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Background: Although numerous studies have illustrated the connection between gut microbiota and endometriosis, a conspicuous gap exists in research focusing on the pathogenesis of endometriosis at various sites and its linkage with infertility. Methods: In this study, we used a two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis to investigate the effect of gut microbiota on the development of endometriosis in different regions, including the uterus, ovary, fallopian tube, pelvic peritoneum, vagina, and rectovaginal septum, as well as the intestine. Additionally, we explored the correlation between gut microbiota and endometriosis-induced infertility. Genetic associations with gut microbes were obtained from genome-wide association study (GWAS) datasets provided by the MiBioGen consortium, whereas endometriosis-related GWAS data were sourced from the FinnGen dataset. In our analysis, single-nucleotide polymorphisms were used as instrumental variables, with the primary estimation of the causal effect performed via the inverse variance weighting method. Our sensitivity analyses incorporated heterogeneity tests, pleiotropy tests, and the leave-one-out method. Results: We identified associations at the genus level between four bacterial communities and endometriosis. Subsequently, several associations between the gut microbiota and various subtypes of endometriosis at different anatomical sites were recognized. Specifically, three genera were linked with ovarian endometriosis, six genera were associated with tubal endometriosis, four genera showed links with pelvic peritoneum endometriosis, five genera were connected with vaginal and rectovaginal septum endometriosis, and seven genera demonstrated linkages with intestinal endometriosis. Additionally, one genus was associated with adenomyosis, and three genera exhibited associations with endometriosis-induced infertility. Conclusion: Our study elucidates associations between gut microbiota and site-specific endometriosis, thereby augmenting our understanding of the pathophysiology of endometriosis. Moreover, our findings pave the way for potential therapeutic strategies targeting gut microbiota for individuals grappling with endometriosis-related infertility.
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A simple and convenient method was used to synthesize a graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) nanoporous-tube by using SiO2 nanoparticles as pore formers. The structure of the g-C3N4 nanoporous-tube was characterized by the SEM and TEM images. Taking photodegradation of RhB as an example, the photocatalytic activity of the as-prepared g-C3N4 nanoporous-tube was investigated. It can photodegrade 90% RhB in 40 min under visible-light irradiation and obtain a k value of 0.04491 min-1, which is 8.16 times that of bulk g-C3N4, 3.09 times that of tubular g-C3N4 and 1.48 times that of tubular g-C3N4-SiO2. The significant enhancement in photocatalytic efficiency is due to the edge effect of the pores and the special structure of the tubes. In addition, the possible mechanism of photocatalytic degradation of RhB was also proposed based on the trapping experiment of active species, which indicated that the superoxide radicals ([Formula: see text]) and the holes (h +) were the main reactive species in this photocatalyst. This work may open up a new idea of innovation in g-C3N4 structure and inspire its follow-up study.
RESUMO
Tetra (4-carboxyphenyl) porphyrin (TCPP) was loaded on the surface of Pt/g-C3N4 via a simple adsorption process, and the microstructure and chemical structure of the composites were characterized by high resolution transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, UV-visible diffused reflectance spectroscopy and photoluminescence spectroscopy. Loading TCPP onto Pt/g-C3N4 enhanced the visible-light-driven photocatalytic evolution of H2 from water. The TCPP/Pt/g-C3N4 composite with a TCPP loading of 1wt% had the highest photoactivity, which was 2.1 times higher than that of Pt/g-C3N4. This improvement is attributed to enhanced visible light utilization by the TCPP/Pt/g-C3N4 resulting from the strong visible light response of TCPP. In addition, the formed organic heterostructure between TCPP and g-C3N4 with overlapping bad gaps accelerates the electron transfer and inhibits the recombination of the photogenerated electrons and holes on g-C3N4.