The Influence of Mother's Employment, Family Income, and Expenditure on Stunting Among Children Under Five: A Cross-Sectional Study in Indonesia.

Introduction: It is widely acknowledged that the socioeconomic circumstances of a family income are correctly reflected in that family expenditures. The dietary habits of families are influenced by socioeconomic circumstances that may affect stunting. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the household economic predictor stunting (mother's employment, family income, and family expenditure) in children under five. Methods: This study used a cross-sectional design. Six districts and cities have been chosen as study areas based on the areas with the highest incidence of stunting in West Java, Indonesia. This study conducted specifically from October to December 2018. Data were examined using descriptive statistics (frequency distribution) and a Spearman Rank bivariate test. A logistic regression was employed to determine the elements that serve as predictors of stunting. Results: A total of 731 women with children under five participated in the study. A bivariate analysis showed that mother's employment had an association with stunting among children under five (p = 0.014). Meanwhile, family income and expenditure are not statistically significant associated with stunting (p > 0.05). A multivariate analysis showed that mother's employment was a stunting predictor with odd ratio (OR) 1.810 (p = 0.017). The OR value means that mothers who do not work have a 1.810 chance for their children to experience stunting compared with mothers who have work. However, family income and expenditure have negative projected values (p = 0.580 and p = 0.398, respectively). Conclusion: Children under five who are stunted are potentially predictive with mothers' employment, with a chance is higher in mother who do not work. However, family income and expenditure are not predictive of stunting.

Psychometric development and evaluation of a COVID-19 social stigma scale in Indonesia.

Stigma remains a significant problem globally, creating barriers to services for individuals in need, regardless of access to services. The stigma of COVID-19 primarily happened because it is a new disease with several unknowns, and these unknowns generate fear. This study aimed to conduct a psychometric development and evaluate the Public COVID-19 Stigma Scale that follows the Indonesian community's cultural background. This study used research and development design to measure the COVID-19 stigma through six steps that include seven dimensions and is culturally sensitive, starting from a literature review through to psychometric evaluation. This study was community based and was conducted in 26 regions in the Sumedang Regency. The research and development step ran from July 2021 to November 2022, with a total of 1,686 respondents. The results showed that the social stigma scale for COVID-19 consisted of 11 valid and reliable items that were separated into seven dimensions: social distancing (1 item), traditional prejudice (7 items), exclusionary sentiments (2 items), negative affect (2 items), treatment carryover (1 item), disclosure carryover (2 items), and perception of dangerousness (1 item). Further research needs to be conducted to examine the level of stigma and determine interventions to overcome the social stigma around COVID-19 in the community.

Family Household Characteristics and Stunting: An Update Scoping Review.

Stunting remains a public health concern in developing countries. Factors related to stunting have been categorized using various frameworks. Family plays an important role in providing nutrients for children; however, no review specifies this aspect for identifying family characteristics related to stunting. This study aimed to identify family household characteristics related to stunting among children aged less than 5 years. A scoping review was undertaken with sources from PubMed, CINAHL, and Scopus, using the keywords "family characteristics" AND "growth". Inclusion criteria were (1) correlational study; (2) published between 2018 and 31 July 2022; (3) families with children under the age of 5 years; and (4) independent variable any measure of stunting factors from family and household factors. Of 376 articles, only 20 met the inclusion criteria of the study. The family household characteristics included individual factors (sex age, history of diarrhea, and birthplace), family factors (family headship, primary caregiver/mother, social-cultural orientation, and family system factors), and environmental factors. Various child variables, family factors, and environmental factors (the type of home, floor type, water access, source of drinking water, and household electricity) were identified as being associated with stunting. Therefore, these factors should be evaluated to prevent and control stunting, and they should be incorporated into health programs targeting stunting.

Factors Related to Complying with Anti-TB Medications Among Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Patients in Indonesia.

Background: A variety of factors influenced the decision of tuberculosis (TB) drug-resistant patients to continue treatment. The study aimed to analyze factors that influence complying with anti-TB medications in patients with TB drug resistance in Indonesia. Patients and Methods: The study employed a cross-sectional approach and was conducted in various community health centers and polyclinics offering TB drug-resistant services in Bandung city, Indonesia. Participants were 79 patients with TB drug resistance who met the criteria during their treatment for TB drug resistance, were willing to be involved in the research, and accessed TB services in Bandung. Complying with anti-TB medications scale, TB Health Behaviors questionnaire, the family support questionnaire, the TB-Related Stigma Scale, and TB knowledge were used in this study. Data were analyzed using Spearman's Rho. Results: Health behavior (r = 0.36) was positively associated with complying with anti-TB medications, while family support, TB stigma, and knowledge were not related to treatment compliance. Conclusion: Information on these factors will inform the development of models and modules for the prevention and control of TB drug resistance in Indonesia, which can later be used widely in Indonesia.

Factors Influencing Self-Care Behaviors in Hypertension Patients With Complications.

Purpose: While hypertension with accompanying complications remains a life-threatening illness, a critical program in its management and prevention is implementing self-care behaviors (SCBs). This study examined the factors associated with SCB that are dominant in hypertension patients with complications. Materials and Methods: This quantitative study was conducted using the regression analytic method and a cross-sectional approach. The non-probability sampling technique was used, and the response rate was 96.2%. Data were collected using a modified hypertension self-care profile (HBP-SCP) questionnaire, hypertension knowledge questionnaire, family support questionnaire, and the brief-illness perception questionnaire (B-IPQ). Results: The mean total SCB score was high at 55.9% with a mean of 191.01, SD = 5.16; 77.5% of the respondents had no disease history, 80.4% had good knowledge, 58.8% had strong family support, and 50% had a good perception of the disease. Factors that were significantly related to SCB were family support (p = 0.00, r = 0.75) and illness perception (p = 0.00, r = 0.77), while disease history (r = 0.47) and knowledge were not significantly related (r = 0.13). Moreover, the analysis of multiple linear regression with the backward method showed that the most dominant factor influencing SCB was illness perception (p = 0.00, = 0.47, B = 0.495, R2 = 0.650). The effect of illness perception on SCB (65%) meant that each 0.50 perception score increased the SCB score by one. Conclusion: It is recommended that health workers increase patient perception using innovative interventions to improve the SCB of hypertension patients with complications.

Influencing factors of community empowerment for domestic waste prevention and management among people living in river basin: A scoping review.

Citarum River in West Java, Indonesia, is the most polluted river in the world which pollutes the ocean. This is caused by lack of community empowerment for domestic waste prevention and management. This study aimed to identify factors influencing community empowerment for domestic waste prevention and management, as well as the intervention for improvement. A scoping review was conducted using databases such as Google Scholar, EBSCOhost, and PubMed with keywords such as community empowerment, domestic waste management, waste prevention, and healthy living, published from 2009 to 2019. Initially, a total of 57,339 articles were retrieved, and with inclusion and exclusion criteria, eight articles were included for this review. Based on the results, three influencing factors were found at the individual, community, and government level. Regarding the intervention, promoting people and participatory engagement were the most effective ways to empower people in promoting healthy and clean behavior. Further research is needed to improve community empowerment for waste management among people living in the river basin to reduce pollution from domestic waste.

Exploring Strategies to Improve the Performance of Community Health Volunteers for Tuberculosis Care and Prevention: A Qualitative Study.

BACKGROUND: Community health volunteers contributed to the total Tuberculosis (TB) case findings; however, the attrition rate of these volunteers was high which reduces their optimal performance. Hence, sustainability of efforts should be explored to retain the community health volunteers in the TB program. Improvement of community health volunteers to perform community-based health education and prevent TB has not been examined consistently around the globe, including Indonesia. This study aimed to explore the strategies to improve performance of community health volunteers for TB care and prevention to reduce the incidence and stop the spread of TB in the community. METHODS: A qualitative design was adopted and we used two focus group discussions in 2017 to collect the data. The participants included village health workers as volunteers in two regencies of Bandung City, West Java Indonesia. A thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. RESULTS: Four major themes should be considered in developing a community-based TB health education program: (1) informing community health volunteers about the benefits and difficulties of being a TB volunteer; (2) recognizing the activities and feelings of volunteers; (3) emphasizing the Willingness to Help Others; and (4) having access to TB training. CONCLUSION: To develop a community-based health education program for TB care and prevention, community nurses need to listen to the opinions of community health volunteers, and TB patients and their family members to ensure that the health education program is tailored to meet community needs.