Optimal endometrial preparation for frozen embryo transfer cycles: window of implantation and progesterone support.

With significant improvements in cryopreservation technology (vitrification) the number of frozen ET IVF cycles is increasing and may soon surpass in numbers and success rates those of fresh stimulated IVF cycles. Increasing numbers of elective single ETs are also resulting in more frozen embryos (blastocysts) available for subsequent frozen ET cycles. Optimal endometrial preparation and identification of the receptive window for ET in frozen ET cycles thus assumes utmost importance for insuring the best frozen ET outcomes. Reliable data are essential for defining the optimal endometrial preparation protocols with accurate determination of the implantation window in frozen ET cycles.

Candidate gene analysis in a case of congenital absence of the endometrium.

BACKGROUND: Primary amenorrhea usually result from a genetic or anatomic abnormality. We present the first reported patient with the absence of endometrium and lumen in a small bicornuate uterus in a patient with primary amenorrhea. CASE PRESENTATION: A 41-year-old woman presented for evaluation of primary amenorrhea and infertility. She did develop normal secondary sexual characteristics but never had menses. Physical examination, hormone analyses, and karyotype analysis were normal. Transvaginal ultrasonography revealed a small uterus with absent endometrial stripe. Ovaries were normal in size. Pathology from hysterectomy for abnormal Pap smears revealed a hypoplastic bicornuate uterus with absence of lumen and absent endometrium. DNA analyses for mutations in the coding sequences of three members of HOXA gene family was performed, but no variants in the coding sequence of these genes were found. These findings support the hypothesis that mutations in the coding sequence of HOXA10, HOXA11, and HOXA13 are not responsible for congenital endometrial absence with bicornuate hypoplastic uterus. CONCLUSIONS: Congenital absence of the endometrium is an uncommon etiology for primary amenorrhea, and nonvisualization of the endometrial stripe on ultrasound imaging in association with primary amenorrhea should raise suspicion of this rare disorder in this case.

Luteal phase support in in vitro fertilization.

It has been well demonstrated that luteal phase physiology is disrupted in in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles conducted with either gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists or antagonists, and that supplementation of the luteal phase with either exogenous progesterone or human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is necessary to optimize IVF cycle outcomes. Though both progesterone and hCG supplementation resulted in comparable pregnancy rates, hCG supplementation was associated with increased risk for ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS). For that reason progesterone has been used for luteal support by most IVF programs around the world. Vaginal progesterone preparations have been shown definitively to be equally efficacious and better tolerated by patients than intramuscular progesterone injections, but new data on the subcutaneous and oral progesterone are also emerging. New evidence has been accumulating on the benefits of low-dose luteal hCG supplementation in GnRH-antagonist cycles where GnRH agonists are used for the final maturation trigger. New approaches to luteal phase support as well as new formulations of progesterone have been developed since the last comprehensive review was published in 2011. In this article, we examine current evidence for efficacy, dosing, and timing of progesterone preparations as well as the role of hCG for luteal support in IVF cycles triggered with GnRH agonists. We also discuss the data on the role of estrogen supplementation in the luteal phase, optimal duration of progesterone support in early pregnancy, and progesterone replacement in frozen embryo transfer cycles and donor egg recipient cycles.

Effect of body mass index on in vitro fertilization outcomes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of the investigation was to study the effect of body mass index (BMI) on in vitro fertilization (IVF) outcomes within a polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) population. STUDY DESIGN: This was a retrospective cohort study including 101 cycles from 79 women younger than 40 years old with a clinically documented diagnosis of PCOS by Rotterdam criteria undergoing IVF at a university-based infertility clinic from 2001 through 2010. All participants were stratified by BMI calculated from height and weight recorded within 3 months of cycle start: lean (18.7-24.9 kg/m(2), n = 51), overweight (25-29.9 kg/m(2), n = 19), and obese (≥30 kg/m(2), n = 31). Linear, logistic, and Poisson regressions were used as appropriate to estimate the effect of a range of BMIs on IVF outcomes while adjusting for potential confounders. RESULTS: Obese PCOS women had 69% lower odds of clinical pregnancy per cycle start (odds ratio [OR], 0.31; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.11-0.86; P = .02) and 77% lower odds of clinical pregnancy per embryo transfer (OR, 0.23; 95% CI, -0.08 to 0.68; P = .008) compared with lean PCOS women. Among obese PCOS women, the odds of live birth were 71% lower per cycle start (OR, 0.29; 95% CI, 0.10-0.84; P = .02) and 77% lower per embryo transfer (OR, 0.23; 95% CI, 0.07-0.71; P = .01) compared with lean PCOS women. There was a trend toward decreased ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome incidence with increasing BMI among women with PCOS: 19.6% in lean, 10.5% in overweight, and 3.2% in obese. CONCLUSION: PCOS is a broad syndrome, with our results demonstrating 2 distinct populations, lean and obese, which have different IVF outcomes including ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome risk profiles. This information is important for clinicians because it informs treatment decisions.

Predictive usefulness of cycle day 10 follicle-stimulating hormone level in a clomiphene citrate challenge test for in vitro fertilization outcome in women younger than 40 years of age.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the usefulness of the day 10 FSH level of a clomiphene citrate challenge test in predicting IVF outcome in women younger than 40 years of age. DESIGN: Retrospective chart review. SETTING: Academic fertility center. PATIENT(S): Three hundred fifty-three women younger than 40 years of age undergoing 483 IVF cycles. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Delivery rates. RESULT(S): An inverse relationship was observed between the likelihood of successful pregnancy and both cycle day 3 and cycle day 10 FSH levels. In women with a normal day 3 FSH level, elevated day 10 FSH levels predicted similarly poor IVF outcomes as for women with an abnormal day 3 FSH level. There was no specific threshold FSH level beyond which pregnancies failed to occur. Successful pregnancies were achieved with aggressive stimulation even in women with FSH levels greater than 20 mIU/mL. CONCLUSION(S): The clomiphene citrate challenge test (CCCT) correlates with IVF outcomes in women younger than 40 years of age. Stimulated day 10 FSH levels are strongly predictive of decreased IVF success even when day 3 FSH levels are normal. Results of the CCCT are useful for patient counseling before the IVF cycle and for choosing the optimal gonadotropin regimen.