RESUMO
A carbon-felt-based multi-enzyme immobilized bioanode for biofuel cells has been successfully developed. The combination of four enzymes, namely, invertase, mutarotase, glucose oxidase, and fructose dehydrogenase, makes it possible to use sucrose--a disaccharide--as fuel for the bioanode. The new electrode exhibits a high oxidation current density of about 12 mA cm(-2) (0.25 V vs. Ag/AgCl) in a McIlvaine buffer solution containing sucrose at pH 6.0 in the half-cell configuration. A sucrose/O(2) biofuel cell composed of the bioanode and an opposite biocathode, including bilirubin oxidase as the enzymatic electrocatalyst, was fabricated, and the new device demonstrated a maximum power density of 2.90 mW cm(-2) with an open-circuit voltage of 0.69 V in the McIlvaine buffer solution. The biofuel cell fabricated using our multi-enzyme anode operates in commercially available beverages that contain only sugar, even without glucose.
Assuntos
Carbono/química , Enzimas Imobilizadas/química , Sacarose/química , Fontes de Energia Bioelétrica , Carboidratos Epimerases/química , Eletrodos , Frutose/química , Glucose/química , Glucose Oxidase/química , Nanotubos de Carbono/química , Oxirredução , Oxirredutases/química , Oxirredutases atuantes sobre Doadores de Grupo CH-CH/química , Oxigênio/química , beta-Frutofuranosidase/químicaRESUMO
Elevated serum uric acid level has been associated with increased cardiovascular risk in hypertensive patients. Several angiotensin II receptor blockers exhibit differential effects on regulation of serum uric acid level in humans. We have demonstrated that some angiotensin II receptor blockers trans-stimulate the uptake of uric acid by human URAT1 and others inhibit the transport of uric acid mediated by human URAT1, OAT1, OAT3 and MRP4 in vitro. This study investigated the effects of candesartan, pratosartan and telmisartan on renal handling of uric acid in rats in vivo and in vitro. Candesartan (0.1 mg/kg) significantly decreased the urinary excretion of uric acid and increased the plasma uric acid concentration. The kidney candesartan level after low-dose treatment is close to that required to trans-stimulate uric acid uptake in vitro. Pratosartan exhibited dose-dependent hypouricemic and uricosuric effects, while telmisartan showed no effects on plasma uric acid level. Furthermore, we confirmed the effects of the tested drugs on uric acid transport by rat renal brush border membrane transporter(s) and basolateral Oat1 and Oat3. Effects of angiotensin II receptor blockers in rats may be mainly determined by their intrinsic effects (cis-inhibition and trans-stimulation) on uric acid reabsorption transporter(s) and their pharmacokinetic properties in rats.
