The Structure Characteristics of Laminar Premixed Flames of Gasoline-like Fuel Under CI Engine-Relevant Conditions.

Gasoline compression ignition characterized by partially premixed and long ignition delays typically features complex flame structures such as deflagration or spontaneous ignition fronts. In this study, the flame structure and propagation characteristics of PRF90/air mixtures under compression ignition engine-relevant conditions are investigated numerically. Similar to other types of fuels, under such conditions, the propagation speed of PRF90 laminar premixed flames depends not only on the unburnt mixture properties but also on the residence time, and the transition of the flame regime depends only on the residence time. Nevertheless, due to the temperature-dependent autoignition chemistry of PRF90, flames with excessively high unburnt temperatures show different combustion behaviors after the transition from deflagration to autoignition-assisted flames. Sensitivity analysis showed that, the dominant chain branching reactions in the deflagration mode are H + O2 = OH + O and CO + OH = CO2 + H, and that in the autoignition-assisted flames with lower unburnt temperature are H2O2(+M) = 2OH(+M) and IC8H18 + HO2 = AC8H17 + H2O2, while for higher unburnt temperatures, the reactions C3H5 + HO2 = C2H3 + CH2O + OH and IC8H18 = IC4H9 + TC4H9 are more important than the fuel low-temperature oxidation reactions. In addition, a criterion based on chemical explosive mode analysis is used to analyze the local combustion mode. The results show that the difference in diffusion/chemical structure at the crossover progress variables C 0 and crossover temperature allows both C 0 and to be used as a flame location for distinguishing propagation modes in premixed flame. However, the effects of the equivalence ratio on C 0 are different from that on , which means that the selection of C 0 and may lead to different discriminant results for stratified mixtures. Comparing the applicability of C 0-based and -based locations in three-dimensional gasoline compression ignition flame, it is found that the flame location based on the value of C 0 at ϕ = 1.0 can more completely reflect the flame development characteristics in stratified premixed combustion.

Simultaneous soot multi-parameter fields predictions in laminar sooting flames from neural network-based flame luminosity measurement I: methodology.

We originally report the use of a neural network-based method for diagnosing multiple key parameters in axis-symmetric laminar sooting flames. A Bayesian optimized back propagation neural network (BPNN) is developed and applied to flame luminosity to predict the planar distribution of soot volume fraction, temperature, and primary particle diameter. The feasibility and robustness of this approach are firstly assessed using numerical modeling results and then further validated with experimental results of a series of laminar diffusion sooting flames. This proposed BPNN model-based flame luminosity approach shows high prediction accuracies, typically up to 114 K, 0.25 ppm, and 2.56 nm for soot temperature, volume fraction, and primary particle diameter, respectively. We believe that the present machine learning-assisted optical diagnostics paves a more efficient, lower costing, and high-fidelity way for multi-parameters simultaneous diagnosis in combustion and reacting flows.

Comprehensive CO detection in flames using femtosecond two-photon laser-induced fluorescence.

We demonstrate a femtosecond two-photon laser-induced fluorescence (fs-TPLIF) technique for sensitive CO detection, using a 230 nm pulse of 9 µJ and 45 fs. The advantages of fs-TPLIF in excitation of molecular species were analyzed. Spectra of CO fs-TPLIF were recorded in stable laminar flames spatially resolved across the flame front. A hot band (1, n) together with the conventional band (0, n) of the B→A transitions were observed in the burned zone and attributed to the broadband nature of the fs excitation. The CO fs-TPLIF signal recorded across the focal point of the excitation beam shows a relatively flat intensity distribution despite of the steep laser intensity variation, which is beneficial for CO imaging in contrast to nanosecond and picosecond TPLIF. This phenomenon can be explained by photoionization, which over the short pulse duration dominates the population depletion of the excited B state due to the high peak power, but only contributes in total a negligible X state depletion due to the low pulse energy. Single-shot CO fs-TPLIF images in methane/air flames were recorded by imaging the broadband fluorescence. The results indicate that fs-TPLIF is a promising tool for CO imaging in flames.

[Laser Induced Fluorescence Spectroscopic Analysis of Aromatics from One Ring to Four Rings].

In order to distinguish small aromatics preferably, a Nd : YAG Laser was used to supply an excitation laser, which was adjusted to 0.085 J x cm(-2) at 266 nm. Benzene, toluene, naphthalene, phenanthrene, anthracene, pyrene and chrysene were used as the representative of different rings aromatics. The fluorescence emission spectra were researched for each aromatic hydrocarbon and mixtures by Laser induced fluorescence (LIF). Results showed that the rings number determined the fluorescence emission spectra, and the structure with same rings number did not affect the emission fluorescence spectrum ranges. This was due to the fact that the absorption efficiency difference at 266 nm resulted in that the fluorescence intensities of each aromatic hydrocarbon with same rings number were different and the fluorescence intensities difference were more apparently with aromatic ring number increasing. When the absorption efficiency was similar at 266 nm and the concentrations of each aromatic hydrocarbon were same, the fluorescence intensities were increased with aromatic ring number increasing. With aromatic ring number increasing, the fluorescence spectrum and emission peak wavelength were all red-shifted from ultraviolet to visible and the fluorescence spectrum range was also wider as the absorption efficiency was similar. The fluorescence emission spectra from one to four rings could be discriminated in the following wavelengths, 275 to 320 nm, 320 to 375 nm, 375 to 425 nm, 425 to 556 nm, respectively. It can be used for distinguish the type of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as it exists in single type. As PAHs are usually exist in a variety of different rings number at the same time, the results for each aromatic hydrocarbon may not apply to the aromatic hydrocarbon mixtures. For the aromatic hydrocarbon mixtures, results showed that the one- or two-ring PAHs in mixtures could not be detected by fluorescence as three- or four-ring PAHs existed in mixture. This was caused by radiation energy transfer mechanism, in which the ultraviolet light was lost in mixtures but the fluorescence intensities were increased with the one- or two-ring PAHs adding. When the mixture only contained three- and four-ring PAHs, the fluorescence emission spectrum showed the both characteristics of three- and four-ring PAHs fluorescence. When three- and four-ring PAHs existed in mixtures at the same time, the fluorescence emission spectra were related to each concentration, so the rings number could be discriminated to a certain extent.

Methyl Radical Imaging in Methane-Air Flames Using Laser Photofragmentation-Induced Fluorescence.

Imaging detection of methyl radicals has been performed in laminar premixed methane-air flames at atmospheric pressure. A nanosecond Q-switched neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd : YAG) laser was employed to provide the fifth-harmonic-generated 212.8 nm laser beam. The intense ultraviolet (UV) laser pulse was sent through the flame front to photodissociate the methyl (CH3) radicals in the reaction zone of the flames stabilized on a piloted jet flame burner. The emission spectra from the photodissociated fragments were collected using an imaging spectrometer with the flame-front structure spatially resolved. Combining the spatial and spectral information, we recognized that the emission from the (A-X) methine (CH) transitions located at 431 nm was generated from the CH3 photolysis and could be used to visualize the distribution of CH3 radicals. With proper filtering, the high-power UV laser (around 15 mJ/pulse) provided by the compact Nd : YAG laser makes it possible to visualize CH3 distribution naturally generated in the reaction zone of laminar methane-air premixed flames.

[Quantitative Measurement of Equivalence Ratios of Methane/Air Mixture by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy: the Effects of Detector Gated Mode and Laser Wavelength].

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) has been increasingly used in combustion diagnostics as a novel spectral analysis method in recent years. The quantitative local equivalence ratio of methane/air mixture is determined by LIBS using different emission intensity ratios of H/O and H/N. The comparison between calibration curves of H656/O777 and H656/N746 is performed in gated mode, which shows that H656/O777 can achieve better prediction accuracy and higher sensitivity. More spectral intensity ratios (H656/O777, H656/N500⁺, H656/N567 and H656/N746) can be used to make calibration measurements in ungated mode and H656/O777 is also tested best among them. The comparison between gated and ungated detection modes shows that gated mode offers better accuracy and precision. In addition, the effects of different laser wavelengths (1064, 532 and 355 nm) on LIBS spectra and calibration curves are investigated with laser focal point size and laser fluence kept constant. The results show that with longer laser wavelength, the peak intensity and SNR of H, O and N lines increase, as well as the slope of calibration curve of H656/O777. Among these three wavelengths, 1064 nm laser is best suited to measure the equivalence ratio of CH4/air mixture by LIBS. The experimental results are explained in terms of plasma electron density and temperature, which have a significant impact on the emission intensity and the partition function of hydrogen and oxygen, respectively.

[Chemiluminescence spectroscopic analysis of homogeneous charge compression ignition combustion processes].

To study the combustion reaction kinetics of homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) under different port injection strategies and intake temperature conditions, the tests were carried out on a modified single-cylinder optical engine using chemiluminescence spectroscopic analysis. The experimental conditions are keeping the fuel mass constant; fueling the n-heptane; controlling speed at 600 r x min(-1) and inlet pressure at 0.1 MPa; controlling inlet temperature at 95 degrees C and 125 degrees C, respectively. The results of chemiluminescence spectrum show that the chemiluminescence is quite faint during low temperature heat release (LTHR), and these bands spectrum originates from formaldehyde (CH2O) chemiluminescence. During the phase of later LTHR-negative temperature coefficient (NTC)-early high temperature heat release (HTHR), these bands spectrum also originates from formaldehyde (CH2O) chemiluminescence. The CO--O* continuum is strong during HTHR, and radicals such as OH, HCO, CH and CH2O appear superimposed on this CO--O* continuum. After the HTHR, the chemiluminescence intensity is quite faint. In comparison to the start of injection (SOI) of -30 degrees ATDC, the chemiluminescence intensity is higher under the SOI = -300 degrees ATDC condition due to the more intense emissions of CO--O* continuum. And more radicals of HCO and OH are formed, which also indicates a more intense combustion reaction. Similarly, more intense CO--O* continuum and more radicals of HCO and OH are emitted under higher intake temperature case.