The norm of the Physical Activity afterschool Questionnaire for Preschooler (P-PAQ) in urban areas of China / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To establish the norm of the Physical Activity afterschool Questionnaire for Preschooler(P-PAQ) in urban areas of China, so as to provide a basis for graded guidance from the family perspective and to improve children s physical activity levels.@*Methods@#From October 2020 to January 2021, 6 267 children aged 3-6 years old were recruited from 40 kindergartens in eight cities across six major administrative regions by stratified cluster sampling, and the P-PAQ initially developed by the researchers of this study were completed by the primary caregivers. The questionnaire was administered to collect data relating to the amount of physical activity undertaken by the preschoolers, and the norm was determined by quartiles. Data relating to parental concepts of sports and parental behavior were assessed by calculating mean scores in order to establish the norm.@*Results@#Among preschoolers in urban areas, the M(P 25 ，P 75 ) of total physical activity time (min/day), moderate-to-vigorous physical activity time (min/day), outdoor time (min/day) and screen time (min/day) on school days outside kindergarten and on weekends were 84 (54,120), 22 (8,40), 12 (0,24) and 18 (6,30), and 170 (115,240), 60 (30,95), 90 (35,120) and 30 (20,60), respectively. When the score of parents sports concept and behavior (total score of 40) were≥34, 29-<34, 24-<29, <24, it was defined as four levels about above medium, medium, lower medium and lower, respectively. And for two dimensions，when the score of parental sports concept were ≥19, 17-<19, 15-<17, <15，and the score of parental behaviors were ≥16, 12-<16, 8-<12, <8, it was defined as four levels about upper medium, medium, lower medium and lower, respectively.@*Conclusion@#The norm of extracurricular activities among preschool children in Chinese cities has good representativeness and appropriate threshold values, which could provide a valuable reference for early assessment, as well as guidance in relation to out-of-school physical activity behaviors among children aged 3-6 years old.

Exercise training as an adjunctive therapy to montelukast in children with mild asthma: A randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: This study investigated the effectiveness and safety of exercise training (ET) as an adjunctive therapy to montelukast for children with mild asthma (MA). METHODS: A total of 72 children, ages 4 to 12 years with MA were randomly assigned to a treatment group or a control group at a ratio of 1:1. The subjects in the treatment group received ET plus montelukast, while the participants in the control group received montelukast alone. The primary endpoint was lung function, as measured by forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) and ratio between FEV1 and forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC). The secondary endpoints included the symptom improvements, as measured by clinical assessment score, and quality of life (QoL), as assessed with Paediatric Allergic Disease Quality of Life Questionnaire (PADQLQ) scores. In addition, adverse events were also assessed during the period of this study. All outcomes were measured at baseline, at the end of 6-week treatment and 2-week follow-up after the treatment. RESULTS: After 6-week treatment and 2-week follow-up, although ET plus montelukast did not show better effectiveness in improving lung function, as evaluated by the FEV1 (P > .05) and FEV1/FVC (P > .05) than montelukast alone, significant relief in clinical symptoms (P < .01), and improvement in QoL (P < .01) have achieved. Additionally, both groups had similar safety profile. CONCLUSION: The results of this study showed that ET as an adjunctive therapy to montelukast may benefit for children with MA. Further studies are still needed to warrant the results of this study.

[Colonization of group B streptococcus in the semen of chronic prostatitis patients of childbearing age and its influence on perinatal outcomes].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the colonization of group B streptococcus (GBS) in the semen of chronic prostatitis patients of childbearing age and its influence on perinatal outcomes. METHODS: This retrospective study included 592 cases of chronic prostatitis and another 472 non-prostatitis healthy males as controls. We collected semen samples from the subjects for bacterial and Ureaplasma urealyticum (UU) culture and quantitative fluorescence PCR analysis of chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and GBS. According to the results of culture, we divided the patients into a GBS-positive and a GBS-negative group and compared the perinatal outcomes among different groups of subjects. RESULTS: The rate of GBS colonization in the semen of the chronic prostatitis patients was 11.8% (70/592). Bacteria were detected in the semen of 54.4% of the patients (322/592), mainly including GBS (21.7% ï¼»70/322ï¼½) and E coli (19.9% ï¼»64/322ï¼½), and in 7.8% of the healthy controls (37/472), Staphylococcus aureus comprising 83.8% (31/37), with statistically significant difference in the rate of bacteria detection between the two groups (P < 0.01). The incidence rate of adverse perinatal outcomes in the cases of successful pregnancy was significantly higher in the GBS-positive (32.8% ï¼»19/58ï¼½) than in the GBS-negative (22.0% ï¼»29/132ï¼½) and the healthy control group (2.2% ï¼»6/271ï¼½) (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The rate of GBS colonization is significantly increased in the semen of chronic prostatitis patients of childbearing age, and so is the incidence of adverse perinatal outcomes in the spouses of GBS-positive males. Importance should be attached to normalized screening of GBS in chronic prostatitis patients and to standardized prevention and intervention as well.

Montelukast and budesonide combination for children with chronic cough-variant asthma.

This study investigated the effectiveness and safety of montelukast combined budesonide (MCB) treatment for children with chronic cough-variant asthma (CCVA).In total, 82 cases of children with CCVA, aged 4 to 11 years were included in this study. All cases received either MCB or budesonide alone between May 2015 and April 2017. The primary outcome was lung function, measured by the peak expiratory flow rates (PEFRs) and forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1). The secondary outcome was measured by the clinical assessment score. Furthermore, adverse events (AEs) were also recorded in this study. All outcomes were measured after 8-week treatment.After 8-week treatment, MCB showed greater effectiveness than did budesonide alone in improving the lung function, measured by PEFR V1 (P = .02), and FEV1 (P < .01). Similarly, the clinical assessment score also demonstrated significant difference between the 2 groups (P < .05). In addition, no serious AEs occurred in both groups.The results of this study demonstrate that the effectiveness of MCB is superior to budesonide alone in the treatment of children with CCVA.

Visual search tasks: measurement of dynamic visual lobe and relationship with display movement velocity.

Visual lobe is a useful tool for predicting visual search performance. Up till now, no study has focused on dynamic visual lobe. This study developed a dynamic visual lobe measurement system (DVLMS) that could effectively map dynamic visual lobe and calculate visual lobe shape indices. The effects of display movement velocity on lobe shape indices were examined under four velocity conditions: 0, 4, 8 and 16 deg/s. In general, with the increase of display movement velocity, visual lobe area and perimeter became smaller, whereas lobe shape roundness, boundary smoothness, symmetry and regularity deteriorated. The elongation index was not affected by velocity. Regression analyses indicated that display movement velocity was important in determining dynamic visual lobe shape indices. Dynamic visual lobe provides another option for better understanding dynamic vision, in addition to dynamic visual acuity. Findings of this study can provide guidelines for analysing and designing dynamic visual tasks. Practitioner Summary: Dynamic visual lobe is important in reflecting the visual ability of searching for a moving target. We developed a dynamic visual lobe measurement system (DVLMS) and examined display movement velocity's effects on lobe shape. Findings revealed that velocity was a key factor affecting dynamic visual lobe shape indices.

Risk factors and visual fatigue of baggage X-ray security screeners: a structural equation modelling analysis.

This study identified the risk factors influencing visual fatigue in baggage X-ray security screeners and estimated the strength of correlations between those factors and visual fatigue using structural equation modelling approach. Two hundred and five X-ray security screeners participated in a questionnaire survey. The result showed that satisfaction with the VDT's physical features and the work environment conditions were negatively correlated with the intensity of visual fatigue, whereas job stress and job burnout had direct positive influences. The path coefficient between the image quality of VDT and visual fatigue was not significant. The total effects of job burnout, job stress, the VDT's physical features and the work environment conditions on visual fatigue were 0.471, 0.469, -0.268 and -0.251 respectively. These findings indicated that both extrinsic factors relating to VDT and workplace environment and psychological factors including job burnout and job stress should be considered in the workplace design and work organisation of security screening tasks to reduce screeners' visual fatigue. Practitioner Summary: This study identified the risk factors influencing visual fatigue in baggage X-ray security screeners and estimated the strength of correlations between those factors and visual fatigue. The findings were of great importance to the workplace design and the work organisation of security screening tasks to reduce screeners' visual fatigue.

NOX2 Mediated-Parvalbumin Interneuron Loss Might Contribute to Anxiety-Like and Enhanced Fear Learning Behavior in a Rat Model of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder.

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a common psychiatric disease following exposure to a severe traumatic event or physiological stress, yet the precise mechanisms underlying PTSD remains largely to be determined. Using an animal model of PTSD induced by a single prolonged stress (SPS), we assessed the role of hippocampal nicotinamide adenosine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase 2 (NOX2) and parvalbumin (PV) interneurons in the development of PTSD symptoms. In the present study, behavioral tests were performed by the open field (day 13 after SPS) and fear conditioning tests (days 13 and 14 after SPS). For the interventional study, rats were chronically treated with a NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin either by early or delayed administration. The levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-6, IL-10, malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, NOX2, 4-hydroxynonenal, and PV in the hippocampus were measured at the indicated time points. In the present study, we showed that SPS rats displayed anxiety-like and enhanced fear learning behavior, which was accompanied by the increased expressions of malondialdehyde, IL-6, NOX2, 4-hydroxynonenal, and decreased PV expression. Notably, early but not delayed treatment with apocynin reversed all these abnormalities after SPS. In conclusion, our results provided evidence that NOX2 activation in the hippocampus, at least in part, contributes to oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, which further results in PV interneuron loss and consequent PTSD symptoms in a rat model of PTSD induced by SPS.

Congenital Atresia of Uterine Isthmus: Successful Diagnosis and End-To-End Anastomosis.

BACKGROUND: Müllerian duct anomalies are rare and occasionally diagnosed in adolescents with primary amenorrhea, abdominal pain, and sexual difficulties. They are present in a variety of forms and sometimes difficult to appropriately classify. The management of malformations remains controversial. CASE: A 15-year-old girl with primary amenorrhea and cyclic lower abdominal pain was found on laparoscopic examination to have an asymmetric ball-shaped uterus with isthmus stenosis suspended in the pelvis. The junction between the lower segment of uterus and the cervix was very thin and stenotic with scar-like tissue changes. Combined with pathologic evaluation, it was finally diagnosed as congenital atresia of uterine isthmus. Thus, an end-to-end anastomosis was performed instead of surgical resection. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION: Müllerian duct anomalies in a variety of forms can be difficult to diagnosis correctly and treat appropriately. Preservation of reproductive ability is the first objective of all treatments.

Nearly Normal Congenital Cervical Fragmentation: A Hard-To-Diagnose and Successful End-To-End Anastomosis.

BACKGROUND: Congenital cervical fragmentation is a very rare genital tract malformation that usually presents in adolescence with primary amenorrhea and cyclic, monthly, lower abdominal pain. We report a nearly normal case of congenital cervical fragmentation and successful end-to-end anastomosis. CASE: A 15-year-old girl presented with primary amenorrhea with cyclic, monthly lower abdominal pain lasting for 15 months without any abnormal imaging findings (pelvic CT scan, ultrasonography, and hysteroscopy). Misdiagnosis and appendectomy was performed at the time of the initial lower abdominal pain. Diagnostic combined hysteroscopy and laparoscopy were performed in our hospital, and cervical fragmentation was diagnosed. A converted laparotomy end-to-end anastomosis was performed successfully, and regular menstruation was restored after the operation. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION: The malformation of nearly normal congenital cervical fragmentation is existent and hard to diagnose. As long as the patient has persistent primary amenorrhea with cyclic, monthly lower abdominal pain, even if no abnormal findings on imaging, obstructive malformation of the reproductive duct should be the primary suspicion. Diagnosis and treatment should occur as early as possible to preserve the patient's fertility. End-to-end anastomosis is the best method for this type of patient.

Synthesis of oleanolic acid dimers linked at C-28 and evaluation of anti-tumor activity.

Five dimeric oleanolic acids linked at C-28 by 1,6-hexanediamine, or built around the carbon chains of varying lengths between two carboxyl groups were synthesized, to investigate the effect of internal spacer length and species upon the stereochemical features and anti-tumor activity of the resultant bis-oleanolic acids. The IC50 values of these dimeric compounds for cytotoxicity evaluation in vitro against Hep-G2, A549, BGC-823, MCF-7 and PC-3 tumor cell lines, were mainly under 10.0 µM. This result was much better than the inhibition of proliferation against tested tumor cell lines of the monomer oleanolic acid and the commercial anticancer drug 5-fluorouracil. The cytotoxicity selectivity detection revealed that dimer 11c exhibited low cytotoxicity towards normal human liver cell HL-7702. A combination of fluorescence staining observation and flow cytometric analysis indicated that 11c could induce Hep-G2 cell apoptosis. Molecular mechanism studies suggested that 11c induced apoptosis is mediated through the intrinsic apoptotic pathway with changes in mitochondrial membrane potential by finally activating effector caspase-3/9 to trigger cell apoptosis. Further studies revealed that 11c caused cell cycle arrest at G1 phase in Hep-G2 cells. Taken together, these results suggest that 11c may be a potential candidate for further cancer research.

Age-related changes in visual lobe shape characteristics and their relationship to visual search performance.

Visual lobe shape plays an important role in visual search performance, but little is known about the age-related changes in visual lobe shape. The age-related changes in visual lobe shape characteristics and their relationships to visual search performance were investigated in this study. A total of 96 participants aged 15-64 years participated in this study. Their visual lobes were mapped on a uniform 2-D test field composed of 24 regularly spaced meridians passing through the centre of the visual field, and their search performances were also measured. The results showed that in general, age significantly affected visual lobe size, visual lobe shape and search time. As age increased, the visual lobe size decreased; in addition, the roundness, boundary smoothness, symmetry and regularity of the visual lobe deteriorated, and the search time increased. Moreover, significant correlations between visual lobe shape, search time and age were found. Regression analyses indicated that age was important in determining visual lobe shape and search time, suggesting that age differences should be considered when predicting search time and when designing tasks and products that involve visual search in our daily lives and work. PRACTITIONER SUMMARY: Age-related changes in visual lobe shape characteristics and their relationships to visual search performance were investigated in this study. The results help to explain how tasks and products involving visual search in our daily lives and work should be designed for target audiences of different ages.