A Review of Macrocycles Applied in Electrochemical Energy Storge and Conversion.

Macrocycles composed of diverse aromatic or nonaromatic structures, such as cyclodextrins (CDs), calixarenes (CAs), cucurbiturils (CBs), and pillararenes (PAs), have garnered significant attention due to their inherent advantages of possessing cavity structures, unique functional groups, and facile modification. Due to these distinctive features enabling them to facilitate ion insertion and extraction, form crosslinked porous structures, offer multiple redox-active sites, and engage in host-guest interactions, macrocycles have made huge contributions to electrochemical energy storage and conversion (EES/EEC). Here, we have summarized the recent advancements and challenges in the utilization of CDs, CAs, CBs, and PAs as well as other novel macrocycles applied in EES/EEC devices. The molecular structure, properties, and modification strategies are discussed along with the corresponding energy density, specific capacity, and cycling life properties in detail. Finally, crucial limitations and future research directions pertaining to these macrocycles in electrochemical energy storage and conversion are addressed. It is hoped that this review is able to inspire interest and enthusiasm in researchers to investigate macrocycles and promote their applications in EES/EEC.

Structuring Cu Membrane Electrode for Maximizing Ethylene Yield from CO2 Electroreduction.

Electrocatalytic ethylene (C2H4) evolution from CO2 reduction is an intriguing route to mitigate both the energy and environmental crises; however, to acquire industrially relevant high productivity and selectivity at low energy cost remains to be challenging. Membrane assembly electrode has shown great prospect and tailoring its architecture for maximizing C2H4 yield at minimum voltage with long-term stability becomes critical. Here a freestanding Cu membrane cathode is designed and constructed by electrochemically depositing mesoporous Cu film on Cu foam to simultaneously manage CO2, electron, water, and product transport, which shows an extraordinary C2H4 Faradaic efficiency of 85.6% with a full cell power conversion efficiency of 33% at a current density of 368 mA cm-2, heading the techno-economic viability for electrocatalytic C2H4 production.

[Analysis of cases of laryngeal airway diseases in infants].

Objective:To analyze the clinical data of laryngeal airway diseases in infants and provide reference for the standardized diagnosis and treatment of the disease. Methods:From June 2022 to August 2023, analyze the clinical data of 4 cases of children with laryngeal airway diseases recently admitted to Department of Otolaryngology, Fuzhou Children's Hospital of Fujian Province, and summarize the experience and lessons of diagnosis and treatment by consulting relevant literature. Results:Three cases had symptoms such as laryngeal wheezing, dyspnea, backward growth and development, etc. After electronic laryngoscopy, the first case was diagnosed with laryngeal softening （severe, type Ⅱ）, and the angular incision was performed. While cases 2, 3 diagnosed with case 2 and 3 were diagnosed with laryngeal cyst and underwent laryngeal cyst resection. All three cases underwent low-temperature plasma surgery under visual laryngoscope, and the symptoms were relieved after operation. Case 4 was laryngeal wheezing and dyspnea after extubation under general anesthesia. The electronic laryngoscopy showeded early stage of globetic stenosis, and endoscopic pseudomembrane clamping was performed, and the postoperative symptoms were relieved. Conclusion:Infants and young children with laryngeal airway diseases should pay attention to the early symptoms and be diagnosed by electronic laryngoscopy as soon as possible. With good curative effect and few complications, low-temperature plasma surgery under visual laryngoscope is recommended. The formation of pseudomembrane under the gluteal caused by tracheal intubation causes rapid onset and rapid development. The pseudomembrane extraction by clamping is convenient and fast, with good curative effect.

[New progress in diagnosis and treatment of congenital laryngomalacia in infants].

Congenital laryngomalacia is the most common disease causing laryngeal stridor in infants. The pathogenesis has not yet been clearly concluded. It may be related to abnormal development of laryngeal cartilage anatomical structure, neuromuscular dysfunction, gastroesophageal and laryngeal reflux disease, etc. The typical manifestations of the disease are inspiratory laryngeal stridor and feeding difficulties, which can be divided into mild, moderate and severe according to the severity of symptoms. The diagnosis is mainly based on clinical symptoms, signs and endoscopy, among which endoscopy is an important diagnostic basis. The treatment of laryngomalacia depends on the severity of symptoms. Mild and some moderate congenital laryngomalacia children can be relieved by conservative treatment, and severe and some moderate congenital laryngomalacia children should be treated by surgery. Supraglottic plasty is the main surgical method, which can effectively improve the symptoms of laryngeal stridor, dyspnea, feeding difficulties and growth retardation in most children, and the surgical effect is good.

Geographic distribution of C4 species and its phylogenetic structure across China.

Over the past fifty years, the distribution patterns of C4 species, across large spatial scales, are largely ignored. Here, we endeavored to examine patterns in the taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity of species with C4 photosynthetic pathways across the broad spatial extent of China and relate those to climatic gradients. We built a database of all plants with the C4 photosynthetic pathway in China. We analyzed the geographic distributions, taxonomic diversity, phylogenetic diversity, and phylogenetic structure of all C4 species, as well as the three families with the most C4 species (Poaceae, Amaranthaceae and Cyperaceae), and compared their values along temperature and precipitation gradients at two scales-the level of the province and at the 100 x 100 km grid cell. We found 644 C4 plants (belonging to 23 families 165 genera) in China, with Poaceae (57%), Amaranthaceae (17%), Cyperaceae (13%) accounting for the majority of species. Standardized effect size values of phylogenetic distances were negative overall, indicating that C4 species showed a phylogenetic clustering pattern. Southern China had the highest species richness and the highest degree of phylogenetic clustering. C4 tended to be more phylogenetically over-dispersed in regions with colder and/or drier climates, but more clustered in warmer and/or wetter climates. Patterns within individual families were more nuanced. The distribution of C4 species and its phylogenetic structure across China was constrained by temperature and precipitation. C4 species showed a phylogenetic clustering pattern across China, while different families showed more nuanced responses to climate variation, suggesting a role for evolutionary history.

[Effect analysis of individualized operation for congenital preauricular fistula].

Objective:To investigate the effect and influencing factors of individualized operation for congenital preauricular fistula in children. Methods:The clinical data of 98 cases （109 ears） of congenital preauricular fistula treated in Department of Otolaryngology，Fuzhou Children's Hospital of Fujian Medical University from July 2016 to December 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. According to the characteristics and infection of preauricular fistula，they were divided into common type and variant type，static period of inflammation and period of infection.Individual surgical methods such as classical fistula resection, double fusiform incision and fistula location resection were used respectively.The efficacy，complication and influencing factors of different surgical methods were analyzed. Results:The operation time of classical fistula resection was shorter, and the difference was statistically significant（t = －2.905 and－3.005 respectively, all P<0.05）. According to the stages and types of fistulas, the selection of individualized surgical methods had achieved good results. There was no significant difference in incision complications and fistula recurrence among different surgical methods （all P>0.05）. Conclusion:Once infection occurs in congenital preauricular fistula, surgical resection should be performed as soon as possible after infection control, or as early as possible after infection maximum control if infection cannot completely subside. Surgical incision design should be individualized, complete resection of fistulas and lesions, minimally invasive and aesthetic.

[Diagnostic value of total serum IgE for atopy in children and adolescents].

Objective:To explore the value of total IgE in the diagnosis of atopy in children and adolescents. Methods:This cross-sectional study analyzed data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2005-2006 included measurement of total and specific IgE levels and allergy questions for 6-19 year old children and adolescents. According to the results of specific IgE, participants were divided into the atopic or non- atopic group. Based on questionnaire, participants were divided into the rhinitis or non-rhinitis group. To compare the difference of total IgE between groups. The relationship between total IgE and atopy was analyzed. The value of total IgE in the diagnosis of atopy was analyzed by ROC curve. Results:①The geometric mean total IgE level in the non-atopic subjects and the atopic subjects were 24.4 kU/L and 153.1 kU/L, respectively. The difference between the two groups was statistically significant（P<0.01）. ②In logistic regression analyses, we observed the adjusted odds ratio（OR） for atopy with a 10-fold increase in total IgE level was 17.6[95%CI：14.1-22.3], statistically significant changes（P<0.01）. ③The area under the receiver operator characteristic curve（AUC） of total IgE for diagnosing atopy in the total population were 0.857. The specificity and sensitivity of total IgE at the optimal cutoff of 54.3 kU/L on the ROC curve for diagnosing atopy were76.4%, and 80.0%, respectively. At the optimal cutoff of 54.6 kU/L for diagnosing atopy in the population with rhinitis, AUC, specificity, and sensitivity were 0.888, 86.7% and 77.0%, respectively. At the optimal cutoff of 59.0 kU/L for diagnosing atopy in the population with non-rhinitis, AUC, specificity, and sensitivity were 0.841, 74.8% and 78.6%, respectively. ④The diagnostic specificity of atopy increased with total IgE, while the sensitivity decreased. Conclusion:There was a close relationship between total IgE and atopy. Total IgE level can be used to discriminates children and adolescents with and without atopy.

[Analysis of 54 cases of thyroglossal duct cyst resection with hyoid bone preservation].

Objective:To investigate the efficacy, complications and recurrence rate of thyroglossal duct cyst resection with hyoid preservation in children. Method:Fifty-four children with thyroglossal duct cyst underwent cervical color Doppler ultrasound, CT and/or MRI before operation to make a definite diagnosis.Hyoid-preserving thyroglossal cyst resection was performed in all children.In 51 cases, the cyst wall was close to the hyoid bone, and the thin layer of the hyoid bone surface was removed, while the other 3 cases had no definite association with hyoid bone, only cysts and branches were resected.In the cases where the cyst was close to the hyoid bone, fistula tissue was found in the suprahyoid muscle group in 4 cases, which were carefully separated and excised. Result:All patients had no complications after operation, and the incision healed in the first stage. Postoperative pathology: 51 cases were thyroglossal duct cysts and 3 cases were epidermoid cysts.Follow-up for 1 years to 3 years showed that only 1 case had recurrence（2.0%,1/51）. Conclusion:Postoperative recurrence of thyroid hyoid cysts does not depend on whether the hyoid bone is removed, but on the residue of its branches.The significance of hyoid bone preservation is to narrow the scope of operation, reduce trauma and complications, and avoid the impact of hyoid bone loss on vocal and swallowing function.

Delocalized electron effect on single metal sites in ultrathin conjugated microporous polymer nanosheets for boosting CO2 cycloaddition.

CO2 cycloaddition with epoxides at low temperature and pressure has been broadly recognized as an ambitious but challenging goal, which requires the catalysts to have precisely controlled Lewis acid sites. Here, we demonstrate that both stereochemical environment and oxidation state of single cobalt active sites in cobalt tetraaminophthalocyanine [CoPc(NH2)4] are finely tuned via molecular engineering with 2,5-di-tert-butyl-1,4-benzoquinone (DTBBQ). Notably, DTBBQ incorporation not only enables formation of 5-nm-thick conjugated microporous polymer (CMP) nanosheets due to the steric hindrance effect of tert-butyl groups but also makes isolated cobalt sites with high oxidation state due to the presence of delocalized electron-withdrawing effect of alkene groups in DTBBQ via conjugated skeleton. Notably, when used as heterogeneous catalysts for CO2 cycloaddition with different epoxides, single cobalt active sites on the ultrathin CMP nanosheets exhibit unprecedentedly high activity and excellent stability under mild reaction conditions.

Metalation of Catechol-Functionalized Defective Covalent Organic Frameworks for Lewis Acid Catalysis.

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have emerged as a fascinating crystalline porous material and are widely used in the field of catalysis. However, developing simple approaches to fabricate conjugated COFs with specific functional groups remains a significant challenge. In this study, the construction of defective COF-LZU1 with Lewis acid sites embedded into the frameworks is fulfilled by a facile solvent-assisted ligand exchange method. A monodentate ligand, protocatechualdehyde, is successfully introduced into the skeleton of COF-LZU1, which endows the defects in the structure of COF-LZU1 via replacement of the original coordinated benzene-1,3,5-tricarbaldehyde ligand. As-synthesized defective COF-LZU1 decorated with protocatechualdehyde is rich of free hydroxy groups for chelating with active metal ions. Specifically, after combining with Fe3+ , the defective COF-LZU1 shows excellent activity in catalytic alcoholysis of epoxides under mild conditions. The method reported here will open up the opportunity to incorporate different functional groups into COFs and enrich the strategies for creating new types of porous catalysts.

Mechanism of deglutition stage acupuncture for treating deglutition disorder after stroke.

This research analyzed the efficacy of dysphagia after stroke and evaluated the clinical curative effect after treatment by the staging acupuncture method in comparison with traditional acupuncture method. We tried to study the curative effect of the staging acupuncture treatment after stroke and the possible mechanism of action. Then it could provide the basis of evidence-based medicine and lead for further research. There were 30 patients in the experimental group and the control group, including 15 patients at the middle oral stage and pharynx stage, respectively. The patients were divided into groups who met the standards according to the time sequence of hospitalization using the randomized controlled trial method. Comparing the curative effect between the experimental group control group after 12 days the therapeutic effect evaluation criteria were the water intake test score and the standard swallowing function score (SSA) score and recorded the occurrence of adverse events. There was no statistically significant difference (P>0.05) of oral and pharyngeal period in the baseline data between the two groups in gender, age, course of disease before treatment, and SSA scores before treatment. After treatment, there was statistically significant difference between the two groups. For dysphagia after stroke, the effect of acupuncture in deglutition stage was better than that in routine acupuncture group. Comparison of the efficacy between the oral and pharyngeal phases showed that the staged acupuncture group was superior to the traditional acupuncture group.

A reconstructed porous copper surface promotes selectivity and efficiency toward C2 products by electrocatalytic CO2 reduction.

Electrocatalytic synthesis of multicarbon (C2+) products from CO2 reduction suffers from poor selectivity and low energy efficiency. Herein, a facile oxidation-reduction cycling method is adopted to reconstruct the Cu electrode surface with the help of halide anions. The surface composed of entangled Cu nanowires with hierarchical pores is synthesized in the presence of I-, exhibiting a C2 faradaic efficiency (FE) of 80% at -1.09 V vs. RHE. A partial current density of 21 mA cm-2 is achieved with a C2 half-cell power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 39% on this electrode. Such high selective C2 production is found to mainly originate from CO intermediate enrichment inside hierarchical pores rather than the surface lattice effect of the Cu electrode.

Preoperative computed tomography-guided coil localization of lung nodules.

Purpose: To evaluate the usefulness of preoperative computed tomography (CT)-guided coil localization in patients with lung nodules who underwent video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) for lung resection.Material and methods: From October 2015 to January 2018, 76 patients with lung nodules underwent CT-guided coil localization and subsequent VATS in our center. The tail of the coil remained above the visceral pleura. Data regarding the technical success of coil localization and wedge resection were analyzed.Results: A total of 96 lung nodules in 76 patients were localized. The technical success rate of CT-guided coil localization was 97.9% (94/96). Among the 94 localized nodules, 88 coils were visible and six coils were palpated during VATS. Nine patients experienced pneumothorax and two patients experienced hemoptysis after coil localization. Two patients underwent VATS beyond 24 h after coil localization. The technical success rate of wedge resection of lung nodules was 97.9%. Seventeen patients with multiple target lung nodules underwent one-stage video-assisted resection of all target nodules after coil localization.Conclusion: Preoperative CT-guided coil localization is a safe and convenient method to facilitate a high success rate of diagnostic VATS wedge-resection of lung nodules. Coil localization can also facilitate one-stage VATS wedge-resection of multiple nodules.

Scalable Production of Two-Dimensional Metallic Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Nanosheet Powders Using NaCl Templates toward Electrocatalytic Applications.

Two-dimensional (2D) metallic transition metal dichalcogenides (MTMDCs) have attracted tremendous interest due to their intriguing physical properties and broad application potential. However, batch production of high-quality 2D MTMDCs based on existing synthesis on 2D surfaces remains a huge challenge. Herein, a universal synthetic route for the scalable synthesis of high-quality 2D MTMDC (e.g., TaS2, V5S8, and NbS2) nanosheets using microcrystalline NaCl crystals as templates via a facile chemical vapor deposition method is reported. Obviously, this synthetic route is perfectly compatible with a facile water dissolution-filtration process for obtaining high-purity MTMDC nanosheet powders. Representatively, a thickness-uniform 1T-TaS2 nanosheet product can be achieved that shows unexceptionable dispersibility in ethanol, which allows its assembly onto arbitrary substrates/electrodes for high-performance energy-related applications, herein serving as a high-performance electrocatalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction. This work sheds light on the batch production, green transfer, and energy-related application of 2D MTMDC materials.

A validated UPLC-MS/MS method for determination of tebipenem in human plasma and its application to a pharmacokinetic study in healthy volunteers.

A rapid and sensitive ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for determining tebipenem (TBPM) in human plasma. Plasma samples were prepared following a single-step protein precipitation method using acetonitrile and 3-morpholinopropanesulfonic acid (MOPS, pH 7.0, 50 mM) which equal volume of plasma samples were added for stabilizing the analyte. Separation was achieved using an ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 (1.7 µm, 2.1 × 50 mm) column. A repeated gradient program was employed for reducing the carryover effect, and the total chromatographic run time was 3.0 min. Method validation results showed TBPM was linear in its analytical range i.e. between 0.1-20 µg/mL (r2>0.99), and the lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) was 0.1 µg/mL. The intra-run and inter-run precision (coefficient of variation, CV) was within 3.81%, and the accuracy (relative error, RE) was within ± 8.56%. The carryover was restricted below 8.1%. Matrix effects were minimal, and recovery of TBPM was 90.19-95.74%. The stability of TBPM in plasma sample stored at room temperature (25 °C) for 4 h, at -20 °C for 3 days, at -80 °C for 30 days, five freeze-thaw cycles at -80 °C and processed samples at auto sampler vials (8 °C) for 24 h were within 91.11-106.33%. Finally, the validated method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of TBPM in healthy volunteers after oral administration of tebipenem pivoxil (TBPM-PI).

Risk factors associated with obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome in Chinese children: A single center retrospective case-control study.

Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome is caused by multiple factors. The present study aimed to investigate the potential risks of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) and their correlation with the disease severity. A total of 338 pediatric patients with OSAHS (polysomnography (PSG) diagnosis) were enrolled between June 2008 and October 2010. These pediatric patients were divided into mild, moderate and severe subgroups according to the obstructive apnea index (OAI) and/or apnea hypoventilation index (AHI). A total of 338 pediatric patients with vocal nodules who were without obstruction of the upper respiratory tract were enrolled as the control group. The patients were analyzed retrospectively. The average number of upper respiratory tract infections each year and tonsil hypertrophy, adenoid hypertrophy, positive serum tIgE, chronic sinusitis, nasal stenosis, craniofacial features and obesity were significantly higher in OSAHS compared with controls (P<0.01). The parameters the average number of upper respiratory tract infections each year (OR: 1.395, 95% CI: 1.256-1.550), adenoid hypertrophy (OR: 8.632, 95% CI: 3.990-18.672), tonsil hypertrophy (OR: 9.138, 95% CI: 4.621-18.073), nasal stenosis (8.023, 95% CI: 3.633-17.717) and chronic sinusitis (OR: 27.186, 95% CI: 13.310-55.527) were independent factors of pediatric OSAHS (P<0.01). The distribution of chronic sinusitis, nasal stenosis, craniofacial features and obesity indicated a gradual increasing trend in the severity of OSAHS (P<0.01). Number of upper respiratory tract infections per year, adenoid hypertrophy, tonsil hypertrophy, chronic sinusitis, nasal stenosis, infections, allergic reactions, craniofacial features and obesity may be potential risk factors of pediatric OSAHS.

Ultraviolet GaN Light-Emitting Diodes with Porous-AlGaN Reflectors.

A GaN/AlGaN ultraviolet light emitting diode (UV-LED) structure with a porous AlGaN reflector structure has been demonstrated. Inside the UV-LED, the n+-AlGaN/undoped-AlGaN stack structure was transformed into a porous-AlGaN/undoped-AlGaN stack structure through a doping-selective electrochemical etching process. The reflectivity of the porous AlGaN reflector was 93% at 374 nm with a stop-bandwidth of 35 nm. In an angle-dependent reflectance measurement, the central wavelength of the porous AlGaN reflector had blueshift phenomenon by increasing light-incident angle from 10° to 50°. A cut-off wavelength was observed at 349 nm due to the material absorption of the porous-AlGaN/u-AlGaN stack structure. In the treated UV-LED structure, the photoluminescence emission wavelength was measured at 362 nm with a 106° divergent angle covered by the porous-AlGaN reflector. The light output power of the treated UV-LED structure was higher than that of the non-treated UV-LED structure due to the high light reflectance on the embedded porous AlGaN reflector.

Geometric phase coded metasurface: from polarization dependent directive electromagnetic wave scattering to diffusion-like scattering.

Ultrathin metasurface compromising various sub-wavelength meta-particles offers promising advantages in controlling electromagnetic wave by spatially manipulating the wavefront characteristics across the interface. The recently proposed digital coding metasurface could even simplify the design and optimization procedures due to the digitalization of the meta-particle geometry. However, current attempts to implement the digital metasurface still utilize several structural meta-particles to obtain certain electromagnetic responses, and requiring time-consuming optimization especially in multi-bits coding designs. In this regard, we present herein utilizing geometric phase based single structured meta-particle with various orientations to achieve either 1-bit or multi-bits digital metasurface. Particular electromagnetic wave scattering patterns dependent on the incident polarizations can be tailored by the encoded metasurfaces with regular sequences. On the contrast, polarization insensitive diffusion-like scattering can also been successfully achieved by digital metasurface encoded with randomly distributed coding sequences leading to substantial suppression of backward scattering in a broadband microwave frequency. The proposed digital metasurfaces provide simple designs and reveal new opportunities for controlling electromagnetic wave scattering with or without polarization dependence.

Tailoring therapy to improve the treatment of children with obstructive sleep apnea according to grade of adenotonsillar hypertrophy.

BACKGROUND: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common disease in children with the major causes of hypertrophy of adenoid or tonsil and nasal diseases. The treatment methods for this disease include the resection of adenoid or tonsil, and drug therapy as well. However, no agreement on the selection of treatment method is available to date. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the individualized treatment methods for children with OSA with different sizes of adenoids and tonsils. METHODS: Children with OSA (diagnosed by polysomnography) were included into groups A (adenoid/tonsil grade ≤III) and B (adenoid/tonsil grade=IV), and further subdivided into subgroups A1 (3-month medication), A2 (3-month medication and negative-pressure sputum aspiration [NPSA]), B1 (3-month medication plus NPSA), B2 (coblation adenotonsillectomy with preoperative/postoperative medication for 3 days/2 weeks) and B3 (coblation adenotonsillectomy with preoperative/postoperative medication for 2 weeks/3 months). Six-month outcomes included quality of life for children with obstructive sleep apnea-18 item (OSA-18), obstructive apnea index (OAI), apnea hypopnea index (AHI) and lowest oxygen saturation (LSaO2). RESULTS: Three hundred and eighty six patients (310 male; 6.70±2.44 years-old) were included. Preoperative OSA-18, OAI, AHI and LSaO2 were not significantly different. At all postoperative time points, subgroup A2 had significantly lower OSA-18 than subgroup A1; postoperative improvements in OAI, AHI and LSaO2 were also superior in subgroup A2 (P<0.05). The initial decrease in OSA-18 was not maintained in subgroups B1 and B2, whereas subgroup B3 showed a sustained reduction at 6 months. OAI and AHI were more improved in subgroup B3 (P<0.05). Surgical/anesthetic complications in subgroups B2 and B3 were 5.5% and 0%. CONCLUSION: Conservative therapy could achieve satisfactory outcomes in children with grade III hypertrophy, while surgery and drugs could achieve good outcomes in grade IV.

[Discussion on the treatment methods of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the treatment methods of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS). METHODS: A total of 386 children with OSAHS were enrolled from June 2008 to April 2011.Ninety children with adenoid and tonsil ≤ degree III (group A) were randomly divided into A1 subgroup and A2 subgroup, while 22 of 296 (group B) children aged less than 3 years old with degree IV adenoid and(or) tonsil were divided into B1 subgroup, and the other 274 of 296 children with degree IV adenoid and (or) tonsil were divided into B1 subgroup, B2 subgroup and B3 subgroup. The adenoid, tonsil size examination and nasal endoscopic examination scores were performed before treatment, 3 months and 6 months after treatment. Drug therapy included oral antibiotics, mometasone furoate as a nasal spray, leukotriene receptor antagonist (LTRAs), mucoactive medications. Conservative treatment meant drug therapy plus negative pressure of sputum aspiration.Surgical treatment meant coblation adenotonsillectomy. A1 subgroup received drug therapy for 3 months; A2 and B1 subgroup received conservative treatment for 3 months; B2 subgroup received coblation adenotonsillectomy after 3 days conservative treatment and postoperative drug therapy for 2 weeks; B3 subgroup received coblation adenotonsillectomy after 2 weeks conservative treatment and postoperative drug therapy for 3 months. RESULTS: The adenoid and tonsil size of A2 subgroup decreased at 3 months after treatment (Wald χ² were 10.584 and 8.366, respectively, P < 0.05), no significant re-increase was found at 6 months, and no decrease was found in the A1 subgroup (P > 0.05). The nasal endoscopic examination scores decreased in both A1 and A2 subgroup at 3 months after the treatment (F = 403.420, P < 0.05), but it was found re-increase in A1 subgroup at the 6 months (P < 0.05), no significant re-increase was found in the A2 subgroup. The polysomnography (PSG) monitor of A2 subgroup was 100.0% normal at 3 months after treatment, while the A1 subgroup was only 43.2% (χ² = 36.189, P < 0.05). B2 and B3 subgroups cured after coblation adenotonsillectomy, but no decrease of the adenoid and tonsil size was found in B1 subgroup (P > 0.05). The nasal endoscopic examination scores of B1, B2 and B3 subgroups showed significant decrease after the treatment, but re-increase was found in both B1 and B2 subgroups at the 6 months (F = 1 614.244, P < 0.05), no significant re-increase was found in the B3 subgroup. The PSG monitor of B3 subgroup was 100.0% normal at 3 months after treatment, B2 subgroup 73.4%, and B1 subgroup only 57.4% (χ² = 90.846, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The treatment method of children with OSAHS should be selected according to the age, condition of disease, and size of the adenoid and tonsil. Adenoid and tonsil ≤ degree III should select conservative treatment; while for degree IV adenoid and (or) tonsil, surgical treatment should be primary choice. Conservative treatment can reduce the risk of perioperative and adequate postoperative drug therapy can help prevent recurrence after surgery.