rights framework could enhance equity, participation and accountability, and in turn the democratic legitimacy of health reform initiatives being undertaken in the region.