Direct Observation of HOON Intermediate in the Photochemistry of HONO.

The photochemistry of nitrous acid (HONO), encompassing dissociation into OH and NO as well as the reverse association reaction, plays a pivotal role in atmospheric chemistry. Here, we report the direct observation of nitrosyl-O-hydroxide (HOON) in the photochemistry of HONO, employing matrix-isolation IR and UV-vis spectroscopy. Despite a barrier of approximately 30 kJ/mol, HOON undergoes spontaneous rearrangement to the more stable HONO isomer through quantum mechanical tunneling, with a half-life of 28 min at 4 K. Kinetic isotope effects and instanton theory calculations reveal that the tunneling process involves the concerted motion of the NO moiety (65.2%) and the hydrogen atom (32.3%). Our findings underscore the significance of HOON as a key intermediate in the photolytic dissociation-association cycle of HONO at low temperatures.

How Do the Position and Number of Methyl Substituents Affect the Photochemical Process of Criegee Intermediate? Trajectory Surface-Hopping Dynamics of Four-Carbon CIs.

Electronic-structure calculations combined with nonadiabatic trajectory surface-hopping (TSH) dynamic simulations were carried out on two alkenyl-substituted Criegee intermediates (CIs), i.e., propenyl-substituted CI (PCI) and 1-methyl-propenyl substituted CI (MPCI), in order to investigate the influence of the position and number of substituents on the photochemical process of CI in S1 states. It is found that they play critical roles in the reactivity, dominant product channel, and mechanism of the CIs. More specifically, introducing a methyl group on either C1 (α-C) or C3 (γ-C) position of a vinyl-substituted CI (VCI) skeleton facilitates the rotation of the C1═O1 bond and leads to the formation of a three-membered dioxirane ring; meanwhile, it evidently enhances the reactively of the S1-state molecule. Meanwhile, methyl substitution on the vinyl moiety [i.e., C2 (ß-C) and C3 (γ-C) positions] is beneficial for the rotation of the C2═C3 bond and thus facilitates the formation of the five-membered 1,2-dioxole ring, and the substitution on C2 site decreases the reactivity. The cosubstitution of C2 and C3 atoms by methyl groups well balances the features of VCI in the sense of high reactivity, consistently predominant channel, and possible dioxole side-product. The findings here not only deepen the knowledge on the photochemical processes of the CI but also inspire the rethinking of the "old" concept of substitution effect.

Gaussian Process Regression for State-to-State Integral Cross Sections: The Case of the O + O2 Collision Dissociation Reactions.

Research on hypersonic vehicles has become increasingly important worldwide in recent years. However, accurately simulating the dynamics of the nonequilibrium high-temperature reactions that are in the hypersonic flow around the vehicles presents a significant challenge as a large number of states and transitions are accessible even for the smallest atom-diatom reaction systems. It is quite difficult, sometimes even impossible, to exhaustively investigate all relevant combinations or determine high-dimensional analytical representations for the state-to-state reaction probabilities. In this study, we used Gaussian process regression (GPR) to fit a model based on only 807 QCT data for training. The confidence interval of the GPR prediction and the Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence were used to help minimize the sampling amount of data for fitting the converged GPR model. The model aims to predict the state-to-state integral cross section (ICS) of the O + O2 → 3O dissociation reaction under random initial conditions (Et, v, j). In total, it took almost a month to obtain this converged GPR model, but it took only a few seconds to predict the ICS value for any initial condition. For 330 initial conditions not included in the training set, the mean-square error (MSE) between the QCT-calculated ICSs and the GPR-predicted ones is only 0.08 Å2 and the R2 is 0.9986, indicating that the GPR model can replace the direct expensive QCT calculation with high accuracy. Finally, we calculated the equilibrium dissociation rate coefficients based on the StS ICS values predicted by the GPR model, and the results were in good agreement with available experimental and theoretical results. Thus, this study provides an effective and accurate approach to the extensive direct state-to-state reaction dynamic calculations.

Predicting mitophagy-related genes and unveiling liver endothelial cell heterogeneity in hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Background: Hepatic Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury (HIRI) is a major complication in liver transplants and surgeries, significantly affecting postoperative outcomes. The role of mitophagy, essential for removing dysfunctional mitochondria and maintaining cellular balance, remains unclear in HIRI. Methods: To unravel the role of mitophagy-related genes (MRGs) in HIRI, we assembled a comprehensive dataset comprising 44 HIRI samples alongside 44 normal control samples from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database for this analysis. Using Random Forests and Support Vector Machines - Recursive Feature Elimination (SVM-RFE), we pinpointed eight pivotal genes and developed a logistic regression model based on these findings. Further, we employed consensus cluster analysis for classifying HIRI patients according to their MRG expression profiles and conducted weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) to identify clusters of genes that exhibit high correlation within different modules. Additionally, we conducted single-cell RNA sequencing data analysis to explore insights into the behavior of MRGs within the HIRI. Results: We identified eight key genes (FUNDC1, VDAC1, MFN2, PINK1, CSNK2A2, ULK1, UBC, MAP1LC3B) with distinct expressions between HIRI and controls, confirmed by PCR validation. Our diagnostic model, based on these genes, accurately predicted HIRI outcomes. Analysis revealed a strong positive correlation of these genes with monocytic lineage and a negative correlation with B and T cells. HIRI patients were divided into three subclusters based on MRG profiles, with WGCNA uncovering highly correlated gene modules. Single-cell analysis identified two types of endothelial cells with different MRG scores, indicating their varied roles in HIRI. Conclusions: Our study highlights the critical role of MRGs in HIRI and the heterogeneity of endothelial cells. We identified the macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and cGAS-STING (GAS) pathways as regulators of mitophagy's impact on HIRI. These findings advance our understanding of mitophagy in HIRI and set the stage for future research and therapeutic developments.

A bias voltage controlled electrode-molecule interface in single-molecule junctions.

Tuning the electrode-molecule interface stands at the heart of functional single-molecule devices. Herein, we report that the electrode-molecule interface of difluoro-substituted benzothiadiazole (FBTZ)-based single-molecule junctions can be modulated by the bias voltage. At low bias voltage (100 mV), the dative Au-N linkage is formed and at high bias voltage (600 mV), a covalent Au-C linkage is constructed. These junctions show distinct conductance. Interestingly, dominant charge carriers in Au-N- and Au-C-based junctions are different, as evidenced by dft calculations. These results provide a new strategy for regulating the electrode-molecule interface, which will advance the development of molecular electronics.

Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infections in Shanghai, China: Surveillance from 2014 to 2023.

Soil-transmitted helminthiasis remains a notable health problem in developing countries. In 1990 in Shanghai, a city in eastern China, 47% of the population was affected. Due to a series of comprehensive approaches, the prevalence decreased to 0.5% in 2009. We collected 10-year surveillance data to assess the epidemic situation of soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections in Shanghai. Stool samples and questionnaires from participants were collected. The Kato-Katz technique was used to detect infections with Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworm (Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus), and Trichuris trichiura. From 2014 to 2023, a total of 77,685 participants were screened for parasitic infections, and the overall prevalence of STH infections decreased from 0.1% to 0% in Shanghai. Of 77,685 participants, 25 (0.03%) were positive for intestinal helminths, with the most common parasite being A. lumbricoides (72.0%). Generally, elderly participants from rural areas with lower education levels were more likely to be infected with STHs. A total of 2,914 questionnaires were collected, and most respondents (72.6%) had good knowledge about the transmission routes of STHs. However, 12.3% of participants did not know the damage to health caused by STHs, and 19.3% had no idea of how to prevent infection. These data demonstrate the current state of STH infections in Shanghai. The results suggest that various comprehensive measures should be encouraged, continuously implemented, and strengthened accordingly so that STH elimination can be integrated into the Healthy China initiative by 2030.

The role of volatile organic compounds for assessing characteristics and severity of non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis: an observational study.

Background: Hypoxic conditions and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) infection are significant factors influencing the prognosis and treatment of patients with bronchiectasis. This study aimed to explore the potential for breath analysis to detect hypoxic conditions and P. aeruginosa infection in bronchiectasis patients by analyzing of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled breath condensate (EBC). Methods: EBC samples were collected from stable bronchiectasis patients and analyzed using solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME-GCMS). The association of VOCs with bronchiectasis patients' phenotypes including hypoxic conditions and P. aeruginosa isolation was analyzed, which may relate to the severity of bronchiectasis disease. Results: Levels of 10-heptadecenoic acid, heptadecanoic acid, longifolene, and decanol in the hypoxia group were higher compared to the normoxia group. Additionally, the levels of 13-octadecenoic acid, octadecenoic acid, phenol, pentadecanoic acid, and myristic acid were increased in P. aeruginosa (+) group compared to the P. aeruginosa (-) group. Subgroup analysis based on the bronchiectasis severity index (BSI)reveled that the levels of 10-heptadecenoic acid, heptadecanoic acid, decanol, 13-octadecenoic acid, myristic acid, and pentadecanoic acid were higher in the severe group compared to the moderate group. Multivariate linear regression showed that 10-heptadecenoic acid and age were independent prognostic factors for bronchiectasis patients with hypoxia. Furthermore, octadecenoic acid, phenol and gender were identified as independent prognostic factors for bronchiectasis patients with P. aeruginosa isolation. Conclusion: The study provides evidence that specific VOCs in EBC are correlated with the severity of bronchiectasis, and 10-heptadecenoic acid is shown to be a predictive marker for hypoxia condition in bronchiectasis patients.

Enhancing Extracellular Electron Transfer of a 3D-Printed Shewanella Bioanode with Riboflavin-Modified Carbon Black Bioink.

3D printing of a living bioanode holds the potential for the rapid and efficient production of bioelectrochemistry systems. However, the ink (such as sodium alginate, SA) that formed the matrix of the 3D-printed bioanode may hinder extracellular electron transfer (EET) between the microorganism and conductive materials. Here, we proposed a biomimetic design of a 3D-printed Shewanella bioanode, wherein riboflavin (RF) was modified on carbon black (CB) to serve as a redox substance for microbial EET. By introducing the medicated EET pathways, the 3D-printed bioanode obtained a maximum power density of 252 ± 12 mW/m2, which was 1.7 and 60.5 times higher than those of SA-CB (92 ± 10 mW/m2) and a bare carbon cloth anode (3.8 ± 0.4 mW/m2). Adding RF reduced the charge-transfer resistance of a 3D-printed bioanode by 75% (189.5 ± 18.7 vs 47.3 ± 7.8 Ω), indicating a significant acceleration in the EET efficiency within the bioanode. This work provided a fundamental and instrumental concept for constructing a 3D-printed bioanode.

Silicone cryogel skeletons enhance the survival and mechanical integrity of hydrogel-encapsulated cell therapies.

The transplantation of engineered cells that secrete therapeutic proteins presents a promising method for addressing a range of chronic diseases. However, hydrogels used to encase and protect non-autologous cells from immune rejection often suffer from poor mechanical properties, insufficient oxygenation, and fibrotic encapsulation. Here, we introduce a composite encapsulation system comprising an oxygen-permeable silicone cryogel skeleton, a hydrogel matrix, and a fibrosis-resistant polymer coating. Cryogel skeletons enhance the fracture toughness of conventional alginate hydrogels by 23-fold and oxygen diffusion by 2.8-fold, effectively mitigating both implant fracture and hypoxia of encapsulated cells. Composite implants containing xenogeneic cells engineered to secrete erythropoietin significantly outperform unsupported alginate implants in therapeutic delivery over 8 weeks in immunocompetent mice. By improving mechanical resiliency and sustaining denser cell populations, silicone cryogel skeletons enable more durable and miniaturized therapeutic implants.

High-beam-quality low-resistance vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser array with graphene electrode.

Thermal crosstalk and current crowding effects are pressing issues that significantly impact the beam quality and efficiency of vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) arrays. In this paper, by taking advantage of the excellent current transmission characteristics of graphene, what we believe to be a novel VCSEL array based on graphene electrode is designed to realize vertical current injections. The series resistance and self-heating of arrays are reduced by controlling the transport direction of the current, effectively suppressing the thermal crosstalk effect. Furthermore, high array beam quality is obtained by optimizing the current density distribution in active regions. Ultimately, the high-power quasi-single mode emission of VCSEL arrays is achieved by introducing graphene electrodes (Gr-VCSEL array) designs. Compared to traditional VCSEL arrays, the 10 × 10 Gr-VCSEL array demonstrates a 41% reduction in series resistance, a side mode suppression ratio of 32 dB, and a divergence angle around 12 °. This structure simultaneously achieves quasi-single mode emission and effectively suppresses the thermal crosstalk effect, providing a new method for the development of high-beam quality VCSEL arrays.

Cadaverine and putrescine exposure influence carbon and nitrogen cycling genes in water and sediment of the Yellow River.

The response patterns of microbial functional genes involved in biogeochemical cycles to cadaver decay is a central topic of recent environmental sciences. However, the response mechanisms and pathways of the functional genes associated with the carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycling to cadaveric substances such as cadaverine and putrescine remain unclear. This study explored the variation of functional genes associated with C fixation, C degradation and N cycling and their influencing factors under cadaverine, putrescine and mixed treatments. Our results showed only putrescine significantly increased the alpha diversity of C fixation genes, while reducing the alpha diversity of N cycling genes in sediment. For the C cycling, the mixed treatment significantly decreased the total abundance of reductive acetyl-CoA pathway genes (i.e., acsB and acsE) and lig gene linked to lignin degradation in water, while only significantly increasing the hydroxypropionate-hydroxybutylate cycle (i.e., accA) gene abundance in sediment. For the N cycling, mixed treatment significantly decreased the abundance of the nitrification (i.e., amoB), denitrification (i.e., nirS3) genes in water and the assimilation pathway gene (i.e., gdhA) in sediment. Environmental factors (i.e., total carbon and total nitrogen) were all negatively associated with the genes of C and N cycling. Therefore, cadaverine and putrescine exposure may inhibit the pathway in C fixation and N cycling, while promoting C degradation. These findings can offer some new insight for the management of amine pollution caused by animal cadavers.

Phylogenetic and Taxonomic Analyses of Five New Wood-Inhabiting Fungi of Botryobasidium, Coltricia and Coltriciella (Basidiomycota) from China.

In this present study, five new wood-inhabiting fungal taxa, Botryobasidium gossypirubiginosum, Botryobasidium incanum, Botryobasidium yunnanense, Coltricia zixishanensis, and Coltriciella yunnanensis are proposed. Botryobasidium gossypirubiginosum is distinguished by its slightly rubiginous hymenial surface, monomitic hyphal system, which branches at right angles, and subglobose, smooth basidiospores (14-17.5 × 13-15.5 µm); B. incanum is characterized by its white to incanus basidiomata having a hypochnoid hymenial surface, and ellipsoid, smooth basidiospores (6.5-8.5 × 3.5-5 µm); B. yunnanense is characterized by its buff to slightly yellowish hymenial surface, monomitic hyphal system, and broadly ellipsoid to globose, smooth, thick-walled basidiospores (11.5-14.5 × 9.5-10.5 µm); Coltricia zixishanensis differs in its rust brown pileal surface, and ellipsoid, thick-walled basidiospores (5-6.5 × 4-4.5 µm). Coltriciella yunnanensis is distinguished by its tiny pilei, short stipe, and navicular, verrucose basidiospores (10.5-12.5 × 6-7 µm). Sequences of ITS and nLSU genes were used for phylogenetic analyses using the maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony, and Bayesian inference methods. The phylogenetic results inferred from ITS sequences revealed that B. gossypirubiginosum was closely related to B. robustius; the species B. incanum was grouped with B. vagum; B. yunnanense was related to B. indicum. The species C. zixishanensis was grouped with C. confluens and C. perennis. ITS sequences revealed that C. zixishanensis was grouped into the genus Coltriciella, in which it was grouped with Co. globosa and Co. pseudodependens.

Global Potential Energy Surfaces by Compressed-State Multistate Pair-Density Functional Theory for Hyperthermal Collisions in the O2+O2 System.

Interactions between oxygen molecules play an important role in atmospheric chemistry and hypersonic flow chemistry in atmospheric entries. Recently, high-quality ab initio potential energy surface (PES) of the quintet O4 was reported by Paukku et al. [J. Chem. Phys. 147, 034301 (2017)]. 10543 configurations were sampled and calculated at the level of MS-CASPT2/maug-cc-pVTZ with scaled external correlation. The PES was fitted to a many-body (MB) form with the many-body part described by the permutationally invariant polynomial approach (MB-PIP). In this work, the PIP-Neural Network (PIP-NN) and MB-PIP-NN methods were used to refit the PES based on the same data by Paukku et al. Three PESs were compared. It was found that the performances differ significantly in the O+O3 region as well as in the long-range region. Therefore, additional 1300 points were sampled, and the efficient compressed-state multistate pair-density functional theory (CMS-PDFT) was used to calculate the electronic structure of these 1300 points and 10543 points by Paukku et al. Then, a completely new quintet PES was fitted using the MB-PIP-NN method. Based on this PES, the quasi-classical trajectory (QCT) approach was used to reveal all possible reaction channels for hyperthermal O2-O2 collisions.

Patient-Derived Organoids as Therapy Screening Platforms in Cancer Patients.

Patient-derived organoids (PDOs) developed ex vivo and in vitro are increasingly used for therapeutic screening. They provide a more physiologically relevant model for drug discovery and development compared to traditional cell lines. However, several challenges remain to be addressed to fully realize the potential of PDOs in therapeutic screening. This paper summarizes recent advancements in PDO development and the enhancement of PDO culture models. This is achieved by leveraging materials engineering and microfabrication technologies, including organs-on-a-chip and droplet microfluidics. Additionally, this work discusses the application of PDOs in therapy screening to meet diverse requirements and overcome bottlenecks in cancer treatment. Furthermore, this work introduces tools for data processing and analysis of organoids, along with their microenvironment. These tools aim to achieve enhanced readouts. Finally, this work explores the challenges and future perspectives of using PDOs in drug development and personalized screening for cancer patients.

A novel method for identifying aerobic granular sludge state using sorting, densification and clarification dynamics during the settling process.

Aerobic granular sludge is one of the most promising biological wastewater treatment technologies, yet maintaining its stability is still a challenge for its application, and predicting the state of the granules is essential in addressing this issue. This study explored the potential of dynamic texture entropy, derived from settling images, as a predictive tool for the state of granular sludge. Three processes, traditional thickening, often overlooked clarification, and innovative particle sorting, were used to capture the complexity and diversity of granules. It was found that rapid sorting during settling indicates stable granules, which helps to identify the state of granules. Furthermore, a relationship between sorting time and granule heterogeneity was identified, helping to adjust selection pressure. Features of the dynamic texture entropy well correlated with the respirogram, i.e., R2 were 0.86 and 0.91 for the specific endogenous respiration rate (SOURe) and the specific quasi-endogenous respiration rate (SOURq), respectively, providing a biologically based approach for monitoring the state of granules. The classification accuracy of models using features of dynamic texture entropy as an input was greater than 0.90, significantly higher than the input of conventional features, demonstrating the significant advantage of this approach. These findings contributed to developing robust monitoring tools that facilitate the maintenance of stable granular sludge operations.

PFOS Elicits Cytotoxicity in Neuron Through Astrocyte-Derived CaMKII-DLG1 Signaling In Vitro Rat Hippocampal Model.

Both epidemiological investigation and animal experiments demonstrated that pre-/postnatal exposure to perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) could induce neurodevelopmental disorders. Previous studies showed that astrocyte was involved in PFOS-induced neurotoxicity, while little information is available. In the present study, the role of astrocyte-derived calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII)-phosphorylated discs large homolog 1 (DLG1) signaling in PFOS eliciting cytotoxicity in neuron was explored with primary cultured hippocampal astrocyte and neuron. The application of PFOS showed a decreased cell viability, synapse length and glutamate transporter 1 (GLT-1) expression, but an increased CaMKII, DLG1 and cyclic AMP response element binding protein (CREB) expression in primary cultured astrocyte. With 2-(2-hydroxyethylamino)-6-aminohexylcarbamic acid tert-butyl ester-9-isopropylpurine (CK59), the CaMKII inhibitor, the disturbed cell viability and molecules induced by PFOS could be alleviated (CREB expression was excluded) in astrocytes. The cytotoxic effect of neuron exposed to astrocyte conditional medium collected from PFOS (PFOS-ACM) pretreated with CK59 was also decreased. These results indicated that PFOS mediated GLT-1 expression through astrocyte-derived CaMKII-DLG signaling, which might be associated with injuries on neurons. The present study gave an insight in further exploration of mechanism in PFOS-induced neurotoxicity.

An Injectable silk-based hydrogel as a novel biomineralization seedbed for critical-sized bone defect regeneration.

The healing process of critical-sized bone defects urges for a suitable biomineralization environment. However, the unsatisfying repair outcome usually results from a disturbed intricate milieu and the lack of in situ mineralization resources. In this work, we have developed a composite hydrogel that mimics the natural bone healing processes and serves as a seedbed for bone regeneration. The oxidized silk fibroin and fibrin are incorporated as rigid geogrids, and amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) and platelet-rich plasma serve as the fertilizers and loam, respectively. Encouragingly, the seedbed hydrogel demonstrates excellent mechanical and biomineralization properties as a stable scaffold and promotes vascularized bone regeneration in vivo. Additionally, the seedbed serves a succinate-like function via the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway and subsequently orchestrates the mitochondrial calcium uptake, further converting the exogenous ACP into endogenous ACP. Additionally, the seedbed hydrogel realizes the succession of calcium resources and promotes the evolution of the biotemplate from fibrin to collagen. Therefore, our work has established a novel silk-based hydrogel that functions as an in-situ biomineralization seedbed, providing a new insight for critical-sized bone defect regeneration.

Enhancing soil texture classification with multivariate scattering correction and residual neural networks using visible near-infrared spectra.

Soil texture is one of the most important indicators of soil physical properties, which has traditionally been measured through laborious procedures. Approaches utilizing visible near-infrared spectroscopy, with their advantages in efficiency, eco-friendliness and non-destruction, are emerging as potent alternatives. Nevertheless, these approaches often suffer from limitations in classification accuracy, and the substantial impact of spectral preprocessing, model integration, and sample matrix effect is commonly disregarded. Here a novel 11-class soil texture classification strategy that address this challenge by combining Multiplicative Scatter Correction (MSC) with Residual Network (ResNet) models was presented, resulting in exceptional classification accuracy. Utilizing the LUCAS dataset, collected by the Land Use and Cover Area frame Statistical Survey project, we thoroughly evaluated eight spectral preprocessing methods. Our findings underscored the superior performance of MSC in reducing spatial complexity within spectral data, showcasing its crucial role in enhancing model precision. Through comparisons of three 1D CNN models and two ResNet models integrated with MSC, we established the superior performance of the MSC-incorporated ResNet model, achieving an overall accuracy of 98.97 % and five soil textures even reached 100.00 %. The ResNet model demonstrated a marked superiority in classifying datasets with similar features, as observed by the confusion matrix analysis. Moreover, we investigated the potential benefit of pre-categorization based on land cover type of the soil samples in enhancing the accuracy of soil texture classification models, achieving overall classification accuracies exceeding 99.39 % for woodland, grassland, and farmland with the 2-layer ResNet model. The proposed work provides a pioneering and efficient strategy for rapid and precise soil texture identification via visible near-infrared spectroscopy, demonstrating unparalleled accuracy compared to existing methods, thus significantly enhancing the practical application prospects in soil, agricultural and environmental science.

Tunable quantum dots in monolithic Fabry-Perot microcavities for high-performance single-photon sources.

Cavity-enhanced single quantum dots (QDs) are the main approach towards ultra-high-performance solid-state quantum light sources for scalable photonic quantum technologies. Nevertheless, harnessing the Purcell effect requires precise spectral and spatial alignment of the QDs' emission with the cavity mode, which is challenging for most cavities. Here we have successfully integrated miniaturized Fabry-Perot microcavities with a piezoelectric actuator, and demonstrated a bright single-photon source derived from a deterministically coupled QD within this microcavity. Leveraging the cavity-membrane structures, we have achieved large spectral tunability via strain tuning. On resonance, a high Purcell factor of ~9 is attained. The source delivers single photons with simultaneous high extraction efficiency of 0.58, high purity of 0.956(2) and high indistinguishability of 0.922(4). Together with its compact footprint, our scheme facilitates the scalable integration of indistinguishable quantum light sources on-chip, therefore removing a major barrier to the development of solid-state quantum information platforms based on QDs.

Recent research advances on polysaccharide-, peptide-, and protein-based hemostatic materials: A review.

Hemorrhage is a potentially life-threatening emergency that can occur at any time or place. Whether traumatic, congenital, surgical, disease-related, or drug-induced, bleeding can lead to severe complications or death. Therefore, the development of efficient hemostatic materials is critical. However, the results and prognosis demonstrated by clinical means of hemostasis do not reach expectations. With the development of technology, novel hemostatic materials have been developed from polysaccharides (chitosan, hyaluronic acid, alginate, cellulose, cyclodextrins, starch, dextran, and carrageenan), peptides (self-assembling peptides), and proteins (silk fibroin, collagen, gelatin, keratin, and thrombin). These new materials exhibit high hemostatic efficacy due to the enhancement or interaction of various hemostatic mechanisms. The main forms include adhesives, sealants, bandages, hemostatic powders, and hemostatic sponges. This article introduces the clotting process and principles of hemostatic methods and reviews the research on polysaccharide-, peptide-, and protein-based hemostatic materials in the last five years. The design ideas and hemostatic principles of polysaccharide-, peptide-, and protein-based hemostatic materials are mainly introduced. Finally, we summarize material designs, advantages, disadvantages, and challenges regarding hemostatic materials.