Reconfiguring the Hydrogen Networks of Aqueous Electrolyte to Stabilize Iron Hexacyanoferrate for High-Voltage Decoupled Cell.

Prussian blue analogs (PBAs) as insertion-type cathodes have attracted significant attention in various aqueous batteries to accommodate metal or non-metal ions while suffering from serious dissolution and consequent inferior lifespan. Herein, we reveal that the dissolution of PBAs primarily originates from the locally elevated pH of electrolytes that are caused by proton co-insertion during discharge. To address this issue, a water-locking electrolyte (WLE) has been strategically implemented, which interrupts the generation and Grotthuss diffusion of protons by breaking the well-connected hydrogen bonding network in aqueous electrolytes. As a result, the WLE enables the iron hexacyanoferrate to endure over 1000 cycles at a 1C rate and supports a high-voltage decoupled cell with an average voltage of 1.95 V. These findings provide insights for mitigating dissolution problems in electrode materials, thereby enhancing the viability and performance of aqueous batteries.

A Rotating Cathode with Periodical Changes in Electrolyte Layer Thickness for High-Rate Li‒O2 Batteries.

Li-O2 batteries (LOBs) possess the highest theoretical gravimetric energy density among all types of secondary batteries, but they are still far from practical applications. The poor rate performance resulting from the slow mass transfer is one of the primary obstacles in LOBs. To solve this issue, a rotating cathode with periodic changes in the electrolyte layer thickness is designed, decoupling the maximum transfer rate of Li+ and O2. During rotation, the thinner electrolyte layer on the cathode facilitates the O2 transfer, and the thicker electrolyte layer enhances the Li+ transfer. As a result, the rotating cathode enables the LOBs to undergo 58 cycles at 2.5 mA cm-2 and discharge stably even at a high current density of 7.5 mA cm-2. Besides, it also makes the batteries exhibit a large discharge capacity of 6.8 mAh cm-2, and the capacity decay is much slower with increasing current density. Notably, this rotating electrode holds great promise for utilization in other electrochemical cells involving gas-liquid-solid triple-phase interfaces, suggesting a viable approach to enhance the mass transfer in such systems.

Upadacitinib for Alopecia Areata in Different Backgrounds: A Case Series.

Alopecia Areata is a hair disorder influenced by factors such as genetics, immune system, and environmental triggers. The pathogenesis of this condition is still unclear, leading to unsatisfactory current treatments and causing a large number of patients to suffer from it. Janus kinase inhibitors are a new class of drugs that have emerged in recent years and are expected to be promising therapeutic tools for alopecia areata. We report five patients with varying backgrounds and severity of alopecia areata. All of them had received conventional therapy without success. Five patients took Upadacitinib at a dose of 15 mg once daily, and all of them achieved satisfactory efficacy. No adverse events were observed during the treatment of 5 patients.

Efficacy of probiotic supplementation in the treatment of psoriasis-A systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Many studies have emphasized the possible role of probiotics in psoriasis, probiotic supplementation might be helpful to treat psoriasis. This study systematically evaluated the efficacy of probiotic supplementation for the treatment of psoriasis. METHODS: We searched some databases with keywords until November 10, 2023, including PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, and Web of Science. These keywords included probiotics, psoriasis RCT, and so on. After rigorous literature screening by two authors, five studies were identified. Eventually, the required data were independently extracted by another author. RESULTS: A total of five studies with 286 patients were included. The pooled results showed that the efficacy of probiotic supplementation was superior to placebo in the treatment of psoriasis. The Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (SMD = -1.40, 95% Cl = -2.63 to -0.17, p < 0.00001) and Dermatology Life Quality Index (SMD = -0.92, 95% Cl = -1.86 to 0.01, p < 0.00001). Score decreased after probiotic supplementation. CONCLUSIONS: The meta-analysis showed that probiotic supplementation could be a new treatment option for psoriasis.

In Situ Electrochemical Activation of Hydroxyl Polymer Cathode for High-Performance Aqueous Zinc-Organic Batteries.

The slow reaction kinetics and structural instability of organic electrode materials limit the further performance improvement of aqueous zinc-organic batteries. Herein, we have synthesized a Z-folded hydroxyl polymer polytetrafluorohydroquinone (PTFHQ) with inert hydroxyl groups that could be partially oxidized to the active carbonyl groups through the in situ activation process and then undertake the storage/release of Zn2+ . In the activated PTFHQ, the hydroxyl groups and S atoms enlarge the electronegativity region near the electrochemically active carbonyl groups, enhancing their electrochemical activity. Simultaneously, the residual hydroxyl groups could act as hydrophilic groups to enhance the electrolyte wettability while ensuring the stability of the polymer chain in the electrolyte. Also, the Z-folded structure of PTFHQ plays an important role in reversible binding with Zn2+ and fast ion diffusion. All these benefits make the activated PTFHQ exhibit a high specific capacity of 215 mAh g-1 at 0.1 A g-1 , over 3400 stable cycles with a capacity retention of 92 %, and an outstanding rate capability of 196 mAh g-1 at 20 A g-1 .

Craniocaudal toggling increases the risk of screw loosening in osteoporotic vertebrae.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Screw loosening remains a prominent problem for osteoporotic patients undergoing pedicle screw fixation surgeries but its underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. This study sought to examine the interactive effect of craniocaudal or axial cyclic loading (toggling) and osteoporosis on screw fixation. METHODS: QCT-based finite element models of normal (n = 7; vBMD = 156 ± 13 mg/cm3) and osteoporotic vertebrae (n = 7; vBMD = 72 ± 6 mg/cm3) were inserted with pedicle screws and loaded with or without craniocaudal toggling. Among them, a representative normal vertebra (age: 55; BMD: 140 mg/cm3) and an osteoporotic vertebra (age: 64; BMD: 79 mg/cm3) were also loaded with or without axial toggling. The individual and interactive effects of craniocaudal toggling and osteoporosis on screw fixation strength (the force when the pull-up displacement of the screw head reached 1 mm) and bone tissue failure (characterized by equivalent plastic strain) were examined by repeated measure ANOVA. RESULTS: A significant interactive effect between craniocaudal toggling and osteoporosis on screw fixation strength was detected (p = 0.008). Specifically, craniocaudal toggling led to a marked decrease in the fixation strength (68%, p < 0.05) and stiffness (83%, p < 0.05) only in the osteoporotic vertebrae but had no effect on screw fixation strength and stiffness of the normal vertebrae (p > 0.05). Likewise, most of the bone tissues around the screw in the osteoporotic vertebrae yielded following craniocaudal toggling whereas this result was not seen in the normal vertebrae. The axial toggling had no significant effect on bone tissue failure as well as pedicle screw fixation in normal or osteoporotic vertebrae. CONCLUSIONS: Craniocaudal toggling substantially reduces the screw fixation strength of the osteoporotic vertebrae by progressively increasing tissue failure around the screw, and therefore may contribute to the higher rates of screw loosening in osteoporotic compared to normal patients, whereas axial toggling is not a risk factor for pedicle screw loosening in normal or osteoporotic patients.

Foliar methyl jasmonate (MeJA) application increased 2-acetyl-1-Pyrroline (2-AP) content and modulated antioxidant attributes and yield formation in fragrant rice.

Endogenous methyl jasmonate (MeJA) mediates abiotic and biotic stresses in plants. Exogenous MeJA application can stimulate and defend plant gene expression and induce plant chemical defense. The effects of foliar MeJA application on yield and 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2-AP) biosynthesis of fragrant rice are scarcely investigated. The pot experiment was conducted by spraying different concentrations of MeJA (0, 1, and 2 µM; denoted as CK, MeJA-1, and MeJA-2) at the initial heading stage of two fragrant rice cultivars, Meixiangzhan and Yuxiangyouzhan. The results showed that foliar MeJA application significantly increased the grain 2-AP content by 32.1% and 49.7%, respectively, following MeJA-1 and MeJA-2 treatments, and the two cultivars showed the highest 2-AP content upon MeJA-2 treatment. However, the grain yield was increased in MeJA-1 as compared with MeJA-2 treatment for all rice cultivars and no significant differences were observed in yield and yield-related traits compared with CK. The aroma was improved by foliar MeJA application which was strongly associated with the regulation of the precursors and enzymes involved in 2-AP biosynthesis. In particular, the contents of proline, pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid, and pyrroline at maturity, as well as the activities of proline dehydrogenase, ornithine aminotransferase, and pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid synthetase, were positively correlated with grain 2-AP content. On the other hand, foliar MeJA application improved the contents of soluble protein, chlorophyll a and b, and carotenoid, and increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes. Moreover, peroxidase activity and leaf chlorophyll contents were significantly positively correlated to 2-AP content following foliar MeJA application. Therefore, our results implied that foliar MeJA application increased aroma and influenced yield by regulating the physio-biochemistry characters and resistance, and suggested that the optimal concentration of MeJA for the best positive effect on the yield and aroma was 1 µM. However, further study is required to evaluate the metabolic level and molecular basis of the regulatory mechanism of foliar MeJA application on 2-AP in fragrant rice.

A Novel Screw Modeling Approach to Study the Effects of Screw Parameters on Pullout Strength.

Screw loosening remains a prominent problem for osteoporotic patients undergoing pedicle screw fixation surgeries and is affected by screw parameters (e.g., diameter, pitch, and thread angle). However, the individual and interactive effects of these parameters on screw fixation are not fully understood. Furthermore, the current finite element modeling of a threaded screw is less computationally efficient. To address these issues, we (1) explored a novel "simulated threaded screw" approach (virtual threads assigned to the contact elements of a simplified screw) and compared its performance with threaded and simplified screws, and (2) examined this approach the individual and interactive effects of altering screw diameter (5.5-6.5 mm), pitch (1-2 mm) and half-thread angle (20-30 deg) on pullout strength of normal vertebrae. Results demonstrated that the "simulated threaded screw" approach equivalently predicted pullout strength compared to the "threaded screw" approach (R2 = 0.99, slope = 1). We further found that the pullout strength was most sensitive to the change in screw diameter, followed by thread angle, pitch, and interactions of diameter*pitch or diameter*angle. In conclusion, the "simulated threaded screw" approach can achieve the same predictive capability compared to threaded modeling of the screw. The current findings may serve as useful references for planning of screw parameters, so as to improve the complication of screw loosening.

Overexpression of SlGGP-LIKE gene enhanced the resistance of tomato to salt stress.

Ascorbic acid (AsA) plays an important role in scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reducing photoinhibition in plants, especially under stress. The function of SlGGP which encodes the key enzyme GDP-L-galactose phosphorylase in AsA synthetic pathway is relatively clear. However, there is another gene SlGGP-LIKE that encodes this enzyme in tomato, and there are few studies on it, especially under salt stress. In this study, we explored the function of this gene in tomato salt stress response using transgenic lines overexpressing SlGGP-LIKE (OE). Under normal conditions, overexpressing SlGGP-LIKE can increase the content of reduced AsA and the ratio of AsA/ DHA (dehydroascorbic acid), as well as the level of xanthophyll cycle. Under salt stress, compared with the wild-type plants (WT), the OE lines can maintain higher levels of reduced AsA. In addition, OE lines also have higher levels of reduced GSH (glutathione) and total GSH, higher ratios of AsA/DHA and GSH/oxidative GSH (GSSR), and higher level of xanthophyll cycle. Therefore, the OE lines are more tolerant to salt stress, with higher photosynthetic activity, higher antioxidative enzyme activities, higher content of D1 protein, lower production rate of ROS, and lighter membrane damage. These results indicate that overexpressing SlGGP-LIKE can enhance tomato resistance to salt stress through promoting the synthesis of AsA.

A Novel Material for High-Performance Li-O2 Battery Separator: Polyetherketone Nanofiber Membrane.

The properties of separators significantly affect the efficiency, stability, and safety of the lithium-based batteries. Therefore, the improvement of the separator material is critical. Polyetherketone (PEK) has excellent general properties, such as mechanical strength, chemical stability, and thermal stability. Thus, it is expected to be an optimal separator material. However, its low solubility-induced poor processibility makes it difficult to be used for nanoscale product manufacturing. In this work, the soluble precursor polymer is prepared by introducing a "protecting" group into monomer, and fabricated into nanofiber membrane, which can be converted into polyetherketone nanofiber membrane by a simple acid treatment. The membrane prepared by this chemical-induced crystallization method exhibits superior chemical, thermal stability, and mechanical strength. Li-O2 batteries with the fabricated membrane as separator have a high cycling stability (194 cycles at 200 mA g-1 and 500 mAh g-1 ). This work broadens the application field of PEK and provides a potential route for battery separators.

Clustering-based CLEAN algorithm in ghost imaging with sparse spatial frequencies.

When insufficient samples in the spatial frequency domain could be effectively compensated by the modified CLEAN algorithm, a novel aperture-synthetic scheme of ghost imaging takes advantage of a superior speed of modulation and an enhancement on the spatial resolution. However, there still exist some imperfections in the modified CLEAN reconstructions, such as the fact that some omitted scatter noise still remains or the object contour may be incomplete. Therefore, we optimize the modified CLEAN algorithm by proposing a density clustering algorithm to overcome these drawbacks and improve the visual quality.

Compressive endoscopic imaging with complementary light modulation.

We propose an effective endoscopic imaging method utilizing compressive sensing (CS) theory on the basis of complementary light modulation of a spatial light modulator. Both the simulated and the experimental results show that complementary compressive sensing (CCS) always needs less time to obtain better work than conventional CS with normal modulation at the same sampling rate. First, the speed of CCS is at least twice as fast as CS. Second, in comparison with CS, CCS can improve the signal-to-noise ratio of the reconstructed image by 49.7%, which indicates that this method is of great significance to endoscopic applications in terms of image fidelity and denoising performance.

Pharmacokinetic and Bioavailability Studies of Galgravin after Oral and Intravenous Administration to Rats Using HPLC-MS/MS Method.

This paper presents a new high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) method with a rapid analysis of 6 min to determine the concentration of galgravin in rat plasma so as to study its pharmacokinetic features and bioavailability in vivo. Schisandrin was selected as the internal standard (IS). After extracting the analyte from plasma samples with ethyl acetate, methanol-H2O (0.1% formic acid) (85 : 15, v/v) was used as mobile phase to achieve chromatographic separation on a C18 reversed phase column. The MS detection was performed in positive ion mode using electrospray ionization (ESI) source. This method showed good linearity over the range of 1~500 ng/mL (R 2 > 0.999), and the lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) was 1.0 ng/mL. The intraday precision and interday precision were both within 8.5%, whereas the accuracies were in the range of -2.6%-6.0%. The average recoveries of galgravin in rat plasma were between 92.3% and 99.3%. Moreover, galgravin was stable throughout storage and processing with all RSDs below 12.1%. After the successful application of this optimized method, the oral bioavailability of galgravin was determined to be 8.5%. This study will be helpful to the future research and development of galgravin.

Comparison of the chemical profile differences of Aster tataricus between raw and processed products by metabolomics coupled with chemometrics methods.

Aster tataricus, a traditional Chinese herb, has been used to treat cough and asthma for many years. Its raw and processed products have different pharmacological effects in clinical applications. To explore the chemical profile differences of components in A. tataricus processed with different methods, metabolomics methods based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry were developed. Chemometrics strategy was applied to filter and screen the candidate compounds. The accuracy of differential markers was validated by back propagation neural network. The established methods showed that raw A. tataricus, honey-processed A. tataricus, vinegar-processed A. tataricus, and steamed A. tataricus were clearly divided into four groups, suggesting that the components were closely related to the processing methods. A total of 64 nonvolatile and 43 volatile compounds were identified in A. tataricus, and 22 nonvolatile and 12 volatile differential constituents were selected to distinguish the raw and processed A. tataricus. This study demonstrated that the metabolomics methods coupled with chemometrics were a comprehensive strategy to analyze the chemical profile differences and provided a reliable reference for quality evaluation of A. tataricus.

Pharmacokinetic Study of Safrole and Methyl Eugenol after Oral Administration of the Essential Oil Extracts of Asarum in Rats by GC-MS.

Asarum is a traditional medicine and has been widely used as remedies for inflammatory diseases, toothache, headache, local anesthesia, and aphthous stomatitis in China, Japan, and Korea. Our previous research found that safrole and methyl eugenol were vital compounds that contribute to distinguish the different species and raw Asarum and its processed products apart. The pharmacokinetics of safrole and methyl eugenol after oral administration of Asarum extract has not been reported yet. In this study, a rapid and simple gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) method that has a complete run time of only 4.5 min was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination and pharmacokinetic study of safrole and methyl eugenol in rat plasma after administration of Asarum extracts. The chromatographic separation was realized on a DB-17 column (30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 µm). And detection was carried out under selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode. Plasma samples were pretreated by n-hexane. The pharmacokinetic parameters provided by this study will be beneficial for further developments and clinical applications of Asarum.

Lithium-Air Batteries: Air-Electrochemistry and Anode Stabilization.

ConspectusIt is a permanent issue for modern society to develop high-energy-density, low-cost, and safe batteries to promote technological innovation and revolutionize the human lifestyle. However, the current popular Li-ion batteries are approaching their ceiling in energy density, and thus other battery systems with more power need to be proposed and studied to guide this revolution. Lithium-air batteries are among the candidates for next-generation batteries because of their high energy density (3500 Wh/kg). The past 20 years have witnessed rapid developments of lithium-air batteries in electrochemistry and material engineering with scientists' collaboration from all over the world. Despite these advances, the investigation on Li-air batteries is still in its infancy, and many bottleneck problems, including fundamental and application difficulties, are waiting to be resolved. For the electrolyte, it is prone to be attacked by intermediates (LiO2, O2-, 1O2, O22-) and decomposed at high voltage, accompanying side reactions that will induce cathode passivation. For the lithium anode, it can be corroded severely by H2O and the side products, thus protection methods are urgently needed. As an integrated system, the realization of high-performance Li-air batteries requires the three components to be optimized simultaneously.In this Account, we are going to summarize our progress for optimizing Li-air batteries in the past decade, including air-electrochemistry and anode optimization. Air-electrochemistry involves the interactions among electrolytes, cathodes, and air, which is a complex issue to understand. The search for stable electrolytes is first introduced because at the early age of its development, the use of incompatible Li-ion battery electrolytes leads to some misunderstandings and troubles in the advances of Li-air batteries. After finding suitable electrolytes for Li-air batteries, the fundamental research in the reaction mechanism starts to boom, and the performance has achieved great improvement. Then, air electrode engineering is introduced to give a general design principle. Examples of carbon-based cathodes and all-metal cathodes are discussed. In addition, to understand the influence of air components on Li-air batteries, the electro-activity of N2 has been tested and the role of CO2 in Li-O2/CO2 has been refreshed. Following this, the strategies for anode optimization, including constructing artificial films, introducing hydrophobic polymer electrolytes, adding electrolyte additives, and designing alloy anodes, have been discussed. Finally, we advocate researchers in this field to conduct cell level optimizations and consider their application scenarios to promote the commercialization of Li-air batteries in the near future.

Pharmacokinetic comparison of 15 active compositions in rat plasma after oral administration of raw and honey-processed Aster tataricus extracts.

A sensitive ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated to clarify pharmacokinetic properties of 15 compounds (quercetin, isorhamnetin, chlorogenic acid, isoquercitrin, caffeic acid, scopoletin, 7-hydroxycoumarin, shionone, ferulic acid, kaempferol-7-O-ß-d-glucopyranoside, methyl caffeate, luteolin, kaempferol, epifriedelinol, and protocatechuic acid) in raw and honey-processed Aster tataricus. Separation was carried out on an ACQUITY UPLC® BEH C18 column (2.1 × 100 mm, 1.7 µm) using a gradient elution with mobile phase constituting 0.1% formic acid-water and 0.05% formic acid-methanol. Quantitative analysis was performed using multiple reaction monitoring detection in both positive and negative ionization modes. Calibration curves showed good linearity (r2  > 0.991) over the corresponding concentration range. The intra- and interday precisions were within 10.1%, and accuracy ranged from -11.4 to 12.4%. The extraction recoveries and matrix effects were 78.1-100.0% and 81.1-113.7%, respectively. The analytes were stable under four storage conditions with relative standard deviations less than 12.6%. The validated method was successfully applied to compare the pharmacokinetic behaviors of raw and honey-processed Aster tataricus for the first time. The results indicated that the areas under the curve (AUCs) of shionone, ferulic acid, and protocatechuic acid in honey-processed A. tataricus group were significantly lower than that of raw A. tataricus group.

In Vivo Assessment of Age- and Loading Configuration-Related Changes in Multiscale Mechanical Behavior of the Human Proximal Femur Using MRI-Based Finite Element Analysis.

BACKGROUND: MRI-based finite element analysis (MRI-FEA) is the only method able to assess microstructural and whole-bone mechanical properties of the hip in vivo. PURPOSE: To examine whether MRI-FEA is capable of discriminating age-related changes in whole-bone mechanical performance and micromechanical behavior of the proximal femur, particularly considering the most common hip fracture-related sideways fall loading. STUDY TYPE: Retrospective. SUBJECTS: A total of nine younger (27 ± 3.2 years) and nine elderly (61 ± 3.9 years) healthy volunteers. FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE: 3T; 3D fast field echo sequence. ASSESSMENT: The left proximal femurs were scanned and FE models created. FEA was performed to simulate sideways fall and stance loading for each femoral model. Apparent stiffness and high-risk (90th percentile) tensile and compressive strains of the proximal femur as well as the average strains within cubic regions of the femoral neck and greater trochanter were assessed. STATISTICAL TESTS: Paired and unpaired t-tests. RESULTS: Compared to the young group, the femoral stiffness of the elderly decreased by 39% and 40% (both P < 0.05) under the sideways fall and stance conditions, respectively. Accordingly, the high-risk tensile and compressive stains were elevated with aging (40% and 23% for sideways fall, 23% and 11% for stance conditions; all P < 0.05). However, the loading configuration-induced difference was only observed in the elderly group for the high-risk strains (22% for tension and 12% for compression; both P < 0.05). Additionally, compared to the stance condition, the sideways fall increased the average tensile (young: 108%, elderly: 123%; both P < 0.05) and compressive strains (young: 631%, elderly: 617%, both P < 0.05) within the greater trochanter rather than the femoral neck region. DATA CONCLUSION: In vivo MRI-FEA is capable of capturing age-related changes in both apparent-level stiffness and tissue-level micromechanical behavior of the proximal femur. However, the effect of sideways fall loading might be better reflected by tissue-level micromechanics rather than apparent stiffness. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3 TECHNICAL EFFICACY STAGE: 1.

Image recovery of ghost imaging with sparse spatial frequencies.

When the spatial frequencies of the object are insufficiently sampled, the reconstruction of ghost imaging will suffer from repetitive visual artifacts, which cannot be effectively tackled by existing ghost imaging reconstruction techniques. In this Letter, extensions of the CLEAN algorithm applied in ghost imaging are explored to eliminate those artifacts. Combined with the point spread function estimation using the second-order coherence measurement in ghost imaging, our modified CLEAN algorithm is demonstrated to have a fast and noteworthy improvement against the spatial-frequency insufficiency, even for the extreme sparse sampling cases. A brief explanation of the algorithm and performance analysis are given.

The Stabilization Effect of CO2 in Lithium-Oxygen/CO2 Batteries.

The lithium (Li)-air battery has an ultrahigh theoretical specific energy, however, even in pure oxygen (O2 ), the vulnerability of conventional organic electrolytes and carbon cathodes towards reaction intermediates, especially O2 - , and corrosive oxidation and crack/pulverization of Li metal anode lead to poor cycling stability of the Li-air battery. Even worse, the water and/or CO2 in air bring parasitic reactions and safety issues. Therefore, applying such systems in open-air environment is challenging. Herein, contrary to previous assertions, we have found that CO2 can improve the stability of both anode and electrolyte, and a high-performance rechargeable Li-O2 /CO2 battery is developed. The CO2 not only facilitates the in situ formation of a passivated protective Li2 CO3 film on the Li anode, but also restrains side reactions involving electrolyte and cathode by capturing O2 - . Moreover, the Pd/CNT catalyst in the cathode can extend the battery lifespan by effectively tuning the product morphology and catalyzing the decomposition of Li2 CO3 . The Li-O2 /CO2 battery achieves a full discharge capacity of 6628 mAh g-1 and a long life of 715 cycles, which is even better than those of pure Li-O2 batteries.