Leveraging Global Fund's investments to expand innovative public-private provider engagement in TB.

BACKGROUND: TB remains a significant global health threat, claiming 1.3 million lives annually. The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted progress in the global TB response. Most patients with TB initially seek care from private providers, whereas only a small proportion are engaged by national programmes. The Global Fund is the major international source of funding for TB responses and supports the scale-up of innovative private-public mix (PPM) models in TB. METHODS: We collected programmatic and financial data on TB from 11 priority countries implementing PPM activities. Country examples and trends in the budget of Global Fund grants were analysed. RESULTS: These countries account for 60% of the global TB burden and Global Fund TB portfolio. PPM contributed 29% of national TB notifications in 2022 (range: 8% to 49%). During 2021-2023, US$1.4 billion was allocated for TB and US$155 million (11%) for PPM, while PPM contributed to 35% of national TB notification targets. PPM budgets increased over time from US$43 million (2002 to 2014) to US$129 million (2024 to 2026). CONCLUSION: The Global Fund's investments facilitated the expansion of innovative PPM models, improved access, and enhanced TB responses. Our indicative analysis underscores the need for evidence-based planning, collaboration, and increased domestic investment to accelerate the end of TB.

CONTEXTE: La TB reste une menace importante pour la santé mondiale, faisant 1,3 million de morts chaque année. La pandémie de COVID-19 a perturbé les progrès de la riposte mondiale à la TB. La plupart des patients atteints de TB recherchent d'abord des soins auprès de prestataires privés, tandis que seule une petite proportion est engagée par des programmes nationaux. Le Fonds mondial est la principale source internationale de financement de la lutte contre la TB et soutient l'extension de modèles innovants de partenariats public-privé (PPM, pour l'anglais « public-private mix ¼) dans le domaine de la TB. MÉTHODES: Nous avons recueilli des données programmatiques et financières sur la TB dans 11 pays prioritaires mettant en œuvre des activités de PPM. Des exemples de pays et les tendances du budget des subventions du Fonds mondial ont été analysés. RÉSULTATS: Ces pays représentent 60% de la charge mondiale de morbidité de la TB et du portefeuille du Fonds mondial de lutte contre la TB. La PPM a contribué à 29% des notifications nationales de TB en 2022 (fourchette : 8­49%). Au cours de la période 2021­2023, 1,4 milliard de dollars US ont été alloués à la TB et 155 millions de dollars US (11%) à la PPM, tandis que la PPM a contribué à 35% des cibles nationales de notification de la TB. Les budgets PPM ont augmenté au fil du temps, passant de 43 millions de dollars US (2002 à 2014) à 129 millions de dollars américains (2024 à 2026). CONCLUSION: Les investissements du Fonds mondial ont facilité l'expansion de modèles PPM innovants, l'amélioration de l'accès et le renforcement des ripostes à la TB. Notre analyse indicative souligne la nécessité d'une planification fondée sur des données probantes, d'une collaboration et d'une augmentation des investissements nationaux pour accélérer l'éradication de la TB.

Modified micromarsupialization technique as an alternative primary treatment for ranulas: A case series in a resource-challenged economy.

OBJECTIVES: Ranula is one of the commonest salivary gland cysts that mostly occur due to mucus extravasation from the sublingual salivary gland. Treatment of this lesion is still somewhat shrouded in controversy and varies from conservative treatment to surgical excision of the causative gland. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a case series in quasi-experimental design that evaluated the outcome and complications of the modified micromarsupialization technique as a newly introduced treatment at our center for simple sublingual ranula over a 2-year period. RESULTS: Twenty patients were treated by the modified micromarsupialization technique and followed up for 1 year. There was complete resolution following this technique in 17 patients (85%) with no evidence of recurrence or complications, whereas 2 patients (10%) showed partial resolution and the remaining 1 patient (5%) showed a failure and recurrence. The age of the patient, the size of the ranula, and the retention of sutures throughout the study period did not significantly affect the treatment outcome. CONCLUSIONS: The modified micromarsupialization technique was a simple and effective treatment that should be used as a primary treatment option for simple ranulas and we recommend it to be the first-choice treatment before surgical excision of the sublingual gland, especially in a resource-challenged economy like ours.

Enhancing tuberculosis case finding in Tanzania: implementation of a quality improvement initiative.

Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in Tanzania. A quality improvement (QI) initiative was implemented by the National Tuberculosis Programme with support from The Global Fund to enhance TB case finding. The initiative involved identifying gaps in the quality of services, introducing tools, building capacity of health workers, and strengthening laboratory and referral services. The initiative was piloted at sub-national level and subsequently scaled-up nationally. Overall, 1280 health workers were trained, leading to an 81% cumulative increase in notified TB cases in the pilot region and 4000 additional TB cases notified nationally. The QI initiative could serve as a model for the improvement of TB case notification in other settings.

La tuberculose (TB) est une des causes majeures de morbidité et de mortalité en Tanzanie. Une initiative d'amélioration de la qualité (QI) en trois points a été mise en œuvre par le Programme National Tuberculose avec un soutien du Fonds Mondial pour améliorer la détection des cas de TB. L'initiative a impliqué l'identification des failles de qualité des services de TB, l'introduction d'outils, le renforcement des capacités du personnel de santé, le renforcement du laboratoire TB et des services de référence. L'initiative a été pilotée au niveau sous national et ensuite étendue au niveau national : 1280 personnels de santé ont été formés, la coordination de la QI a été renforcée et ceci a contribué à 81% de l'augmentation cumulée des cas de TB notifiés dans la région pilote et à la notification de 4000 cas de TB supplémentaires au niveau national. L'initiative QI pourrait servir de modèle pour améliorer la notification des cas de TB dans d'autres contextes.

La tuberculosis (TB) es una de las principales causas de morbilidad y mortalidad en Tanzanía. El Programa Nacional contra la Tuberculosis introdujo, con el apoyo del Fondo Mundial, una iniciativa triple de mejoramiento de la calidad (QI) encaminada a reforzar la búsqueda de casos de TB. La iniciativa comportaba el reconocimiento de las deficiencias en la calidad de los servicios de TB, la introducción de instrumentos, el fortalecimiento de la capacidad de los trabajadores de salud y el refuerzo de los laboratorios de TB y los servicios de remisiones. Después de un ensayo piloto a escala subnacional, se amplió la iniciativa a todo el país. Se capacitaron 1280 trabajadores de salud y se reforzó la coordinación de la QI, con lo cual se propició un aumento acumulado de 81% de los casos de TB notificados en la región piloto y la notificación de 4000 casos de TB adicionales a escala nacional. La iniciativa de QI podría servir como modelo para mejorar la notificación de casos de TB en otros entornos.

Performance-based technical support for drug-resistant TB responses: lessons from the Green Light Committee.

Drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) constitutes a global threat and a major contributor to deaths related to antimicrobial resistance. Despite progress in DR-TB detection and treatment over the last decade, huge gaps remain in treatment coverage, access to quality care and treatment outcome. Global Fund investments have been critical to scaling up the existing and new diagnostic tools, treatment coverage and people-centred service delivery. The United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) high-level meeting represents unprecedented opportunities to accelerate towards addressing DR-TB. Established in 2000 and funded by the Global Fund since 2009, the Green Light Committee (GLC) mechanism has evolved from project approval to providing demand-based technical assistance to countries to scale up response to DR-TB based on their need and priorities. Lessons learnt from the GLC mechanism over 10 years demonstrate that a result-based, systematic and accountable technical assistance model to support scale-up of DR-TB response is critically important. Meeting the UNGA declaration targets requires major scale-up of current efforts and new tools, and hence the need for predictable, consistent and sustained technical support to countries, including through the regional GLC mechanism. The application of the principles and processes of this model could be adapted and replicated to design a similar performance-based and quality-assured technical support mechanism.

Elemental Composition of PM2.5 Aerosol in a Residential-Industrial Area of a Mediterranean Megacity.

Very little is known about the elemental composition and possible sources of fine aerosol particles from Mediterranean megacities. Fine aerosol particles were collected at a residential-industrial area in Greater Cairo, Egypt, during the period from October 2010 to May 2011. The elemental compositions of the collected samples were quantified by using a homemade energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence spectrometer, whereas black carbon was quantified by a black smoke detector. Fifteen elements have been quantified. Of these constituents, Ca, C, Cl, S, and Fe had the highest concentrations: greater than 1 µg m-3. The overall mean mass concentration of the collected samples equals 70 µg m-3; this value exceeds the European Union annual Air Quality Standard levels. The individual elemental concentrations of the fine particles were found to be dominated by elements linked to mineral dust. Most of the monthly variations of elemental concentrations can be attributed to seasonal meteorological conditions. Other possible sources were vehicle-exhaust and industrial activities. The results pinpoint the problem of identifying different sources when one source, in this case, the nearby deserts, is dominant. The results from this study contribute to the growing knowledge of concentrations, composition, and possible sources of ambient fine particulate matter.

A community-based isoniazid preventive therapy for the prevention of childhood tuberculosis in Ethiopia.

BACKGROUND: Although children in contact with adults with tuberculosis (TB) should receive isoniazid (INH) preventive therapy (IPT), this is rarely implemented. OBJECTIVE: To assess whether a community-based approach to provide IPT at the household level improves uptake and adherence in Ethiopia. METHODS: Contacts of adults with smear-positive pulmonary TB (PTB+) were visited at home and examined by health extension workers (HEWs). Asymptomatic children aged <5 years were offered IPT and followed monthly. RESULTS: Of 6161 PTB+ cases identified by HEWs in the community, 5345 (87%) were visited, identifying 24 267 contacts, 7226 (29.8%) of whom were children aged <15 years and 3102 (12.7%) were aged <5 years; 2949 contacts had symptoms of TB and 1336 submitted sputum for examination. Ninety-two (6.9%) were PTB+ and 169 had TB all forms. Of 3027 asymptomatic children, only 1761 were offered (and accepted) IPT due to INH shortage. Of these, 1615 (91.7%) completed the 6-month course. The most frequent reason for discontinuing IPT was INH shortage. CONCLUSION: Contact tracing contributed to the detection of additional TB cases and provision of IPT in young children. IPT delivery in the community alongside community-based TB interventions resulted in better acceptance and improved treatment outcome.

Role of Hyperplasia of Gingival Lymphatics in Periodontal Inflammation.

Lymphatic vessels are important for maintenance of tissue fluid homeostasis and afferent antigen transport. In chronic inflammation, lymphangiogenesis takes place and is characterized by lymphatic endothelial cell proliferation and lymphatic hyperplasia. Vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGFC) is the main known lymphangiogenic growth factor, and its expression is increased in periodontitis, a common chronic infectious disease that results in tissue destruction and alveolar bone loss. The role of lymphangiogenesis during development of periodontitis is unknown. Here, we test if transgenic overexpression of epithelial VEGFC in a murine model is followed by hyperplasia of lymphatic vessels in oral mucosa and if the lymphatic drainage capacity is altered. We also test if lymphatic hyperplasia protects against periodontal disease development. Transgenic keratin 14 (K14)-VEGFC mice had significant hyperplasia of lymphatics in oral mucosa, including gingiva, without changes in blood vessel vasculature. The basal lymph flow was normal but slightly lower than in wild-type mice when oral mucosa was challenged with lipopolysaccharide from Porphyromonas gingivalis. Under normal conditions, K14-VEGFC mice exhibited an increased number of neutrophils in gingiva, demonstrated enhanced phagocyte recruitment in the cervical lymph nodes, and had more alveolar bone when compared with their wild-type littermates. After induction of periodontitis, no strain differences were observed in the periodontal tissues with respect to granulocyte recruitment, bone resorption, angiogenesis, cytokines, and bone-related protein expressions or in draining lymph node immune cell proportions and vascularization. We conclude that overexpression of VEGFC results in hyperplastic lymphatics, which do not enhance lymphatic drainage capacity but facilitate phagocyte transport to draining lymph nodes. Hyperplasia of lymphatics does not protect against development of ligature-induced periodontitis.

Are patients with pulmonary tuberculosis who are identified through active case finding in the community different than those identified in healthcare facilities?

The lack of healthcare access contributes to large numbers of tuberculosis (TB) cases being missed and has led to renewed interest in outreach approaches to increase detection. It is however unclear whether outreach activities increase case detection or merely identify patients before they attend health facilities. We compared adults with cough of >2 weeks' duration recruited in health facilities (1202 participants) or in urban slums (2828 participants) in Nigeria. Participants provided demographic and clinical information and were screened using smear microscopy. The characteristics of smear-positive and smear-negative individuals were compared stratified by place of enrolment. Two hundred nine health facility participants (17.4%) and 485 community-based participants (16.9%) were smear positive for pulmonary TB. Community-based smear-positive cases were older (mean age, 36.3 vs. 31.8 years), had longer cough duration (10.3 vs. 6.8 weeks) and longer duration of weight loss (4.6 vs. 3.6 weeks) than facility-based cases; and they complained more of fever (87.4% vs. 74.6%), chest pain (89.0% vs. 67.0%) and anorexia (79.5% vs. 55.5%). Community smear-negative participants were older (mean, 39.4 vs. 34.0 years), were more likely to have symptoms and were more likely to have symptoms of longer duration than smear-negative facility-based participants. Patients with pulmonary TB identified in the community had more symptoms and longer duration of illness than facility-based patients, which appeared to be due to factors differentially affecting access to healthcare. Community-based activities targeted at urban slum populations may identify a different TB case population than that accessing stationary services.

Genetic diversity analysis of Aspergillus flavus isolates from plants and air by ISSR markers.

Aspergillus flavus is one of the most abundant and widely distributed fungi on earth. A. flavus produces aflatoxins (AFs), which are toxic secondary metabolites. AFs have harmful effects on public health (humans and animals) and agricultural crops. Inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers were used to analyze the genetic diversity of 30 A. flavus isolates from five agricultural crops and air. Genetic similarity coefficients (GSC) ranged from 0.51 to 0.10 based on three ISSR markers for the isolates tested. A. flavus isolates grouped into 6, 5, and 3 clusters using the unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic average of three ISSR markers. This study suggests that ISSR biotechnology is a highly useful tool for characterizing genetic diversity of A. flavus isolated from different sources.

Resistance to first-line tuberculosis drugs in three cities of Nigeria.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the levels of resistance to first-line tuberculosis drugs in three cities in three geopolitical zones in Nigeria. METHODS: A total of 527 smear-positive sputum samples from Abuja, Ibadan and Nnewi were cultured on BACTEC- MGIT 960. Drug susceptibility tests (DST) for streptomycin, isoniazid, rifampicin and ethambutol were performed on 428 culture-positive samples on BACTEC-MGIT960. RESULTS: Eight per cent of the specimens cultured were multi-drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MDR-TB) with varying levels of resistance to individual and multiple first-line drugs. MDR was strongly associated with previous treatment: 5% of new and 19% of previously treated patients had MDR-TB (OR 4.1 (95% CI 1.9-8.8), P = 0.001) and with young adult age: 63% of patients with and 38% without MDR-TB were 25-34 years old (P = 0.01). HIV status was documented in 71%. There was no association between MDR-TB and HIV coinfection (P = 0.9) and gender (P > 0.2 for both). CONCLUSIONS: MDR-TB is an emerging problem in Nigeria. Developing good quality drug susceptibility test facilities, routine monitoring of drug susceptibility and improved health systems for the delivery of and adherence to first- and second-line treatment are imperative to solve this problem.

Factors associated with poor tuberculosis treatment outcome in the Southern Region of Ethiopia.

SETTING: Tuberculosis (TB) treatment centres in southern Ethiopia. OBJECTIVES: To describe the outcomes of patients registered for anti-tuberculosis treatment and to identify factors associated with poor treatment outcome. DESIGN: Retrospective audit of patients registered from 2002 to 2007. Patients were categorised as having successful (cured or completed treatment) or poor treatment outcome (failed treatment, defaulted or died). Logistic regressions were used to identify risk factors for poor outcome. RESULTS: A total of 6547 patients (55.6% male, 44.4% female) with a mean age of 27.5 years were registered for treatment; 2873 (43.9%) were smear-positive, 2493 (30.1%) smear-negative and 1157 (17.7%) had extra-pulmonary TB. Most (n = 6033, 92%) were new cases; 4900 (74.8%) had a successful and 1095 (16.7%) a poor treatment outcome. Of those with a poor outcome, 667 (60.9%) patients defaulted, 404 (36.9%) died and 24 (2.2%) failed treatment. Attending the regional capital health centre (aOR 2.09, 95%CI 1.85-2.69), being on retreatment (aOR 2.07, 95%CI 1.47-2.92), having a positive smear at the second month follow-up (aOR 1.68, 95%CI 1.07-2.63), having smear-negative pulmonary TB (aOR 1.62, 95%CI 1.4-1.86), age >55 years (aOR 1.44, 95%CI 1.12-1.86) and being male (aOR 1.24, 95%CI 1.09-1.42) were independent risk factors for poor outcome. CONCLUSION: Treatment outcome was suboptimal and targeted measures should be considered to reduce the rate of poor treatment outcome among high-risk groups.

Direct patient costs associated with tuberculosis diagnosis in Yemen and Nepal.

BACKGROUND: The diagnosis of TB requires multiple visits. Reducing the number of visits for diagnosis could make the process more accessible, with significant savings to the patients. OBJECTIVE: To describe direct costs incurred by patients consulting TB diagnostic centres. METHOD: Adults with cough >3 weeks' duration were interviewed using structured questionnaires in Yemen and Nepal to quantify their expenses. RESULTS: A total of 456 adults were interviewed. Most patients were accompanied, and 20% were smear-positive. Patients in Nepal were more likely to be male, to live in urban areas and were older (123/206 [60%], 152 [74%] and mean age 41 years) than in Yemen (120/250 [48%], 114 [36%] and mean age 35 years). Although most patients from rural areas stayed with relatives, their overall expenses were higher than for patients from urban areas. Clinic fees represented the highest expenditure in both countries, and rural patients paid more than urban patients in both settings. The expenses for diagnosis were equivalent to 1 week of the national income per capita. CONCLUSION: Patients incur considerable costs for diagnosis, and clinic fees represent a substantial component of these costs. Patients requiring investigations for TB should be able to access diagnostic services free of charge.

Clinico-pathological profile of acute promyelocytic leukaemia at Al-Amal Oncology-Haematology Centre, Qatar.

This cases series describes the profile of adult patients with acute promyelocytic leukaemia (APt) at a referral hospital in Qatar. Of 34 acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) cases diagnosed, 11(32%) were classified as APt. Disseminated intravascular coagulation was common at presentation (91%). Severe thrombocytopenia was seen in 73%, leukocytosis in 55% and severe anaemia in 45%. Only 2 patients were of the classic hypergranular type. In the remaining 9 patients, 3 morphological subtypes were recognized: microgranular variant (6 patients), hyperbasophilic (2 patients) and regular nuclear outline M3r (1 patient). Translocation t(15;17) was detected in 63% of cases. APL constitutes a high proportion of AML cases in Qatar, with considerable morphological heterogeneity and a oredominance of APL variants with unfavourable oresenting features.

Clinico-pathological profile of acute promyelocytic leukaemia at Al-Amal oncology-haematology centre, Qatar

This cases series describes the profile of adult patients with acute promyelocytic leukaemia [APL] at a referral hospital in Qatar of 34 acute myeloid leukaemia [AML] cases diagnosed, 11 [32%] were classified as APL. Disseminated intravascular coagulation was common at presentation [91%]. Severe thrombocytopenia was seen in 73%, leukocytosis in 55% and severe anaemia in 45%. Only 2 patients were of the classic hypergranular type. In the remaining 9 patients, 3 morphological subtypes were recognized: microgranular variant [6 patients], hyperbasophilic [2 patients] and regular nuclear outline M3r [1 patient]. Translocation t[15;17] was detected in 63% of cases. APL constitutes a high proportion of AML cases in Qatar, with considerable morphological heterogeneity and a predominance of APL variants with unfavourable presenting features

Validation of bleach-treated smears for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis.

SETTING: Health centres in Awassa, southern Ethiopia. DESIGN: Consecutive patients visiting health centre laboratories for the evaluation of suspected pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) between June and September 2006 were investigated. On-the-spot, morning and second on-the-spot sputum samples were pooled for each patient. Direct smears were stained with hot Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) technique and aliquots cultured for mycobacteria on Löwenstein-Jensen media. The remaining sputum was treated with household bleach, aliquoted and processed with short-term digestion, centrifugation and sedimentation techniques, and stained with ZN. RESULTS: Acid-fast bacilli were detected in respectively 126 (25%), 141 (28%), 169 (34%) and 198 (40%) of the 497 pooled sputum samples processed by the direct, short-term, sedimentation and centrifugation techniques (P < 0.001). The sensitivity of the direct, short-term, sedimentation and centrifugation techniques was respectively 51.1%, 53.2%, 57.6% and 63.6%. The difference between the direct smear and centrifugation (P < 0.001) or sedimentation (P < 0.005) methods was significant. The specificity of the direct, short-term digestion, sedimentation and centrifugation techniques was respectively 97%, 93%, 86.5% and 80.8%. CONCLUSIONS: Bleach treatment of sputum and centrifugation significantly improves the sensitivity of smear microscopy for the diagnosis of TB in a health centre in a high TB burden area. It is more sensitive, but possibly less specific, than other bleach methods.

Rhino-orbital zygomycosis secondary to Rhizopus oryzae in a renal transplant recipient successfully treated with liposomal amphotericin B.

Rhino-orbital zygomycosis is usually an aggressive, fulminant and, at times, fatal disease that requires urgent medical and surgical treatment. We report a case of rhino-orbital zygomycosis caused by Rhizopus oryzae that developed in a 41-year-old male renal transplant recipient. He was diagnosed in the early post transplant period after anti-rejection therapy. The infection was successfully managed with liposomal amphotericin B and functional endoscopic sinus surgery.

Same-day smears in the diagnosis of tuberculosis.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the feasibility of completing the diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) in 1 day by collecting only on-the-spot specimens. METHODS: Individuals with suspected TB attending district hospitals in Abuja submitted three sputum samples for routine diagnosis (the standard approach). One additional sample was collected 1 h after the first sputum (the same-day approach). One sputum sample was cultured. Blood samples were tested for HIV. RESULTS: Two hundred and twenty-four patients with chronic cough had 135/672 (20%) positive on-the-spot smears and 47/224 (21%) positive morning smears. The same-day and internationally recommended approaches identified 44 and 45 of the 78 patients with positive cultures, respectively. 106/194 (55%) patients were HIV positive. Only 9-11% of their smears were positive compared with 30-32% for HIV negatives (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: It could be possible to diagnose TB in a single day by examining two spot specimens, but the feasibility needs to be confirmed on a larger scale.

Effect of reactive vaccination on meningitis epidemics in Southern Ethiopia.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the duration and seasonality of meningitis epidemics in Southern Ethiopia and estimate the proportion of cases prevented by vaccination in order to assess the efficacy of current control strategies. METHODS: A descriptive study of epidemics occurring from 1999 to 2004. The number of cases reported in 24 districts undergoing vaccination campaigns was compared to 36 districts not receiving vaccines or where vaccines had been deployed in the zone. RESULTS: Sixty epidemics reporting a total of 5806 cases were identified. The duration of the epidemics ranged from 1 to 26 weeks with 45% lasting < or = 6 weeks. Forty-one epidemics reached the WHO epidemic threshold. Seventy-one percent of the cases reported from vaccinated areas occurred in the first 6 weeks compared to 62% in unvaccinated areas and 82% for districts where vaccines had been used in the zone. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of epidemics had a short duration limiting the potential to implement current vaccines effectively. Delivering vaccine to areas adjacent to an epidemic seems to increase their efficacy, however the size of this additional area needs to be better defined.

Bleach-digested sputum smears for the diagnosis of TB in HIV-infected individuals.

We describe the performance of bleach-digested Zeihl-Neelsen (ZN) smears in TB suspects with/without HIV. In total, 51 (26%) and 62 (31%) out of the first 198 spot and digested smears were positive. Seven of the 30 HIV-positive patients had TB and their ZN smears were negative, scanty or 1 +. Six of seven digested smears were scanty. Forty-two of 115 HIV-negative patients had TB. Eleven (26%) of their digested smears were negative, 12 (29%) scanty and 19 (45%) positive. Despite the lower bacilli numbers of HIV-positive patients, the technique had sensitivity and specificity similar to that in HIV-negative patients.