RESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Self-efficacy plays an important role in mediating stressors and physical and psychological outcomes in dementia caregiving. OBJECTIVES: This literature review aims to identify, summarize, and critically appraise current evidence on the psychosocial interventions used for enhancing the self-efficacy of caregivers of patients with dementia (PWD). METHODS: A database search from two major web gateways was conducted to identify relevant research articles with an intervention for caregivers of patients with any type of dementia that included self-efficacy as an outcome measure. RESULTS: A total of 14 studies met the criteria. The key findings and characteristics of the interventions were summarized and analyzed. The results showed that caregivers' self-efficacy and other aspects could be improved by psychosocial interventions. CONCLUSION: The efficacy of the interventions for self-efficacy and other outcomes for caregivers and PWD were explored. Recommendations on the effects and significance of various psychosocial interventions for caregivers of PWD in enhancing self-efficacy were discussed.
Assuntos
Cuidadores/psicologia , Demência/enfermagem , Psicoterapia , Autoeficácia , Apoio Social , Cuidadores/educação , HumanosRESUMO
Retinoic acid (RA) induces growth arrest, cell death, and differentiation in many human cancer cells in vitro and has entered routine clinical use for the treatment of several human cancer types. One mechanism by which cancer cells evade retinoid-induced effects is through repression of retinoic acid receptor beta (RARbeta) gene transcription. The RA response element beta (betaRARE) is the essential DNA sequence required for retinoid-induced RARbeta transcription. Here we show that the estrogen-responsive B box protein (EBBP), a member of the RING-B box-coiled-coil protein family, is a betaRARE-binding protein. EBBP undergoes serine threonine phosphorylation and enhanced protein stability after RA treatment. Following RA treatment, we also observed increased nuclear EBBP levels in aggregates with the promyelocytic leukemia protein at promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies. EBBP enhanced RA-responsive RARbeta transcription in RA-sensitive and -resistant cancer cells, which were resistant to both a histone deacetylase inhibitor and a demethylating agent. EBBP-specific small interfering RNA reduced basal and RA-induced RARbeta expression. EBBP increased betaRARE-transactivating function through its coiled-coil domain. Taken together, our work suggests that EBBP may have a pivotal role in the retinoid anti-cancer signal.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/química , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais/fisiologia , Fatores de Transcrição/química , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo , Tretinoína/metabolismo , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Neoplasias da Mama , Divisão Celular/fisiologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/genética , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica/fisiologia , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Proteínas de Neoplasias/metabolismo , Neuroblastoma , Proteínas Nucleares/metabolismo , Proteína da Leucemia Promielocítica , Estrutura Terciária de Proteína , RNA Interferente Pequeno , Receptores do Ácido Retinoico/metabolismo , Fatores de Transcrição/genética , Transcrição Gênica , Tretinoína/farmacologia , Proteínas com Motivo Tripartido , Proteínas Supressoras de Tumor/metabolismo , Ubiquitina-Proteína LigasesRESUMO
Nuclear retinoid receptors mediate retinoid effects through tissue-specific, ligand-receptor interactions and subsequent transcriptional regulation of secondary target genes. Retinoic acid receptor beta (RARbeta) is itself a retinoid target gene with a retinoic acid response element (betaRARE) in the 5' untranslated region of the RARbeta2 gene. Altered transcriptional regulation of RARbeta may play a role in human carcinogenesis and the retinoid-responsiveness of malignant cells. Here we used retinoid X receptor-specific antibodies in electrophoretic mobility shift assays to show that the retinoid X receptor beta (RXRbeta) protein was recruited to the betaRARE, after retinoid treatment of retinoid-sensitive neuroblastoma (NB), lung and breast cancer cell lines, but not retinoid-resistant lung and breast cancer cell lines. RXRbeta selectively enhanced retinoid-induced transcriptional activation of the betaRARE. Stable overexpression of RXRalpha and RXRbeta in NB cells resulted in marked growth inhibition and cell death, which increased after retinoid treatment. However, only proteins from the RXRbeta transfectants exhibited specific RXRbeta binding to the betaRARE in vitro and in vivo, enhanced histone acetylation and increased endogenous RARbeta expression. These data indicate that recruitment of RXRbeta to the betaRARE, and consequent induction of endogenous RARbeta expression, is an important component in the retinoid anticancer signal. RXRalpha may also participate in the retinoid signal, but through mechanisms that do not involve RARbeta.
