Meta-Analysis of Efficacy and Safety of Karelizumab Combined with Apatinib in the Treatment of Advanced Gastric Cancer.

Objective: To systematically evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of karelizumab combined with apatinib in the treatment of advanced gastric cancer. Methods: The published databases were searched by computer, Chinese: China Biomedical Literature Database (CBM), Wanfang Journal Database, China national knowledge infrastructure (CNKI), and China Science and Technology Journal Database (VIP); English: Embase, Cochrane library, and PubMed. The search time is from the establishment of the database to May 2022, and clinical randomized controlled trials (RCT) with advanced gastric cancer as the research object and karelizumab combined with apatinib as the research variables are collected. According to the bias risk evaluation standard of Cochrane System Evaluator's Manual, the literatures meeting the inclusion standard were evaluated for bias risk, and the meta-analysis was conducted by Review Manager 5.3. Results. A total of 20 articles with 1150 patients were included in this study. All the included 20 articles reported objective remission rate (ORR), and the heterogeneity among 20 studies was low (P > 0.05, I 2 = 0%). The ORR of gastric cancer patients in the observation group was significantly higher than that in the blank group [odds ratio (OR) = 1.97, 95% CI [1.53, 2.62], P < 0.01). All the included 20 articles reported disease control rate (DCR), and the heterogeneity among 20 studies was low (P = 0.87, I 2 = 0%). The ORR of gastric cancer patients in the observation group was significantly higher than that in the blank group (OR = 3.09, 95% CI [2.29, 4.16], P < 0.01). Three articles in the included literature reported the median OS, and the heterogeneity among the three studies was low (P = 0.70, I 2 = 0%). The median OS of gastric cancer patients in the observation group was significantly higher than that in the blank group (MD = 3.97, 95% CI [3.61, 4.39], P < 0.01). There are three reports on median progression-free survival (PFS) in the included literature, and there is high homogeneity among the three studies (P < 0.00001, I 2 = 86%). There is no statistical difference between the median PFS of gastric cancer patients in the observation group and the blank group (MD = 1.21, 95% CI [-1.20, 3.70], P = 0.29). The incidence of hypertension in the observation group was significantly higher than that in the blank group [OR = 6.19, 95% CI (1.91, 20.20), P = 0.003]. The incidence of proteinuria in the observation group was significantly higher than that in the blank group [OR = 3.97, 95% CI (1.08, 14.59), P = 0.03]. There was no significant difference in the incidence of other adverse reactions such as hand-foot syndrome, diarrhea, and myelosuppression between the observation group and the blank group. The levels of IFN-γ and TNF-α in the observation group were significantly higher than those in the blank group (P < 0.0001). The levels of IL-10, IL-4, and tumor markers in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the blank group (P < 0.05). Egger's test showed that there was no publication bias in the 20 included studies (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Karelizumab combined with apatinib is effective in the treatment of advanced gastric cancer, with low incidence of adverse reactions and high safety. However, a large number of multicenter, large sample size, and high-level RCT are needed for clinical verification.

Structural and Interfacial Engineering of Ni2P/Fe3O4 Porous Nanosheet Arrays for Efficient Oxygen Evolution Reaction.

Rational design of transition-metal phosphide (TMPs)-based electrocatalysts can effectively promote oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Herein, the novel efficient Ni2P/Fe3O4 porous nanosheets arrays supported on Ni foam (Ni2P/Fe3O4/NF) as alkaline OER catalysts were synthesized using structural and interfacial engineering. The three-dimensional (3D) porous hierarchical structure of Ni2P/Fe3O4/NF provides abundant active sites for OER and facilitates the electrolyte diffusion of ions and O2 liberation. Furthermore, the strong interfacial coupling and synergistic effect between Ni2P and Fe3O4 modify the electronic structure, resulting in the enhanced intrinsic activity. Consequently, the optimized Ni2P/Fe3O4/NF exhibits excellent OER performance with low overpotentials of 213 and 240 mV at 60 and 100 mA cm-2 in 1.0 M KOH, respectively, better than the RuO2/NF and most Ni/Fe-based OER catalysts. Impressively, it can maintain its catalytic activity for at least 20 h at 60 mA cm-2. In addition, the relationship between the structure and performance is fully elucidated by the experimental characterizations, indicating that the metal oxyhydroxides in situ generated on the surface of catalysts are responsible for the high OER activity.

Enhanced activity promoted by amorphous metal oxyhydroxides on CeO2 for alkaline oxygen evolution reaction.

Herein, we demonstrate a direct growth of amorphous metal oxyhydroxide (AMO) attached on CeO2 by a galvanic replacement mechanism as advanced oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalyst. In this unique structure, the CeO2 substrate not only offers high specific surface area for the formation of AMO, but also provides high conductivity, guaranteeing the promoted electron transfer for the catalytic reaction. In addition, the AMO on the surface of the CeO2 exposes abundant active sites for the OER. Benefiting from the above advantages, the as-prepared AMO@CeO2 supported on nickel foam (AMO@CeO2/NF) exhibits excellent OER performance with low overpotential of 261 mV at 10 mA cm-2, high turnover frequency of 0.07 s-1 at 20 mA cm-2 and superior stability in 1.0 M KOH.

Rational interface engineering of Cu2S-CoOx/CF enhances oxygen evolution reaction activity.

Interface engineering is the most direct and efficient way to enhance the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) activity of transition-metal sulfides (TMSs). However, present methods of engineering nano-interfaces remain to be improved. Here, we present a nitrate-pyrolysis method to create a sulfide-oxide interface on Cu2S for the first time. Specifically, a CoOx decorated Cu2S nanowire array on Cu foam (Cu2S-CoOx/CF) is prepared successfully, and the XPS result demonstrates the interfacial connection between Cu2S and CoOx. To afford a current density of 25 mA cm-2, Cu2S-CoOx/CF needs an overpotential of 255 mV, lower than that of Cu2S/CF (354 mV) and CoOx/CC (378 mV). These results indicate that the introduction of the sulfide-oxide interface is an efficient means to enhance the OER activity of Cu2S. And this paper should provide a novel route for more explorations in interface engineering for TMSs.

Ultrathin Mn Doped Ni-MOF Nanosheet Array for Highly Capacitive and Stable Asymmetric Supercapacitor.

In this study, we demonstrate that an Mn-doped ultrathin Ni-MOF nanosheet array on nickel foam (Mn0.1 -Ni-MOF/NF) serves as a highly capacitive and stable supercapacitor positive electrode. The Mn0.1 -Ni-MOF/NF shows an areal capacity of 6.48 C cm-2 (specific capacity C: 1178 C g-1 ) at 2 mA cm-2 in 6.0 m KOH, outperforming most reported MOF-based materials. More importantly, it possesses excellent cycle stability to maintain 80.6 % capacity after 5000 cycles. An asymmetric supercapacitor device utilizing Mn0.1 -Ni-MOF/NF as the positive electrode and activated carbon as the negative electrode attains a high energy density of 39.6 Wh kg-1 at 143.8 Wkg-1 power density with a capacitance retention of 83.6 % after 5000 cycles.

Pyrolysis of a self-supported dodecyl sulfate anion-intercalated Co(OH)2 nanosheet with enlarged amorphous phase content towards enhanced activity for alkaline water oxidation.

Highly active electrocatalysts made of earth-abundant elements are vital for efficient and cost-effective energy storage and conversion systems. In this communication, we report the further amorphization of a solvothermally synthesized dodecyl sulfate anion-intercalated cobalt hydroxide nanosheet array on nickel foam (DS-Co(OH)2/NF) via pyrolysis. Owing to the greatly enlarged interlayer distance of the DS-Co(OH)2/NF precursor (2.4 nm), and the more exposed active sites due to the enlarged amorphous phase content, the resulting P-DS-Co(OH)2/NF exhibits boosted activity as a 3D catalyst electrode for alkaline water oxidation. In 1.0 M KOH, an overpotential of only 266 mV is needed to drive a geometrical catalytic current density of 70 mA cm-2, which is 74 and 121 mV lower than the overpotentials for the DS-Co(OH)2/NF precursor and for Co(OH)2 without DS anion intercalation (Co(OH)2/NF), respectively. Impressively, this catalyst also displays superior long-term stability with a high turnover frequency value of 0.055 O2 s-1 at an overpotential of 340 mV.

In Situ Hydrothermal Growth of TiO2 Nanoparticles on a Conductive Ti3C2T x MXene Nanosheet: A Synergistically Active Ti-Based Nanohybrid Electrocatalyst for Enhanced N2 Reduction to NH3 at Ambient Conditions.

The traditional power-wasting Haber-Bosch process still dominates industrial NH3 production. Recent years witnessed the rapid development of an electrochemical N2 reduction reaction (NRR) because of its environmentally benign and sustainable feature. Here, we demonstrate the first utilization of a Ti3C2T x MXene nanosheet as both the precursor and conductive substrate toward the in situ hydrothermal growth of TiO2 nanoparticles. The marriage of TiO2 and Ti3C2T x leads to a synergistically active Ti-based nanohybrid catalyst that can strengthen N2 reduction electrocatalysis. When tested in 0.1 M HCl, such a TiO2/Ti3C2T x hybrid is superior in catalytic performance, capable of affording a NH3 yield of 26.32 µg h-1 mg-1cat. with a 8.42% Faradaic efficiency (FE) at -0.60 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE), larger than those for TiO2 and Ti3C2T x. Notably, this nanohybrid also shows good NH3 selectivity with high electrochemical durability.

Hierarchical three-dimensional manganese doped cobalt phosphide nanowire decorated nanosheet cluster arrays for high-performance electrochemical pseudocapacitor electrodes.

Ternary metal phosphides with a self-assembled hierarchical nanostructure are promising electrode materials for energy storage and conversion, due to the unique architecture and synergistic effects in bimetallic nanostructures. In this communication, we demonstrate hierarchical Mn-doped cobalt phosphide nanowire decorated nanosheet cluster arrays with robust adhesion on Ni foam (Mn-CoP/NF) as a binder-free electrode for supercapacitors. Such a 3D electrode exhibits boosted areal specific capacitance over that for a single metal counterpart, with the accomplishment of 8.66 F cm-2 capacitance at 1 mA cm-2. Utilizing the Mn-CoP/NF electrode as an anode and an activated carbon (AC) electrode as a cathode, an asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) of Mn-CoP//AC attains a high area capacitance of 2.05 F cm-2 at 5 mA cm-2 and a high capacitance retention of 88.9% after 4000 cycles. In addition, the assembled ASC shows superior electrochemical performances with a high energy density of 35.21 W h kg-1 at a power density of 193 W kg-1 and of 30.87 W h kg-1 even at 1939 W kg-1.

A self-supported hierarchical Co-MOF as a supercapacitor electrode with ultrahigh areal capacitance and excellent rate performance.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as attractive electrode materials for applications in energy storage and conversion, owing to their high porosity and surface area. In this communication, we report a hierarchically structured Co-MOF supported on nickel foam (Co-MOF/NF) serving as a high-performance electrode material for supercapacitors. The as-obtained Co-MOF/NF exhibits an ultrahigh areal specific capacitance of 13.6 F cm-2 at 2 mA cm-2 in 2 M KOH, exceeding those of the previously reported MOF-based materials. It also shows an excellent rate performance of 79.4% at a current density of 20 mA cm-2. An asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) device employing Co-MOF/NF as the positive electrode and activated carbon (AC) as the negative electrode achieves a high energy density of 1.7 mW h cm-2 at a power density of 4.0 mW cm-2 with a capacitance retention of 69.7% after 2000 cycles.

Aggregation-induced phosphorescence enhancement of Mn-doped ZnS quantum dots: the role of dot-to-dot distance.

Assembled nanoparticles promote many applications in optics due to their instinct properties. The aggregation-induced phosphorescence enhancement (AIPE) of Mn-doped ZnS quantum dots (QDs) is widely used in biosensing, but the mechanism of such an enhancement is still unproven. This study explores the mechanism of the interesting finding of AIPE of Mn-doped ZnS QDs. To induce the aggregation of QDs, the method of electrostatic assembly was explored herein: negatively charged QDs were aggregated with protamine and positively charged QDs were aggregated with heparin. Using several ligands with hierarchical molecular weights for capping Mn-doped ZnS QDs, it was found that the AIPE of Mn-doped ZnS QDs was exponentially dependent on the dot-to-dot distance in aggregates. Together with detailed analysis of both the steady- and transient-state luminescence behaviors of Mn-doped ZnS QDs before and after aggregation, charge transfer from one dot (surface traps) to another (dopant bands) was identified as the driving factor for AIPE. Moreover, the d-band of the Mn2+ dopants was essential for the AIPE since it acts as the acceptor for the transferred charge from neighboring QDs. These conclusions can significantly contribute for better understanding of this interesting luminescence mechanism and future designing of the most suitable sensing systems.

Hierarchical CuCo2S4 nanoarrays for high-efficient and durable water oxidation electrocatalysis.

It is highly attractive to design and develop earth-abundant electrocatalysts toward high-efficiency water oxidation electrocatalysis in alkaline media. In this communication, we report the in situ hydrothermal sulfidization preparation of a hierarchical CuCo2S4 nanoarray on copper foam (CuCo2S4/CF) from its CuCo2-hydroxide nanowire array precursor. When used as a 3D catalyst electrode for water oxidation, the as-prepared CuCo2S4/CF is superior in catalytic activity, demanding overpotentials of only 259 and 295 mV to achieve 60 and 100 mA cm-2 in 1.0 M KOH, respectively. Moreover, it also shows strong electrochemical durability with high turnover frequency values of 0.069 and 0.390 mol O2 s-1 at overpotentials of 300 and 400 mV, respectively.

Anion-exchange synthesis of a nanoporous crystalline CoB2O4 nanowire array for high-performance water oxidation electrocatalysis in borate solution.

Developing nanoporous nanoarray electrocatalysts for efficient water oxidation in environmentally benign media is highly desired but still remains a key challenge. In this communication, we report the fabrication of a nanoporous crystalline CoB2O4 nanowire array on Ti mesh (CoB2O4/TM) from a Co(OH)F nanowire array on Ti mesh (Co(OH)F/TM) via an anion-exchange reaction. As a three dimensional (3D) catalyst electrode for water oxidation, CoB2O4/TM exhibits superior catalytic activity and needs an overpotential of only 446 mV to drive a geometrical catalytic current density of 10 mA cm-2 in 0.1 M potassium borate (pH = 9.2). Notably, this catalyst also shows strong long-term electrochemical durability with high turnover frequency values of 0.19 and 0.81 mol O2 per s at overpotentials of 400 and 500 mV, respectively.

Self-Templating Construction of Hollow Amorphous CoMoS4 Nanotube Array towards Efficient Hydrogen Evolution Electrocatalysis at Neutral pH.

Environmentally friendly electrochemical hydrogen production needs the development of earth-abundant catalyst materials for the hydrogen evolution reaction with high activity and durability at neutral pH. In this work, the self-templating construction of a hollow amorphous CoMoS4 nanotube array on carbon cloth (CoMoS4 NTA/CC) is reported, using hydrothermal treatment of a Co(OH)F nanowire array on CC in (NH4 )2 MoS4 solution. When used as a 3D electrode for hydrogen evolution electrocatalysis, the resulting CoMoS4 NTA/CC demonstrates superior catalytic activity and strong long-term electrochemical durability in 1.0 M phosphate buffer solution (pH=7). It shows small onset overpotential of 21 mV and requires low overpotentials of 104 and 179 mV to drive geometrical current densities of 10 and 50 mA cm-2 , respectively. Density functional theory calculations suggest that CoMoS4 has a more favorable hydrogen adsorption free energy than Co(OH)F.

Homologous Catalysts Based on Fe-Doped CoP Nanoarrays for High-Performance Full Water Splitting under Benign Conditions.

The design and development of earth-abundant electrocatalysts for efficient full water splitting under mild conditions are highly desired, yet remain a challenging task. A homologous Fe-doped Co-based nanoarray incorporating complementary catalysts is shown to effect high-performance and durable water splitting in near-neutral media. Iron-doped cobalt phosphate borate nanoarray on carbon cloth (Fe-Co-Pi-Bi/CC) derived from iron-doped cobalt phosphide on CC (Fe-CoP/CC) through oxidative polarization behaves as a highly active bimetallic electrocatalyst for water oxidation with an overpotential of 382 mV to afford a catalytic current density of 10 mA cm-2 in 0.1 m potassium borate (K-Bi, pH 9.2). Fe-CoP/CC is also highly active for the hydrogen evolution reaction, capable of driving 10 mA cm-2 at an overpotential of only 175 mV in 0.1 m K-Bi. A two-electrode water electrolyzer incorporating Fe-Co-Pi-Bi/CC as anode and Fe-CoP/CC as cathode achieves 10 mA cm-2 water-splitting current at a cell voltage of 1.95 V with strong long-term electrochemical durability.

Bimetallic Nickel-Substituted Cobalt-Borate Nanowire Array: An Earth-Abundant Water Oxidation Electrocatalyst with Superior Activity and Durability at Near Neutral pH.

There is an urgent demand to develop earth-abundant electrocatalysts for efficient and durable water oxidation under mild conditions. A nickel-substituted cobalt-borate nanowire array is developed on carbon cloth (Ni-Co-Bi/CC) via oxidative polarization of NiCo2 S4 nanoarray in potassium borate (K-Bi). As a bimetallic electrocatalyst for water oxidation, such Ni-Co-Bi/CC is superior in catalytic activity and durability in 0.1 m K-Bi (pH: 9.2), with a turnover frequency of 0.33 mol O2 s-1 at the overpotential of 500 mV and nearly 100% Faradaic efficiency. To drive a geometrical catalytic current density of 10 mA cm-2 , it only needs overpotential of 388 mV, 34 mV less than that for Co-Bi/CC, outperforming reported non-noble-metal catalysts operating under benign conditions. Notably, its activity is maintained over 80 000 s. Density functional theory calculations suggest that the O* to OOH* conversion is the rate-determining step and Ni substitution decreases the free energy on Co-Bi from 2.092 to 1.986 eV.

Core-Shell NiFe-LDH@NiFe-Bi Nanoarray: In Situ Electrochemical Surface Derivation Preparation toward Efficient Water Oxidation Electrocatalysis in near-Neutral Media.

The corrosion issue with acidic and alkaline water electrolyzers can be avoided by developing water oxidation catalysts performing efficiently under benign conditions. In this Letter, we report that a NiFe-borate layer can be generated on a NiFe-layered double hydroxide nanosheet array hydrothermally grown on carbon cloth via an in situ electrochemical surface derivation process in potassium borate (K-Bi) solution. The resulting 3D NiFe-LDH@NiFe-Bi nanoarray (NiFe-LDH@NiFe-Bi/CC) demonstrates high activity for water oxidation, demanding overpotentials of 444 and 363 mV to achieve 10 mA cm-2 in 0.1 and 0.5 M K-Bi (pH: 9.2), respectively, rivaling the performances of most reported non-noble-metal catalysts in near-neutral media. Notably, this electrode also shows strong electrochemical durability with a high turnover frequency of 0.54 mol O2 s-1 at overpotential of 600 mV. All these features promise its use as an efficient earth-abundant catalyst material for water oxidation under eco-friendly conditions.

High-Efficiency and Durable Water Oxidation under Mild pH Conditions: An Iron Phosphate-Borate Nanosheet Array as a Non-Noble-Metal Catalyst Electrode.

It is highly desired but still remains a key challenge to develop iron-based large-surface-area arrays as heterogeneous water oxidation catalysts that perform efficiently and durably under mild pH conditions for solar-to-hydrogen conversion. In this work, we report the in situ derivation of an iron phosphate-borate nanosheet array on carbon cloth (Fe-Pi-Bi/CC) from an iron phosphide nanosheet array via oxidative polarization in a potassium borate (KBi) solution. As a 3D catalyst electrode for water oxidation at mild pH, such a Fe-Pi-Bi/CC shows high activity and strong long-term electrochemical durability, and it only demands an overpotential of 434 mV to drive a geometrical catalytic current density of 10 mA cm-2 with maintenance of its activity for at least 20 h in 0.1 M KBi. This study offers an attractive earth-abundant catalyst material in water-splitting devices toward the large-scale production of hydrogen fuels under benign conditions for application.

NiCoP Nanoarray: A Superior Pseudocapacitor Electrode with High Areal Capacitance.

High-performance supercapacitors require the design and development of electrode materials with high conductivity and a large electrolyte-accessible surface area. Here, the use of a conductive NiCoP nanoarray on nickel foam (NiCoP/NF) as a superior pseudocapacitor electrode is demonstrated. This 3D electrode exhibits high areal capacitances of 9.2 and 5.97 F cm-2 at current densities of 2 and 50 mA cm-2 , respectively, with good rate capability and cycling stability. The asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) device assembled using NiCoP/NF as positive electrode and active carbon as negative electrode delivers a high energy density of 1.16 mWh cm-2 at a power density of 1.6 mW cm-2 with 72 % retention of its initial specific capacitance after 2000 cycles at 50 mA cm-2 . The practical use is further demonstrated with two such ASC devices in series to light six LED indicators and also to drive an alkaline water electro- lyzer using NiCoP/NF as both cathode and anode for hydrogen production.

One-pot synthesis of γ-MnS/reduced graphene oxide with enhanced performance for aqueous asymmetric supercapacitors.

In this work, γ-MnS/reduced graphene oxide composites (γ-MnS/rGO) were prepared using a facile one-pot hydrothermal method. As an electrode material for supercapacitors, the γ-MnS/rGO-60 composite obtained under dosages of graphene oxide  was 60 mg and exhibited an enhanced specific capacitance of 547.6 F g-1 at a current density of 1 A g-1, and outstanding rate capability (65% capacitance retention at 20 A g-1), with superior cycling stability and electrochemical reversibility. An asymmetric supercapacitor assembled from γ-MnS/rGO-60 composite and rGO (γ-MnS/rGO-60//rGO) showed a voltage window of 0-1.6 V and delivered a high energy density of 23.1 W h kg-1 at a power density of 798.8 W kg-1, and 15.9 W h kg-1 at 4.5 kW kg-1. Moreover, two such 1.0 × 1.0 cm2 devices connected together in series easily light up a group of LED lights, showing its potential practical application as an attractive energy storage device.

Biomimetic Mineralization of Tumor Targeted Ferromagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Used for Media of Magnetic Hyperthermia.

BACKGROUND: The magnetic hyperthermia has been recognized as a useful therapeutic modality for malignant tumors, and IONPs have received a great deal of attentions for potential biomedical applications. The aims of this paper are to design a biomimetic mineralization procedure to synthesize the ferromagnetic and tumor targeting Fe3O4 nanoparticles, to conjugate bioactive molecule on particles, to analyze properties of product. METHODS: IONPs were synthesized with the WSG-PF127 as the mineralization templates, which were mixed by conjugating the peptide WSG on the surface of PF127. And the influence of different conditions, such as templates, temperature, stirring speed on the particles was investigated. RESULTS: Above the critical micelle concentration (CMC), the catenulate PF127 molecules were assembled into the hollow sphere-like micelle, and the morphology and size of the IONPs mineralized inside the hollow cores of PF127 micelles could be controlled due to the space restricted effect. The saturation magnetization was increased due to the higher crystallinity degree of the WSG-PF127-IONPs, the cytocompatibility was improved by the WSG-PF127 wrapped around the IONPs, and the targetability was endowed via the mediation of the peptide-WSG conjugated on hydrophilic segments of PF127 molecular chains. CONCLUSION: The iron oxide nanoparticles with homogenous morphology, uniform size, and excellent ferromagnetism have been successfully mineralized under the regulation of the PF127 micelles coupled with the peptide-WSG. The improved ferromagnetism, the negligible cytotoxicity to HUVECs, and the targetability to tumor cells of the biomimetically mineralized IONPs coupled with WSG-PF127 have greater potential to be applied as the active tumor targeted media for magnetic hyperthermia.