No association between hepatitis C virus infection and risk of colorectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies.

Background and aim: There is still uncertainty regarding whether hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is associated with colorectal cancer (CRC). This study aims to investigate the potential association between HCV infection and CRC through a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Methods: PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science were systematically searched from the beginning of their inception to October 2023 to find relevant cohort studies on the association between HCV infection and CRC risk. The random-effect, generic inverse variance method was used to calculate the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for CRC outcome among individuals with HCV infection. We also performed subgroup and sensitivity analysis. Results: A total of 8 cohort studies involving 1,939,164 participants were included in this meta-analysis. The result from the meta-analysis suggested that there was no statistically significant association between HCV and the risk of developing CRC (HR = 0.99, 95% CI: 0.82-1.88, p = 0.88) with low statistical heterogeneity (I2 = 28%, p = 0.20). Subgroup analyses that were conducted based on study design, diagnosis of HCV infection, and publication year yielded similar results. Analyses of subgroups based on study areas revealed that there was no significant association between HCV infection and CRC risk in Asia (n = 2, HR = 0.96, 95% CI: 0.71-1.29, p = 0.79; I2 = 26%), Europe (n = 3, HR = 1.06, 95% CI: 0.83-1.37, p = 0.63; I2 = 0%), and North America (n = 2, HR = 1.10, 95% CI: 0.87-1.38, p = 0.44; I2 = 0%); however, a negative correlation was found in Oceania (n = 1, HR = 0.43, 95% CI: 0.22-0.84, p = 0.01). Sensitivity analysis further reinforce the stability of our conclusion. Conclusion: Our cohort-based meta-analysis showed insufficient evidence to support the association between HCV infection and an increased risk of CRC. To gain a clearer insight into the potential association between these two conditions, it would be beneficial to conduct large, well-designed, high-quality prospective cohort studies that consider different ethnic populations and potential confounding factors.Systematic review registration: PROSPERO, identifier [CRD42023472688], https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42023472688.

Quantitative Diagnosis of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease with Ultrasound Attenuation Imaging in a Biopsy-Proven Cohort.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the performance of attenuation imaging (ATI) based on ultrasound for detection of hepatic steatosis in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This prospective study was approved by our institutional review board (B2021-092R). Written informed consent was obtained from all patients. This study included 60 patients who had clinical suspicion of NAFLD and were referred for liver biopsy after ATI and controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) examinations between September 2020 and December 2021. The histologic hepatic steatosis was graded. The area under curve (AUC) analysis was performed. RESULTS: The success rate of the ATI examination was 100%. The intraobserver reproducibility of ATI was 0.981. The AUCs of ATI for detecting ≥S1, ≥S2, and S3 were 0.968 (cut-off value of 0.671 dB/cm/MHz), 0.911 (cut-off value of 0.726 dB/cm/MHz), and 0.766 (cut-off value of 0.757 dB/cm/MHz), respectively. The AUCs of CAP for detecting ≥S1, ≥S2, and S3 were 0.916 (cut-off value of 258.5 dB/m), 0.872 (cut-off value of 300.0 dB/m), and 0.807 (cut-off value of 315.0 dB/m), respectively. The diagnostic values showed no significant difference between ATI and CAP in detecting ≥S1, ≥S2, and S3 (P = .281, P = .254, and P = .330, respectively). The ATI had significant correlations with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P < .001), and with triglycerides (P = .015). CONCLUSION: ATI showed good feasibility and diagnostic performance in the detection of varying degrees of hepatic steatosis in NAFLD patients.

Targeted Next-Generation Sequencing Reveals a Large Novel ß-Thalassemia Deletion that Removes the Entire HBB Gene.

ß-Thalassemia (ß-thal) is one of the most common monogenic recessive inherited diseases worldwide. The mutation spectrum of ß-thal has been increasingly broadened by various genetic testing methods. The discovery and identification of novel and rare pathogenic thalassemia variants enable better disease prevention, especially in high prevalence regions. In this study, a Chinese thalassemia family with an unclear etiology was recruited to the Thalassemia Screening Program. Blood samples collected from them were primarily screened by hematology analysis and clinical routine genetic screening. Subsequently, targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) and Sanger sequencing were performed to find and identify a novel deletion variant. The deletion, discovered by targeted NGS, was validated through real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). First, a large novel ß-thal deletion (3488 bp) related to a high Hb F level, NC_000011.9: g.5245533_5249020del (Chongqing deletion) (GRCh37/hg19), was found and identified in the proband and her mother. The deletion removed the entire ß-globin gene and led to absent ß-globin (ß0). We then validated this large novel deletion in the proband and her mother by qPCR. We first discovered and identified a large novel ß-thal deletion related to elevated Hb F level, it helps broaden the spectrum of pathogenic mutants that may cause ß-thal intermedia (ß-TI) or ß-thal major (ß-TM), paving the way for effective thalassemia screening. Next-generation sequencing has the potential of finding rare and novel thalassemia mutants.

Diagnosis and genetic analysis of a case with Bardet-Biedl syndrome caused by compound heterozygous mutations in the BBS12 gene.

Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) is a rare autosomal recessive ciliopathy, which is caused by mutations mainly in genes encoding BBSome complex and IFT complex. Here, we reported a 21-year-old female with BBS characterized by three primary features including obesity, retinitis pigmentosa sine pigmento and bilateral renal cysts. She also had some secondary features such as diabetes mellitus, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, subclinical hypothyroidism and mild conductive hearing damage. Whole exome sequencing revealed two compound heterozygous mutations in exon 2 of the BBS12 gene (c.188delC, p.T63fs and c.1993_1995del, p.665_665del) in this patient. Sanger sequencing showed that her father and mother carried c.188delC (p.T63fs) and c.1993_1995del (p.665_665del) variants, respectively, while her parents were free of BBS-related symptoms. In conclusion, this case reported two novel mutations (c.188delC, p.T63fs and c.1993_1995del, p.665_665del) of the BBS12 gene in a girl presented with BBS, which provides novel genetic resources for studies of the disease. Meanwhile, the BBS case shows the entire development progress from her birth to adulthood, which helps facilitate clinicians' understanding of BBS.

Morpheme Transposition of Two-Character Chinese Words in Vertical Visual Fields.

The present study explored the morpheme transposition process of two-character Chinese words in the upper and lower visual fields by adopting a dual-target rapid serial visual presentation paradigm. The results showed that the identification accuracy of canonical words was better in the lower visual field, whereas the accuracy of transposed words was almost identical in the upper and lower visual fields. Furthermore, there was no significant difference between canonical and transposed words at 0°, 2°, 4°, and 6° eccentricities in the upper visual field. However, the accuracy of canonical words was markedly higher than that of transposed words at 2°, 4°, and 6° eccentricities in the lower visual field. Finally, the character order errors mainly occurred at 0°eccentricity with a duration of 100 ms in vertical visual fields. These findings, taken together, indicated that the character transposition affected the lexical process of two-character Chinese words in the lower visual field but not in the upper visual field, and the character order of words was more likely to be reversed at 0° eccentricity and the initial stage of visual word processing in vertical reading.

Histone methyltransferase SETDB1 promotes colorectal cancer proliferation through the STAT1-CCND1/CDK6 axis.

Upregulation of histone methyltransferase SET domain bifurcated 1 (SETDB1) is associated with poor prognosis in cancer patients. However, the mechanism of oncogenicity of SETDB1 in cancer is hitherto unknown. Here, we show that SETDB1 is upregulated in human colorectal cancer (CRC) where its level correlates with poor clinical outcome. Ectopic SETDB1 promotes CRC cell proliferation, whereas SETDB1 attenuation inhibits this process. Flow cytometry reveals that SETDB1 promotes proliferation by driving the CRC cell cycle from G0/G1 phase to S phase. Mechanistically, SETDB1 binds directly to the STAT1 promoter region resulting in increased STAT1 expression. Functional characterization reveals that STAT1-CCND1/CDK6 axis is a downstream effector of SETDB1-mediated CRC cell proliferation. Furthermore, SETDB1 upregulation is sufficient to accelerate in vivo proliferation in xenograft animal model. Taken together, our results provide insight into the upregulation of SETDB1 within CRC and can lead to novel treatment strategies targeting this cell proliferation-promoting gene.

Preoperative Thyroid Autoimmune Status and Changes in Thyroid Function and Body Weight After Bariatric Surgery.

BACKGROUND: Bariatric surgery has emerged as the most effective therapy for morbid obesity. There is increasing evidence that bariatric surgery could alleviate systemic inflammation and influence thyroid function. The current study aimed to investigate the associations of preoperative thyroid autoimmune status with the changes in body weight and thyroid function after bariatric surgery. METHODS: We recruited 101 patients with morbid obesity (44 men and 57 women) who received bariatric surgery at Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University. Those who had used thyroid hormone replacement or antithyroid drugs were excluded. General linear models were used to compare the changes in body weight and thyroid function in participants with different thyroid autoimmune statuses. RESULTS: After bariatric surgery, serum-free triiodothyronine (FT3) (4.94 ± 0.73 vs 4.33 ± 0.59 pmol/L, P < 0.001) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) (3.13 ± 1.59 vs 2.26 ± 1.26 µIU/mL, P < 0.001) were significantly reduced, accompanied by reductions in BMI (42.1 ± 7.6 vs 31.4 ± 6.5 kg/m2, P < 0.001), and estimated basal metabolic rate (2002 ± 398 vs 1700 ± 336 kcal/day, P = 0.001) and an improvement in lipid profiles. Serum thyroperoxidase antibody (TPOAb) and thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb) levels also decreased significantly from 79.3 and 177.1 IU/mL to 57.8 and 66.0 IU/mL in participants with positive thyroid antibodies (P < 0.05). Further analysis showed that the positive preoperative thyroid autoimmune status was associated with less reduction in serum TSH (0.05 ± 1.59 vs - 1.00 ± 1.43 µIU/mL, P = 0.021) and BMI (- 8.3 ± 3.6 vs - 11.0 ± 4.5 kg, P = 0.049) after bariatric surgery. CONCLUSION: Our study highlights a group of patients with morbid obesity, who have positive preoperative thyroid autoimmunity and less reduction in serum TSH levels and body weight after bariatric surgery.

Serum folic acid levels are associated with the presence and severity of liver steatosis in Chinese adults.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common and strong risk factor for cardiovascular disease and hepatocellular carcinoma. The rapid acceleration of the increase in NAFLD prevalence has exceeded the trends observed for obesity, and has been driven by multiple factors. The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between the serum levels of folic acid, the endogenous source of methyl groups for DNA methylation, and NAFLD in Chinese adults. METHODS: The correlations between the serum folic acid levels and NAFLD were investigated in two independent cohorts of 70 subjects who underwent a liver biopsy and 130 subjects with varying liver fat contents, as measured using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS). Independent correlations between serum folic acid levels and liver steatosis grades were detected using a multivariate ordinal regression analysis. The diagnostic performances of serum folic acid levels alone and in combination with existing NAFLD prediction scores were compared with those of traditional NAFLD prediction parameters using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses. RESULTS: Serum folic acid concentrations were inversely correlated with liver histological steatosis grades (ρ = -0.371, P < 0.001) and the 1H-MRS-measured liver fat content (r = -0.199, P = 0.038). According to the multivariate ordinal regression analysis, serum folic acid levels were inversely correlated with liver steatosis grades (OR 0.739 [0.594-0.918], P = 0.006) independent of age, gender, BMI, components of metabolic syndrome and the serum TC, LDL-c and HOMA-IR levels. The AUROC of serum folic acid for the diagnosis of NAFLD was 0.75 (0.65-0.83), and the addition of serum folic acid to NAFLD prediction scores significantly improved the diagnostic prediction of NAFLD (AUROC = 0.88 [0.81-0.94]). CONCLUSION: Low serum folic acid levels were identified as an independent risk factor for NAFLD in the Chinese population. The addition of the serum folic acid levels to the current existing NAFLD prediction scores significantly improved the prediction of NAFLD.

Character Decomposition and Transposition Processes of Chinese Compound Words in Rapid Serial Visual Presentation.

Character order information is encoded at the initial stage of Chinese word processing, however, its time course remains underspecified. In this study, we assess the exact time course of the character decomposition and transposition processes of two-character Chinese compound words (canonical, transposed, or reversible words) compared with pseudowords using dual-target rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) of stimuli appearing at 30 ms per character with no inter-stimulus interval. The results indicate that Chinese readers can identify words with character transpositions in rapid succession; however, a transposition cost is involved in identifying transposed words compared to canonical words. In RSVP reading, character order of words is more likely to be reversed during the period from 30 to 180 ms for canonical and reversible words, but the period from 30 to 240 ms for transposed words. Taken together, the findings demonstrate that the holistic representation of the base word is activated, however, the order of the two constituent characters is not strictly processed during the very early stage of visual word processing.

Character Decomposition and Transposition of Chinese Compound Words in the Right and Left Visual Fields.

This study investigated the character decomposition and transposition processes of Chinese two-character compound words (canonical and transposed words) and pseudowords in the right and left visual fields using a dual-target rapid serial visual presentation paradigm. The results confirmed a right visual field superiority for canonical words, but this advantage vanished for transposed words. The findings further indicated that the same quality of lexical processing could be obtained from the foveal and parafoveal regions of the right and left visual fields, regardless of the character order, but not in the periphery of the right visual field. Moreover, the proportion of order reversals peaked at the central position and the shortest exposure time, but it declined with increasing eccentricity and time interval. We concluded that the character transposition of Chinese compound words was significantly sensitive in the periphery of the right visual field. Furthermore, the character order errors were mainly encoded in the foveal vision with a duration of 100 ms, which suggested that the order of the foveally presented Chinese characters was more likely to be reversed at the early stage of visual word processing.

Ginseng consumption and risk of cancer: A meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: The findings of currently available studies are not consistent with regard to the association between the risk of cancer and ginseng consumption. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate this association by conducting a meta-analysis of different studies. METHODS: To systematically evaluate the effect of ginseng consumption on cancer incidence, six databases were searched, including PubMed, Ovid Technologies, Embase, The Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Chinese VIP Information, from 1990 to 2014. Statistical analyses based on the protocol employed for a systematic review were conducted to calculate the summary relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: We identified nine studies, including five cohort studies, three case-control studies, and one randomized controlled trial, evaluating the association between ginseng consumption and cancer risk; these studies involved 7,436 cases and 334,544 participants. The data from the meta-analysis indicated a significant 16% lower risk of developing cancer in patients who consumed ginseng (RR = 0.84, 95% CI = 0.76-0.92), with evidence of heterogeneity (p = 0.0007, I (2) = 70%). Stratified analyses suggested that the significant heterogeneity may result from the incidence data for gastric cancer that were included in this study. Publication bias also showed the same result as the stratified analyses. In addition, subgroup analyses for four specific types of cancer (colorectal cancer, lung cancer, gastric cancer, and liver cancer) were also performed. The summary RRs for ginseng intake versus no ginseng consumption were 0.77 for lung cancer, 0.83 for gastric cancer, 0.81 for liver cancer, and 0.77 for colorectal cancer. CONCLUSION: The findings of this meta-analysis indicated that ginseng consumption is associated with a significantly decreased risk of cancer and that the effect is not organ specific.

Influence of Ethnicity on the Accuracy of Non-Invasive Scores Predicting Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease.

OBJECTIVES: Presence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) can predict risks for diabetes, cardiovascular disease and advanced liver disease in the general population. We aimed to establish a non-invasive score for prediction of NAFLD in Han Chinese, the largest ethnic group in the world, and detect whether ethnicity influences the accuracy of such a score. METHODS: Liver fat content (LFAT) was measured by quantitative ultrasound in 3548 subjects in the Shanghai Changfeng Community and a Chinese score was created using multivariate logistic regression analyses. This new score was internally validated in Chinese and externally in Finns. Its diagnostic performance was compared to the NAFLD liver fat score, fatty liver index (FLI) and hepatic steatosis index (HSI) developed in Finns, Italians and Koreans. We also analyzed how obesity related to LFAT measured by 1H-MRS in 79 Finns and 118 Chinese with type 2 diabetes (T2D). RESULTS: The metabolic syndrome and T2D, fasting serum insulin, body mass index (BMI) and AST/ALT ratio were independent predictors of NAFLD in Chinese. The AUROC in the Chinese validation cohort was 0.76 (0.73-0.78) and in Finns 0.73 (0.68-0.78) (p<0.0001). 43%, 27%, 32% and 42% of Chinese had NAFLD when determined by the Chinese score, NAFLD liver fat score (p<0.001 vs. Chinese score), FLI (p<0.001) and HSI (NS). For any given BMI and waist circumference, the Chinese had a markedly higher LFAT than the Finns. CONCLUSION: The predictors of NAFLD in Han Chinese are as in Europids but the Chinese have more LFAT for any given degree of obesity than Europids. Ethnicity needs to be considered when NAFLD is predicted using risk scores.

Spontaneous intratumoural and intraventricular haemorrhage associated with a pilomyxoid astrocytoma in the hypothalamic/chiasmatic region.

Pilomyxoid astrocytoma (PMA) is a rare, low-grade glioma that is recognised as a variant of pilocytic astrocytoma. There have been few reports on this pathologic entity presenting with spontaneous haemorrhage. In this study, we report a rare case of PMA in the hypothalamic/chiasmatic region presenting with intratumoural and intraventricular haemorrhage. An external ventricular drain was urgently inserted. A ventriculo-peritoneal shunt (VP) was undergone 4weeks thereafter. The patient received fractionated Gamma Knife radiosurgery in another hospital 3weeks after the VP shunt. Three months later, subtotal resection of the tumour was performed in our hospital via a pterional approach. The pathological diagnosis was PMA. Postoperatively, no adjuvant therapy was given, and the neurologic deficits were improved. However, the presentation of endocrine deficits remained. Notably, PMAs in the hypothalamic/chiasmatic region presenting with massive intratumoural and intraventricular haemorrhage may result in a severe condition and long-term impairment of endocrine function. Long-term follow-up is required to monitor the recurrence of the tumour and endocrinopathy.

Preparation and evaluation of icariside II-loaded binary mixed micelles using Solutol HS15 and Pluronic F127 as carriers.

An effective anti-cancer drug, icariside II (IS), has been used to treat a variety of cancers in vitro. However, its poor aqueous solubility and permeability lead to low oral bioavailability. The aim of this work was to use Solutol®HS15 and Pluronic F127 as surfactants to develop novel mixed micelles to enhance the oral bioavailability of IS by improving permeability and inhibiting efflux. The IS-loaded mixed micelles were prepared using the method of ethanol thin-film hydration. The physicochemical properties, dissolution property, oral bioavailability of the male SD rats, permeability and efflux of Caco-2 transport models, and gastrointestinal safety of the mixed micelles were evaluated. The optimized IS-loaded mixed micelles showed that at 4:1 ratio of Solutol®HS15 and Pluronic F127, the particle size was 12.88 nm with an acceptable polydispersity index of 0.172. Entrapment efficiency (94.6%) and drug loading (9.7%) contributed to the high solubility (11.7 mg/mL in water) of IS, which increased about 900-fold. The SF-IS mixed micelle release profile showed a better sustained release property than that of IS. In Caco-2 cell monolayer models, the efflux ratio dramatically decreased by 83.5%, and the relative bioavailability of the mixed micelles (AUC0-∞) compared with that of IS (AUC0-∞) was 317%, indicating potential for clinical application. In addition, a gastrointestinal safety assay also provided reliable clinical evidence for the safe use of this micelle.

The association of liver fat content and serum alanine aminotransferase with bone mineral density in middle-aged and elderly Chinese men and postmenopausal women.

BACKGROUND: Recent studies have linked non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) to a reduced bone mineral density (BMD). We aimed to detect the quantitative association of liver fat content (LFC) and serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) with BMD in a middle-aged and elderly Chinese population. METHODS: The lumbar spine, hip and whole body BMDs were measured using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (Lunar iDXA, GE Healthcare) in 1659 Chinese (755 men and 1028 postmenopausal women) from Shanghai Changfeng community. Liver fat content was quantified via an ultrasound quantitative method. Multivariate linear regression analyses were carried out to determine the independent association of LFC and serum ALT with BMD and bone metabolic biomarkers. We also attempted to investigate the synergistic association between LFC and ALT as risk factors for bone mineral loss in Chinese. RESULTS: Subjects with higher LFC had significantly lower BMD at all skeletal sites. Univariate correlation analysis showed that both LFC and ALT were inversely associated with BMD at the spine (r = -0.116, P < 0.001 and r = -0.102, P = 0.005), hip (r = -0.095, P = 0.014 and r = -0.075, P = 0.041) and whole body sites (r = -0.134, P < 0.001 and r = -0.164, P < 0.001) in men. After confounders were controlled for, LFC and ALT remained associated with BMD and bone formation biomarkers in men, but not postmenopausal women. When both NAFLD and elevation of ALT were present, there was a significant synergistic worsening of the BMDs at all bone sites. CONCLUSIONS: Liver fat content and serum ALT were inversely correlated with BMD in middle-aged and elderly men. The underlying mechanism might relate to a reduction in osteoblast activity. Elevation of the hepatotoxic biomarker ALT may indicate high risk for osteoporosis in patients with NAFLD.

Optimization and anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo of baohuoside I incorporated into mixed micelles based on lecithin and Solutol HS 15.

Baohuoside I, extracted from the Herba epimedii, is an effective but a poorly soluble antitumor drug. To improve its solubility, formulation of baohuoside I-loaded mixed micelles with lecithin and Solutol HS 15 (BLSM) has been performed in this study. We performed a systematic comparative evaluation of the antiproliferative effect, cellular uptake, antitumor efficacy, and in vivo tumor targeting of these micelles using non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) A549 cells. Results showed that the obtained micelles have a mean particle size of around 62.54 nm, and the size of micelles was narrowly distributed. With the improved cellular uptake, BLSM displayed a more potent antiproliferative action on A549 cell lines than baohuoside I; half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) was 6.31 versus 18.28 µg/mL, respectively. The antitumor efficacy test in nude mice showed that BLSM exhibited significantly higher antitumor activity against NSCLC with lesser toxic effects on normal tissues. The imaging study for in vivo targeting demonstrated that the mixed micelles formulation achieved effective and targeted drug delivery. Therefore, BLSM might be a potential antitumor formulation.

[Study on totai flavonoids of Epimedium assisted with soybean polysaccharide spray-drying powder].

In order to evaluate the characteristics of the spray drying of total flavonoids of Epimedium extracts assisted with soybean polysaccharide, a certain percentage of soybean polysaccharide or polyvidone were added to the total flavonoids of Epimedium extract to conduct the spray drying. The effect of soybean polysaccharides against the wall sticking effect of the spray drying was detected, as well as the powder property of total flavonoids of Epimedium spray drying powder and the dissolution in vitro behavior of the effective component. Compared with the total flavonoids of Epimedium spray drying powder, soybean polysaccharide revealed a significant anti-wall sticking effect. The spray drying power which had no notable change in the grain size made a increase in the fluidity, improvement in the moisture absorption and remarkable rise in the dissolution in vitro behavior. It was worth further studying the application of soybean polysaccharide in spray drying power of traditional Chinese medicine.

[Study on porous starch as solid dispersion carrier of total Epimedium flavonoids].

In order to evaluate the characteristic of porous starch (PS) as the solid dispersions carrier of the total Epimedium flavonoids (TEF), the PS was used. The dissolution of icariin was selected as an indicator to analyze the differences of dissolution between TEF and its solid dispersion. TEF was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD). Solid dispersion was irregular block and no powder characteristics of TEF and PS could be seen in SEM, DSC and XRD analysis suggested that TEF may be present in solid dispersion as amorphous substance. The dissolution rate of icariin has been improved significantly when the proportion of TEF and PS was 1:2. PS as a traditional solid dispersion carrier is worthy of further study.

[Study on solid dispersion of precipitated calcium carbonate-based oleanolic acid].

Oleanolic acid-precipitated calcium carbonate solid dispersion was prepared by using solvent evaporation method. The microscopic structure and physicochemical properties of solid dispersion were analyzed using differential scanning calorimetry and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). And its in vitro release also was investigated. The properties of the precipitated calcium carbonate was studied which was as a carrier of oleanolic acid solid dispersion. Differential scanning calorimetry analysis suggested that oleanolic acid may be present in solid dispersion as amorphous substance. The in vitro release determination results of oleanolic acid-precipitated calcium carbonate (1: 5) solid dispersion showed accumulated dissolution rate of.oleanolic acid was up to 90% at 45 min. Accelerating experiment showed that content and in vitro dissolution of oleanolic acid solid dispersion did not change after storing over 6 months. The results indicated that in vitro dissolution of oleanolic acid was improved greatly by the solid dispersion with precipitated calcium carbonate as a carrier. The solid dispersion is a stabilizing system which has actual applied value.

[Study on sustained release preparations of Epimedium component].

The formulation for sustained release tablet of Epinedium component was selected and the evaluation equation of in vitro release was established. The liquidity of component was improved with the help of colloidal silica aided by spray drying, which would be the main drug in the sustained release tablets. Dissolution was selected as an evaluation index to investigate skeletal material type, fillers, impact porogen, lubricants and other materials on the quality of sustained release tablet. The sustained release tablets were prepared by dry compression. Formulation of sustained release preparations was main drug 35%, HPMC K(4M) 20% and HPMC K(15M) 10% as skeleton material, MCC 31% as filler, PEG6000 2% as porogen and magnesium stearate 2% as lubricant. The sustained release tablets released up to 80% in 8 h. The zero order equation, primary equation and Higuchi equation could simulate the release characteristics of sustained release tablets in vitro, the correlation coefficients r were larger than 0.96. The primary equation was most similar in vitro release characteristics and its correlation coefficient r was 0.9950. The preparation method is simple and the results of formulation selection are reliable. It can be used to guide the production of Epimedium component sustained release preparations.