The effect of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide extract on sensitizing prostate cancer cells to flutamide and docetaxel: an in vitro study.

Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide is the most widely used complementary therapy in cancer. The present study aims to investigate the possible interaction between Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide and Docetaxel (a chemotherapy drug) and the first-line medication for prostate cancer treatment (Flutamide) and sensitizing the cells to these treatments. The cytotoxic effects of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide in combination with Docetaxel and Flutamide on prostate cancer cells were investigated by the MTT test, Hoechst staining, and flow cytometry. In addition, the expression of genes related to apoptosis, angiogenesis, Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition pathway (EMT), and prostate cancer biomarkers by Real-Time PCR was investigated. The results demonstrated that IC50 values for Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide (30 µM and 20 µM), Docetaxel (10 µM and 5 µM), and Flutamide (20 µM and 12 µM) with MTT were confirmed by flow cytometry in a dose and time-dependent manner. Regarding the high efficacy of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide in combination with Flutamide and Docetaxel, 10 µM and 5 µM Flutamide were used instead of 20 µM and 12 µM and 5 µM and 2 µM Docetaxel was used instead of 10 µM and 5 µM in PC3 and LNCap, respectively. Moreover, for the first time, it was shown that Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide alone and in combination with Docetaxel and Flutamide significantly augmented apoptosis, reduced cell migration and colonization, and downregulated expression of KLK2 and EMT pathway genes in both PC3 and LNCap cell line (P < 0.01). Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide synergistically increased the effect of Docetaxel and Flutamide and increased the sensitivity of the prostate cancer cell lines to these drugs. Therefore, it may provide a new therapeutic strategy against prostate cancer.

Successful salvage of renal allograft rupture: A case report.

Allograft rupture is a rare complication of renal transplantation. We present a case of renal allograft rupture which did not lead to nephrectomy. A young woman underwent renal transplantation. On day 5 of transplantation, the patient complained of sudden pain over the transplant site and severe hemorrhage. the immediate exploration, shows allograft rupture. The rupture of allograft was repaired. The patient recovered without any complications our study revealed that, repair and salvage of renal allograft were successful and nephrectomy is not mandatory in renal allograft rupture.

Laparoscopic removal of a giant middle ureteral stone: A case report and review of literature.

Giant ureteral calculi stones defined as larger than 5 cm in length or circumference. Although many giant ureteral stones have been reported, the laparoscopic removal of these stones is rare. A 45-year-old male patient presented to our clinic with right flank pain and discomfort from 6 months ago. Abdominopelvic computed tomographic scan showed a giant left middle ureteral stone. On the first stage laparoscopic ureter lithotomy was performed with 3 ports and the stone was extracted from 12 mm port successfully. We used transperitoneal laparoscopic approach in the full lateral decubitus position. three trocars were placed: one camera 11-mm port was placed at the level of the umbilicus on the lateral border of the rectus muscle, a 5-mm port was placed in the midline below the umbilicus, and a 12-mm port was at the superior border of the rectus muscle. The extracted stone size was 6.5*1.7 cm with 33 gm in weight. Due to the advantages of laparoscopic ureter lithotomy in giant ureteral stones and its feasibility to perform in a single session, we could suggest this minimally invasive treatment as a first choice in this group of patients.