Whole-genome bisulfite sequencing data analysis learning module on Google Cloud Platform.

This study describes the development of a resource module that is part of a learning platform named 'NIGMS Sandbox for Cloud-based Learning' https://github.com/NIGMS/NIGMS-Sandbox. The overall genesis of the Sandbox is described in the editorial NIGMS Sandbox at the beginning of this Supplement. This module is designed to facilitate interactive learning of whole-genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) data analysis utilizing cloud-based tools in Google Cloud Platform, such as Cloud Storage, Vertex AI notebooks and Google Batch. WGBS is a powerful technique that can provide comprehensive insights into DNA methylation patterns at single cytosine resolution, essential for understanding epigenetic regulation across the genome. The designed learning module first provides step-by-step tutorials that guide learners through two main stages of WGBS data analysis, preprocessing and the identification of differentially methylated regions. And then, it provides a streamlined workflow and demonstrates how to effectively use it for large datasets given the power of cloud infrastructure. The integration of these interconnected submodules progressively deepens the user's understanding of the WGBS analysis process along with the use of cloud resources. Through this module, we can enhance the accessibility and adoption of cloud computing in epigenomic research, speeding up the advancements in the related field and beyond. This manuscript describes the development of a resource module that is part of a learning platform named ``NIGMS Sandbox for Cloud-based Learning'' https://github.com/NIGMS/NIGMS-Sandbox. The overall genesis of the Sandbox is described in the editorial NIGMS Sandbox [1] at the beginning of this Supplement. This module delivers learning materials on the analysis of bulk and single-cell ATAC-seq data in an interactive format that uses appropriate cloud resources for data access and analyses.

Integrative analysis identifies region- and sex-specific gene networks and Mef2c as a mediator of anxiety-like behavior.

The molecular mechanisms underlying multi-brain region origins and sexual dimorphism of anxiety remain unclear. Here, we leverage large-scale transcriptomics from seven brain regions in mouse models of anxiety and extensive experiments to dissect brain-region- and sex-specific gene networks. We identify 4,840 genes with sex-specific expression alterations across seven brain regions, organized into ten network modules with sex-biased expression patterns. Modular analysis prioritizes 86 sex-specific mediators of anxiety susceptibility, including myocyte-specific enhancer factor 2c (Mef2c) in the CA3 region of male mice. Mef2c expression is decreased in the pyramidal neurons (PyNs) of susceptible male mice. Up-regulating Mef2c in CA3 PyNs significantly alleviates anxiety-like behavior, whereas down-regulating Mef2c induces anxiety-like behavior in male mice. The anxiolytic effect of Mef2c up-regulation is associated with enhanced neuronal excitability and synaptic transmission. In summary, this study uncovers brain-region- and sex-specific networks and identifies Mef2c in CA3 PyNs as a critical mediator of anxiety in male mice.

Encapsulation of lycopene in Pickering emulsion stabilized by complexes of whey protein isolate fibrils and sodium alginate: Physicochemical property, structural characterization and in vitro digestion property.

In present study, whey protein isolate fibrils and sodium alginate complexes (WPIFs-SA) were prepared and further used to stabilize Pickering emulsions for lycopene delivery. The optimal interaction between WPIFs and SA occurred at pH 3.0, with a mass ratio of 2:1. Increasing the oil fractions and the content of WPIFs-SA complexes significantly improved Pickering emulsions' stability, concurrently reducing droplet size and increasing viscoelasticity. Meanwhile, it facilitated the formation of a thicker protective layer and a compact network structure around the oil droplets, offering better protection for lycopene against thermal and photo degradation. In vitro digestion studies revealed that as the oil fractions and complex contents increased, the lipolysis degree decreased. The engineered WPIFs-SA Pickering emulsion could be used as an innovative delivery system for the protection and delivery of lycopene.

Safety of Exposure to 0.2 T and 4 Hz Rotating Magnetic Field: A Ten-Month Study on C57BL/6 Mice.

Amidst the burgeoning interest in rotating magnetic fields (RMF) within biological research, there remains a notable gap in the scientific evidence concerning the long-term safety of RMF. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the safety of protracted exposure to a 0.2 T, 4 Hz RMF over 10 months in mice. Two-month-old female C57BL/6 mice were randomly allocated to either the RMF group (exposed to 0.2 T, 4 Hz real RMF) or the SHAM group (exposed to 0 T, 4 Hz sham RMF). Throughout the experiment, the murine weekly body weights were recorded, and their behavioral traits were assessed via open field tests. In the final month, a comprehensive evaluation of the murine overall health was conducted, encompassing analyses of blood parameters, histomorphological examination of major organs, and skeletal assessments using X-ray and micro-CT imaging. The murine immune system and lipid metabolism were evaluated through immunochip analysis and metabolomics. Notably, no discernible adverse effects with RMF exposure were observed. Murine body weight, locomotor behavior, organ histomorphology, and skeletal health remained unaffected by RMF. Blood analysis revealed subtle changes in hormone and lipid levels between the SHAM and RMF groups, yet these differences did not reach statistical significance. Moreover, RMF led to elevated serum interleukin-28 (IL-28) levels, albeit within the normal range, and modest alterations in serum lipid metabolites. Conclusively, mice exposed to the 0.2 T, 4 Hz RMF for 10 months displayed no significant signs of chronic toxicity, indicating its potential clinical application as a physical therapy.

Multifunctional Lanthanide Metal-Organic Frameworks Are Used for Fluorescence Sensing of Bi3+, HPO42-, Flu, and PNBA and Application.

Using a nitrogen-containing tricarboxylic acid ligand (imidazole-1-yl) benzene-2,4,6-tricarboxylic acid (H3ttc) and lanthanide metal elements (Dy, Eu, Nd, and Gd), four lanthanide metal organic frameworks (Ln-MOFs) with the same structure, namely, {[Dy2 (Httc)3]·1.5DMF}n(1), {[Eu2 (Httc)3]·1.5DMF}n(2), {[Nd2 (Httc)3]·1.5DMF}n(3), and {[Gd2 (Httc)3]·1.5DMF}n(4), were synthesized under solvothermal conditions. The characterization analysis showed that the four isomorphic Ln-MOFs were trigonal crystals of the R3̅c space group, with good phase purity and thermal stability. Fluorescence analysis showed that complex 1 can be an excellent fluorescence sensor for Bi3+, HPO42-, and fluridine (Flu), while complex 2 can be an excellent fluorescence sensor for p-nitrobenzoic acid (PNBA). And their sensing mechanisms were discussed in detail. The fluorescent test paper and fluorescent seal were prepared by using the excellent luminescence properties of 1 and 2, and the pesticide on the surface of cherry tomato was detected. The applicability of these MOFs as fluorescence sensors was proved. Therefore, Ln-MOFs are expected to have unpredictable application prospects in the field of environmental detection.

Genome-wide characterization of RR gene family members in Zanthoxylum armatum and the subsequent functional characterization of the C-type RR.

Response Regulators (RRs) are crucial regulators in plant development and stress responses, comprising A-type, B-type, C-type, and pseudo-RR subfamilies. However, previous studies have often focused on specific subfamilies, which restricts our understanding of the complete RR gene family. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of 63 RR members from Zanthoxylum armatum, using phylogenetic relationships, motif composition, cis-acting elements, gene duplication and collinearity analyses. Segmental repeats among ZaRR genes enhanced the various environmental adaptabilities of Z. armatum, and the B-type ZaRR exhibited significant collinearity with the RRs in P. trichocarpa and C. sinensis. Cis-element analysis indicated ZaRRs play a significant role in abiotic stress and phytohormone pathways, particularly in light, drought, cold, abscisic acid (ABA) and salicylic acid (SA) responses. Abundant Ethylene Response Factor (ERF) and reproduction-associated binding sites in ZaRR promoters suggested their roles in stress and reproductive processes. A-type ZaRRs were implicated in plant vegetative and reproductive growth, whereas B-type ZaRRs contributed to both growth and stress responses. C-type ZaRRs were associated with plant reproductive growth, whereas pseudo-RRs may function in plant stress responses, such as water logging, cold, and response to ethylene (ETH), SA, and jasmonic acid (JA). Ectopic expression of ZaRR24, a C-type RR, inhibits growth, induces early flowering, and shortens fruit length in Arabidopsis. ZaRR24 overexpression also affected the expression of A- and B-type RRs, as well as floral meristem and organ identity genes. These findings establish a solid and comprehensive foundation for RR gene research in Z. armatum, and provide a platform for investigating signal transduction in other woody plants.

Investigation on the molecular mechanism of SPA interference with osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells.

Binding of Staphylococcus aureus protein A (SPA) to osteoblasts induces apoptosis and inhibits bone formation. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) have the ability to differentiate into bone, fat and cartilage. Therefore, it was important to analyze the molecular mechanism of SPA on osteogenic differentiation. We introduced transcript sequence data to screen out differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to SPA-interfered BMSC. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of DEGs was established to screen biomarkers associated with SPA-interfered BMSC. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was plotted to evaluate the ability of biomarkers to discriminate between two groups of samples. Finally, we performed GSEA and regulatory analysis based on biomarkers. We identified 321 DEGs. Subsequently, 6 biomarkers (Cenpf, Kntc1, Nek2, Asf1b, Troap and Kif14) were identified by hubba algorithm in PPI. ROC analysis showed that six biomarkers could clearly discriminate between normal differentiated and SPA-interfered BMSC. Moreover, we found that these biomarkers were mainly enriched in the pyrimidine metabolism pathway. We also constructed '71 circRNAs-14 miRNAs-5 mRNAs' and '10 lncRNAs-5 miRNAs-2 mRNAs' networks. Kntc1 and Asf1b genes were associated with rno-miR-3571. Nek2 and Asf1b genes were associated with rno-miR-497-5p. Finally, we found significantly lower expression of six biomarkers in the SPA-interfered group compared to the normal group by RT-qPCR. Overall, we obtained 6 biomarkers (Cenpf, Kntc1, Nek2, Asf1b, Troap, and Kif14) related to SPA-interfered BMSC, which provided a theoretical basis to explore the key factors of SPA affecting osteogenic differentiation.

Use of Microalgae-Derived Astaxanthin to Improve Cytoprotective Capacity in the Ileum of Heat-Induced Oxidative Stressed Broilers.

The gastrointestinal tract has a pivotal role in nutrient absorption, immune function, and overall homeostasis. The ileum segment of the small intestine plays respective roles in nutrient breakdown and absorption. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of heat-induced oxidative stress and the potential mitigating effects of an astaxanthin antioxidant treatment on the ileum of broilers. By comparing the growth performance and gene expression profiles among three groups-thermal neutral, heat stress, and heat stress with astaxanthin-thermal neutral temperature conditions of 21-22 °C and heat stress temperature of 32-35 °C, this research aims to elucidate the role of astaxanthin in supporting homeostasis and cellular protection in the ileum. Results showed both treatments under heat stress experienced reduced growth performance, while the group treated with astaxanthin showed a slightly lesser decline. Results further showed the astaxanthin treatment group significantly upregulated in the cytoprotective gene expression for HSF2, SOD2, GPX3, and TXN, as well as the upregulation of epithelial integrity genes LOX, CLDN1, and MUC2. In conclusion, our experimental findings demonstrate upregulation of cytoprotective and epithelial integrity genes, suggesting astaxanthin may effectively enhance the cellular response to heat stress to mitigate oxidative damage and contribute to cytoprotective capacity.

Isolation and identification of primary cells: A comprehensive primary cell culture experiment for graduate students.

Experimental teaching is an important part of postgraduate training in basic and clinical medicine. While primary cell isolation and identification are among the most important research techniques for medical graduate students, most graduate students do not understand and master these techniques before starting their research experience. In particular, many students lack training in this field, and high-quality teaching and learning materials are still very sparse. Here, we designed a practical experiment course for graduate students engaged in research. The target students usually have research projects involving primary cell culture in their future research, making the course highly applicable for the students. The lab exercise focused on the methods of primary cell isolation (including mechanical grinding method, explant culture method and enzymatic digestion method) and identification (including flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining). It aimed to help students master the conceptual, principle, technical, operation, and analytical skills related to primary cell culture and contributed to their foundation for future research. Students generally reflect that they have initially mastered the isolation and identification of primary cell culture as a result of the course. Student feedback also indicates significantly increased confidence in the practical application of primary cell culture in the future. Here, we provide our experience for others who may want to implement similar courses.

CRISPR/Cas12a-Based APE1 Enzyme Cleavage Assay for Drug Resistance Analysis of Staphylococcus aureus-Related Pneumonia.

Drug resistance analysis of Staphylococcus aureus is responsible for generating significant mortality and morbidity in numerous diseases. However, sensitive and accurate analysis of drug resistance of S. aureus remains a huge challenge. In this study, we present the development of a fluorescence biosensor based on the CRISPR/Cas12a system that enables label-free and ultrasensitive detection of the mecA gene in methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). The biosensor identified the mecA gene in MRSA using Cas12a/crRNA. This recognition triggered the trans-cleavage activity of Cas12a and the release of RNA1, which subsequently induced Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1) enzyme-assisted target recycling and G-quadruplexes/Thioflavin T-based signal reaction. Based on this, the biosensor effectively detects the mecA gene with a low limit of detection of 212 aM and a high degree of selectivity, even toward single base mutations. Compared with the traditional CRISPR-Cas12a system-based methods, in which the signal amplification process is prone to generate nucleic acid sequence mismatch, which causes errors, the biosensor used APE1 to improve nucleic acid sequence recognition specificity to ensure that the RNA1 sequence released after Cas12a/crRNA cleavage can specifically guide the signal cycle. In addition to enhancing the CRISPR toolkit, the developed biosensor offers a novel method for the precise and sensitive identification of drug-resistant microbes that cause infections.

Visible Light-Induced, Nickel-Catalyzed Late-Stage 4-Alkylation of Hantzsch Esters with Alkyl Bromide.

Herein, visible light-induced, nickel-catalyzed direct functionalization of the Hantzsch esters (HEs) with readily accessible alkyl bromides has been successfully achieved by taking advantage of HE as the reductant and substrate through an aromatization-dearomatization process. In this strategy, the single electron reduction of alkyl bromides by reactive Ni(I) species is essential for the success of this late-stage transformation. A wide range of 4-alkyl-1,4-dihydropyridines were rapidly assembled in moderate to good yields under mild conditions, rendering this photoinduced approach attractive for synthetic and medicinal chemistry.

Exploring machine learning applications in Meningioma Research (2004-2023).

Objective: This study aims to examine the trends in machine learning application to meningiomas between 2004 and 2023. Methods: Publication data were extracted from the Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-E) within the Web of Science Core Collection (WOSCC). Using CiteSpace 6.2.R6, a comprehensive analysis of publications, authors, cited authors, countries, institutions, cited journals, references, and keywords was conducted on December 1, 2023. Results: The analysis included a total of 342 articles. Prior to 2007, no publications existed in this field, and the number remained modest until 2017. A significant increase occurred in publications from 2018 onwards. The majority of the top 10 authors hailed from Germany and China, with the USA also exerting substantial international influence, particularly in academic institutions. Journals from the IEEE series contributed significantly to the publications. "Deep learning," "brain tumor," and "classification" emerged as the primary keywords of focus among researchers. The developmental pattern in this field primarily involved a combination of interdisciplinary integration and the refinement of major disciplinary branches. Conclusion: Machine learning has demonstrated significant value in predicting early meningiomas and tailoring treatment plans. Key research focuses involve optimizing detection indicators and selecting superior machine learning algorithms. Future efforts should aim to develop high-performance algorithms to drive further innovation in this field.

Prediction of the global occurrence of maize diseases and estimation of yield loss under climate change.

BACKGROUND: Climate change significantly impacts global maize production via yield reduction, posing a threat to global food security. Disease-related crop damage reduces quality and yield and results in economic losses. However, the occurrence of diseases caused by climate change, and thus crop yield loss, has not been given much attention. RESULTS: This study aims to investigate the potential impact of six major diseases on maize yield loss over the next 20 to 80 years under climate change. To this end, the Maximum Entropy model was implemented, based on Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 6 data. The results indicated that temperature and precipitation are identified as primary limiting factors for disease onset. Southern corn rust was projected to be the most severe disease in the future; with a few of the combined occurrence of all the selected diseases covered in this study were predicted to progressively worsen over time. Yield losses caused by diseases varied per continent, with North America facing the highest loss, followed by Asia, South America, Europe, Africa, and Oceania. CONCLUSION: This study provides a basis for regional projections and global control of maize diseases under future climate conditions. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

CT radiomics combined with clinical and radiological factors predict hematoma expansion in hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to establish a hematoma expansion (HE) prediction model for hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage (HICH) patients by combining CT radiomics, clinical information, and conventional imaging signs. METHODS: A retrospective continuous collection of HICH patients from three medical centers was divided into a training set (n = 555), a validation set (n = 239), and a test set (n = 77). Extract radiomics features from baseline CT plain scan images and combine them with clinical information and conventional imaging signs to construct radiomics models, clinical imaging sign models, and hybrid models, respectively. The models will be evaluated using the area under the curve (AUC), clinical decision curve analysis (DCA), net reclassification index (NRI), and integrated discrimination improvement (IDI). RESULTS: In the training, validation, and testing sets, the radiomics model predicts an AUC of HE of 0.885, 0.827, and 0.894, respectively, while the clinical imaging sign model predicts an AUC of HE of 0.759, 0.725, and 0.765, respectively. Glasgow coma scale score at admission, first CT hematoma volume, irregular hematoma shape, and radiomics score were used to construct a hybrid model, with AUCs of 0.901, 0.838, and 0.917, respectively. The DCA shows that the hybrid model had the highest net profit rate. Compared with the radiomics model and the clinical imaging sign model, the hybrid model showed an increase in NRI and IDI. CONCLUSION: The hybrid model based on CT radiomics combined with clinical and radiological factors can effectively individualize the evaluation of the risk of HE in patients with HICH. CLINICAL RELEVANCE STATEMENT: CT radiomics combined with clinical information and conventional imaging signs can identify HICH patients with a high risk of HE and provide a basis for clinical-targeted treatment. KEY POINTS: HE is an important prognostic factor in patients with HICH. The hybrid model predicted HE with training, validation, and test AUCs of 0.901, 0.838, and 0.917, respectively. This model provides a tool for a personalized clinical assessment of early HE risk.

Hydrogen Sulfide Promotes Platelet Autophagy via PDGFR-α/PI3K/Akt Signaling in Cirrhotic Thrombocytopenia.

Background and Aims: The role of platelet autophagy in cirrhotic thrombocytopenia (CTP) remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the impact of platelet autophagy in CTP and elucidate the regulatory mechanism of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) on platelet autophagy. Methods: Platelets from 56 cirrhotic patients and 56 healthy individuals were isolated for in vitro analyses. Autophagy markers (ATG7, BECN1, LC3, and SQSTM1) were quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, while autophagosomes were visualized through electron microscopy. Western blotting was used to assess the autophagy-related proteins and the PDGFR/PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway following treatment with NaHS (an H2S donor), hydroxocobalamin (an H2S scavenger), or AG 1295 (a selective PDGFR-α inhibitor). A carbon tetrachloride-induced cirrhotic BALB/c mouse model was established. Cirrhotic mice with thrombocytopenia were randomly treated with normal saline, NaHS, or hydroxocobalamin for 15 days. Changes in platelet count and aggregation rate were observed every three days. Results: Cirrhotic patients with thrombocytopenia exhibited significantly decreased platelet autophagy markers and endogenous H2S levels, alongside increased platelet aggregation, compared to healthy controls. In vitro, NaHS treatment of platelets from severe CTP patients elevated LC3-II levels, reduced SQSTM1 levels, and decreased platelet aggregation in a dose-dependent manner. H2S treatment inhibited PDGFR, PI3K, Akt, and mTOR phosphorylation. In vivo, NaHS significantly increased LC3-II and decreased SQSTM1 expressions in platelets of cirrhotic mice, reducing platelet aggregation without affecting the platelet count. Conclusions: Diminished platelet autophagy potentially contributes to thrombocytopenia in cirrhotic patients. H2S modulates platelet autophagy and functions possibly via the PDGFR-α/PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway.

Synthesis of highly sensitive and multi-response Eu-MOF, fluorescence sensing properties and anti-counterfeiting applications.

A new Europium metal-organic framework (Eu-MOF), namely [Eu(dpa) (H2O)]·0.5(bpy)·4H2O}n (H4dpa = 5-(3,4-dicarboxyphenoxy) isophenic acid, bpy = protonated 4,4'-bipyridine) was synthesized and structurally characterized by elemental analyses, infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray single-crystal diffraction analyses. Eu-MOF shows a three-dimensional network structure based on EuIII ions and (dpa)4- ligands via µ4: η1, η2, η2, η2 coordination mode. Fluorescence analysis shows that Eu-MOF has excellent fluorescence sensing characteristics, which can efficiently and sensitively detect various pollutants in water: the limit of detection (LOD) of ratiometric fluorescence detection of ANI in water was 42.9 nM, which was better than the single-peak detection limit. In addition, the peak detection limits of Eu-MOF for Flu, ORN and NB were 120 nM, 27 nM and 94 nM, respectively. In addition, XPS, LUMO orbital energy level, fluorescence lifetime, ultraviolet absorption and other principles are used to explore the mechanism of fluorescence quenching. Surprisingly, Eu-MOF not only has excellent anti- counterfeiting ability and stability, can be used as anti-counterfeiting material in life, but also has good selectivity to Flu. Eu-MOF has obvious fluorescence quenching effect on Flu on paper under ultraviolet light, which can be used for rapid in situ imaging test paper of pesticide residues.

Lead Bromide Complex in Tri-n-octylphosphine Oxide Matrix with Bright Photoluminance and Exceptional Thermoplasticity.

Metal halide materials have recently drawn increasing research interest for their excellent opto-electronic properties and structural diversity, but their resulting rigid structures render them brittle and poor formability during manufacturing. Here we demonstrate a thermoplastic luminant hybrid lead halide solid by integrating lead bromide complex into tri-n-octylphosphine oxide (TOPO) matrix. The construction of the hybrid materials can be achieved by a simple dissolution process, in which TOPO molecules act as the solvents and ligands to yield the monodispersed clusters. The combination of these functional units enables the near-room-temperature melt-processing of the materials into targeted geometry by simple molding or printing techniques, which offer possibilities for fluorescent writing inks with outstanding self-healing capacity to physical damage. The intermarriage between metal halide clusters with functional molecules expands the range of practical applications for hybrid metal halide materials.

Pro-oncogene FBI-1 inhibits the ferroptosis of prostate carcinoma PC-3 cells via the microRNA-324-3p/GPX4 axis.

Ferroptosis has been characterized as non-apoptotic programmed cell death and is considered a novel strategy for antitumor treatment. The factor that binds to inducer of short transcripts-1 (FBI-1) is an important proto-oncogene playing multiple roles in human malignancies and the development of resistance to therapy. However, the roles of FBI-1 in ferroptosis of endocrine independent prostate carcinoma are still unknown. The results of this study showed that FBI-1 inhibited the ferroptosis of prostate carcinoma PC-3 cells (a typical endocrine-independent prostate carcinoma cell line) via the miR-324-3p/glutathione peroxidase 4 (miR-324-3p/GPX4) axis. Overexpression of FBI-1 enhanced the expression levels of GPX4. In contrast, knockdown of FBI-1 decreased the expression of GPX4 and induced the ferroptosis of PC-3 cells. The miR-324-3p decreased the expression of GPX4 by targeting the 3'-untranslated region of GPX4 to induce ferroptosis. Notably, FBI-1 increased the expression of GPX4 by repressing the levels of miR-324-3p. The transcription of miR-324-3p was mediated by specificity protein 1 (SP1), and FBI-1 repressed the expression of miR-324-3p by repressing the activation of SP1. In clinical specimens, the endogenous levels of FBI-1 were positively associated with Glutathione Peroxidase 4 (GPX4) and negatively related with the expression of miR-324-3p. Therefore, the results indicated that the miR-324-3p/GPX4 axis participates in the FBI-1-mediated ferroptosis of prostate carcinoma cells.