Chemical Composition, Antioxidant Activities, Antidepressant Effect, and Lipid Peroxidation of Peruvian Blueberry: Molecular Docking Studies on Targets Involved in Oxidative Stress and Depression.

Blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) are cultivated worldwide and are among the best dietary sources of bioactive compounds with beneficial health effects. This study aimed to investigate the components of Peruvian blueberry using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS), identifying 11 compounds. Furthermore, we assessed in vitro the antioxidant activity and in vivo the antidepressant effect using a rat model and protective effect on lipid peroxidation (in the serum, brain, liver, and stomach). We also conducted molecular docking simulations with proteins involved in oxidative stress and depression for the identified compounds. Antioxidant activity was assessed by measuring total phenolic and flavonoid contents, as well as using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazin (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic) acid (ABTS•+), and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. Peruvian blueberries demonstrated higher antioxidant activity than Vaccinium corymbosum fruits from Chile, Brazil, the United States, Turkey, Portugal, and China. The results showed that oral administration of Peruvian blueberries (10 and 20 mg/kg) for 28 days significantly (p < 0.001) increased swimming and reduced immobility in the forced swimming test (FST). Additionally, at doses of 40 and 80 mg/kg, oxidative stress was reduced in vivo (p < 0.001) by decreasing lipid peroxidation in brain, liver, stomach, and serum. Molecular docking and absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) predictions were performed. In the molecular docking studies, quercitrin and 3,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid showed the best docking scores for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase, superoxide dismutase, and xanthine oxidase; while 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid methyl ester and caffeoyl coumaroylquinic acid had the best docking scores for monoamine oxidase and serotonin receptor 5-HT2. In summary, our results suggest that the antidepressant and protective effects against lipid peroxidation might be related to the antioxidant activity of Peruvian Vaccinium corymbosum L.

Calcium signaling in endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells: sex differences and the influence of estrogens and androgens.

Calcium signaling in vascular endothelial cells (ECs) and smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is essential for the regulation of vascular tone. However, the changes to intracellular Ca2+ concentrations are often influenced by sex differences. Furthermore, a large body of evidence shows that sex hormone imbalance leads to dysregulation of Ca2+ signaling and this is a key factor in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. In this review, the effects of estrogens and androgens on vascular calcium-handling proteins are discussed, with emphasis on the associated genomic or nongenomic molecular mechanisms. The experimental models from which data were collected were also considered. The review highlights 1) in female ECs, transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) and mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter (MCU) enhance Ca2+-dependent nitric oxide (NO) generation. In males, only transient receptor potential canonical 3 (TRPC3) plays a fundamental role in this effect. 2) Female VSMCs have lower cytosolic Ca2+ levels than males due to differences in the activity and expression of stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1), calcium release-activated calcium modulator 1 (Orai1), calcium voltage-gated channel subunit-α1C (CaV1.2), Na+-K+-2Cl- symporter (NKCC1), and the Na+/K+-ATPase. 3) When compared with androgens, the influence of estrogens on Ca2+ homeostasis, vascular tone, and incidence of vascular disease is better documented. 4) Many studies use supraphysiological concentrations of sex hormones, which may limit the physiological relevance of outcomes. 5) Sex-dependent differences in Ca2+ signaling mean both sexes ought to be included in experimental design.

Antispasmodic Effect of Valeriana pilosa Root Essential Oil and Potential Mechanisms of Action: Ex Vivo and In Silico Studies.

Infusions of Valeriana pilosa are commonly used in Peruvian folk medicine for treating gastrointestinal disorders. This study aimed to investigate the spasmolytic and antispasmodic effects of Valeriana pilosa essential oil (VPEO) on rat ileum. The basal tone of ileal sections decreased in response to accumulative concentrations of VPEO. Moreover, ileal sections precontracted with acetylcholine (ACh), potassium chloride (KCl), or barium chloride (BaCl2) were relaxed in response to VPEO by a mechanism that depended on atropine, hyoscine butylbromide, solifenacin, and verapamil, but not glibenclamide. The results showed that VPEO produced a relaxant effect by inhibiting muscarinic receptors and blocking calcium channels, with no apparent effect on the opening of potassium channels. In addition, molecular docking was employed to evaluate VPEO constituents that could inhibit intestinal contractile activity. The study showed that α-cubebene, ß-patchoulene, ß-bourbonene, ß-caryophyllene, α-guaiene, γ-muurolene, valencene, eremophyllene, and δ-cadinene displayed the highest docking scores on muscarinic acetylcholine receptors and voltage-gated calcium channels, which may antagonize M2 and/or M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors and block voltage-gated calcium channels. In summary, VPEO has both spasmolytic and antispasmodic effects. It may block muscarinic receptors and calcium channels, thus providing a scientific basis for its traditional use for gastrointestinal disorders.

CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 Genes Associated with Tricontinental and Latin American Ancestry of Pe-ruvians.

Precision medicine seeks to individualize the dose from the beginning of phar-macological therapy based on the characteristics of each patient, genes involved in the metabolic phenotype, ethnicity or miscegenation, with the purpose to minimize adverse effects and optimize drug efficacy. The objective was to re-view studies that describe the association of the CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genes with the tricontinental and Latin American ancestry of Peruvians. A biblio-graphic search was carried out in PubMed/Medline and SciELO, with various descriptors in Spanish and English. The results of this review confirm that the ethnic origin of Peruvians is triconti-nental due to European (mainly Spanish), African and Asian migration, in addi-tion to Latin American migration, being 60.2% mixed, 25.8% Amerindian, 5.9% white, 3.6% African descent, 1.2% Chinese and Japanese descent, and 3.3% unspecified. Studies on CYP2C19*3, CYP2D6*2, *3 and *6 have been reported in Peruvians, and the frequency is similar to that studied in Ecuadori-ans and Colombians. The CYP2C19*3, CYP2D6*3, and CYP2D6*6 alleles found in Peruvians are common in Europeans, Africans, and Asians; while CYP2D6*4 in Africans and CYP2D6*2 related to Asians. In some studies, the ethnic/gene association has not been demonstrated; while others have shown a significant association, which is why further investigation is warranted. It is concluded that the studies on CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genes associated with the tricontinental and Latin American ancestry of Peruvians are little, and ac-cording to what has been investigated, the CYP2C19*3, CYP2D6*2, *3, *4 and *6 alleles have more related to their ancestry.

Lepidium meyenii Walp (red maca) Supplementation Prevents Acrylamide-Induced Oxidative Stress and Liver Toxicity in Rats: Phytochemical Composition by UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS.

Lepidium meyenii Walp (red maca) is a high Andean plant cultivated since the Incas and has innumerable therapeutic properties. The study aims to identify its phytochemical composition using UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS, and evaluate its effects on acrylamide-induced oxidative stress. The lyophilized aqueous extract of red maca (LAqE-RM) was orally administered in doses of 1 and 2 g/kg body weight for 4 weeks. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in erythrocytes, brain, and liver, as well as hepatic levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were determined. Administration of acrylamide for 2 and 4 weeks significantly increased (p < 0.001) MDA levels in erythrocytes, brain, and liver. However, LAqE-RM prevented (p < 0.001) an increase in MDA levels in all tissues studied. Likewise, the groups treated with LAqE-RM presented significantly (p < 0.001) lower levels of ALT and AST compared to the control. Treatment with LAqE-RM ameliorated the acrylamide-induced oxidative stress by reducing MDA levels in erythrocytes, brain, and liver and by lowering liver levels of ALT and AST in a dose-dependent manner. Twenty-five secondary metabolites were identified and characterized from LAqE-RM based on UHPLC mass spectrophotometry. These include carbolines, alkamides, fatty acids, and macamides, which are probably involved in their antioxidant protective role.

Valeriana pilosa Roots Essential Oil: Chemical Composition, Antioxidant Activities, and Molecular Docking Studies on Enzymes Involved in Redox Biological Processes.

Valeriana pilosa is usually employed in Peruvian folk medicine in the form of infusion to treat stomach pain, and has antispasmodic, relaxing, sleep-promoting, and sedative properties, as well as is an anti-inflammatory. In this study, Valeriana pilosa essential oil (VPEO) was obtained by hydrodistillation, analyzed by GC and GC/MS, and 47 compounds were identified. Major oil components were α-patchoulene (5.8%), α-humulene (6.1%), seychellene (7.6%), and patchoulol (20.8%). Furthermore, we assessed the in vitro antioxidant activities, molecular docking, and Ligand Efficiency studies on enzymes involved in cellular redox pathways such as CYP2C9, catalase, superoxide dismutase, and xanthine oxidase. Essential oil antioxidant activities were assessed by FRAP, ABTS•+, and DPPH• radical scavenging activity. VPEO displays high antioxidant activity as compared to essential oils of Valeriana jatamansi and Valeriana officinalis oil roots. In addition, molecular docking and ADMET prediction was employed to compare the absorption, metabolism, and toxicity properties of Valeriana pilosa compounds. In the molecular docking studies, limonene, p-cimene, carvone, α-cubebene, cyclosativene, α-guaiene, allo-aromadendrene, valencene, and eremophyllene were the compounds with the best docking score on CYP2C9 and xanthine oxidase. Thus, volatile components of Valeriana pilosa could be associated with the detected antioxidant activity, acting as putative inhibitors of CYP2C9 and xanthine oxidase.

Potential antioxidant effect of fruit peels for human use from northern Peru, compared by 5 different methods / Potencial efecto antioxidante de las cáscaras de frutas para uso humano del norte de Perú, comparado por 5 métodos diferentes

The objective of the work was to determine the antioxidant potential in vitro of freeze-dried peel extracts of 20 fruits from the northern region of Peru through five tests (Folin-Ciocalteu, DPPH., ABTS+., FRAP and CUPRAC). According to multivariate statistical analyzes, five groups were found: (i.) peel extracts with the highest values of antioxidant capacity (AC) from custard apple, and star fruit; (ii.) rind extracts with high AC values from quince, sweet granadilla, guava, and black grape; (iii.) husk extracts with middle values of AC from passion fruit, and red mombin; (iv.) shell extracts with low AC values from tangerine, mandarine, and bitter orange; and, (v.) coating extracts with the lowest AC values from pawpaw, red pawpaw, muskmelon, dragon fruit, yellow and red indian figs, pear, apple, and green grape. To conclude, the fruit lyophilized-husk extracts of custard apple, star fruit, quince, sweet granadilla, guava, and black grape obtained the best AC.

El objetivo del trabajo fue determinar el potencial antioxidante in vitro de extractos de cáscara liofilizada de 20 frutos de la región norte del Perú mediante cinco pruebas (Folin-Ciocalteu, DPPH., ABTS+., FRAP y CUPRAC). Según análisis estadísticos multivariados, se encontraron cinco grupos: (i.) Extractos de piel con los valores más altos de capacidad antioxidante (CA) de chirimoya y carambola; (ii.) extractos de cáscara con altos valores de CA de membrillo, granadilla dulce, guayaba y uva negra; (iii.) extractos de cáscara con valores medios de CA de maracuyá y mombina roja; (iv.) extractos de cáscara con valores bajos de CA de mandarina, mandarina y naranja amarga; y (v.) recubrir extractos con los valores de CA más bajos de papaya, papaya roja, melón, fruta del dragón, higos indios amarillos y rojos, pera, manzana y uva verde. Para concluir, los extractos de cáscara liofilizada de chirimoya, carambola, membrillo, granadilla dulce, guayaba y uva negra obtuvieron el mejor CA.

Maca extracts and estrogen replacement therapy in ovariectomized rats exposed at high altitude.

PURPOSE: Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) and herbal remedies are often used to alleviate menopausal symptoms, but their effects and efficacy at high altitudes presents with several uncertainties. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether pre-treatment with maca (Lepidium meyenii Walp) improved the tolerance to high altitude on an ovariectomized (OVX) rat model at sea level. METHOD: The animals were treated with 17ß-estradiol (200 µg/kg; E2), red and black maca (1.5 g/kg) for 28 days and exposed at high altitude or sea level. RESULT: Our findings showed that red and black maca extracts significantly (P < .001) reduced the MDA level in OVX rat serum under hypoxia in a similar way to E2. Red and black maca extracts had similar effects with E2, by significantly (P < .001) reversing and increasing the ovariectomized induced decrease in cornified endometrial cell number. Under hypoxic conditions, the black maca (P < .05) and E2 (P < .01) increased the uterine weight in OVX rats. Finally, E2 alone significantly recovered the frequency of the uterine contractile response. CONCLUSION: Aqueous extract of L. meyenii partially protects the reproductive function in hypobaric hypoxic environment, through the recovery of the cornified endometrial cells and uterine weight in a menopausal model of OVX rats.

Metabolomic Profiling of Mango (Mangifera indica Linn) Leaf Extract and Its Intestinal Protective Effect and Antioxidant Activity in Different Biological Models.

Mangifera indica Linn popularly known as mango is used in folk medicine to treat gastrointestinal disorders. The aim of this study was to identify the metabolomic composition of lyophilized extract of mango leaf (MIE), to evaluate the antioxidant activity on several oxidative stress systems (DPPH, FRAP, TBARS, and ABTS), the spasmolytic and antispasmodic activity, and intestinal protective effect on oxidative stress induced by H2O2 in rat ileum. Twenty-nine metabolites were identified and characterized based on their ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) high-resolution orbitrap mass spectrometry, these include: benzophenone derivatives, xanthones, phenolic acids, fatty acids, flavonoids and procyanidins. Extract demonstrated a high antioxidant activity in in-vitro assays. MIE relaxed (p < 0.001) intestinal segments of rat pre-contracted with acetylcholine (ACh) (10-5 M). Pre-incubation of intestinal segments with 100 µg/mL MIE significantly reduced (p < 0.001) the contraction to H2O2. Similar effects were observed with mangiferin and quercetin (10-5 M; p < 0.05) but not for gallic acid. Chronic treatment of rats with MIE (50 mg/kg) for 28 days significantly reduced (p < 0.001) the H2O2-induced contractions. MIE exhibited a strong antioxidant activity, spasmolytic and antispasmodic activity, which could contribute to its use as an alternative for the management of several intestinal diseases related to oxidative stress.

Efecto oxitócico del decocto de la flor sagrada de los incas (Cantua buxifolia) sobre útero aislado de rata estrogenizada / Oxytocic effect of the deck of the sacred flower of the incas (Cantua buxifolia) on the isolated uterus of a strogenized rat

Objetivo. El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar el efecto del decocto de la flor sagrada de los incas (Cantua buxifolia) sobre útero aislado de rata estrogenizada. Materiales y métodos. La planta entera fue utilizada para preparar el decocto, obteniendo concentraciones finales 4 mg/mL. Se utilizaron seis ratas hembras procedentes del Instituto Nacional de Salud; posteriormente, se les estrogenizó con valerato de estradiol (solución 0,3%) durante tres días previos al experimento. Luego se sacrificaron mediante dislocamiento cervical y se aislaron los segmentos uterinos de las ratas; finalmente, se fijó en los baños de órgano aislado, determinándose la amplitud, frecuencia de contracción y actividad uterina en los grupos problema (Cantua buxifolia) y oxitocina. Resultados. El decocto de Cantua buxifolia 4 mg/mL evidenció incremento de la amplitud, frecuencia de la contracción y actividad uterina similar a oxitocina en concentración de 2X10-5 UI, (p=0,829; p=1,00 y p=0,762, respectivamente). Conclusión. El decocto de Cantua buxifolia tiene efecto oxitócico en útero aislado de rata estrogenizada.

Objective. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of the decoct of the sacred flower of the Incas (Cantua buxifolia) on the isolated uterus of estrogenized rats. Materials and methods. The whole plant was used to prepare the decoct, obtaining final concentrations of 4 mg/mL. Six female rats from the National Institute of Health were used, subsequently they were estrogenized with estradiol valerate (0.3% solution) for three days prior to the experiment. Then, they were sacrificed by cervical dislocation and the uterine segments of the rats were isolated, finally it was fixed in the isolated organ baths, determining the amplitude, frequency of contraction and uterine activity in the problem groups (Cantua buxifolia) and oxytocin. Results. The decoct of Cantua buxifolia 4 mg/mL showed an increase in amplitude, frequency of contraction and uterine activity similar to oxytocin at a concentration of 2X10-5 IU, (p = 0.829; p = 1.00 and p = 0.762, respectively). Conclusion. Cantua buxifolia decoct has an oxytocic effect in the isolated uterus of estrogenized rats.

Antioxidant effect and chemical composition of Ananas comosus [L.] Merr. peels from Peruvian northern / Efecto antioxidante y composición química de las cascaras de Ananas comosus [L.] Merr. del norte peruano

Pineapple peels has several beneficial properties including antioxidant activity. We investigated the antioxidant effect of five different peels of pineapple lyophilized extracts, not adsorbed and adsorbed onto Amberlite. They were examined using total phenolic contents (TPC), antioxidant effect by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). In addition, we analyzed the chemical composition by HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS. The main constituents of pineapple peels were tentatively identified as quercetin glycosides and N,N'-diferuloylspermidine. We conclude that the antioxidant activity in pineapple peels from District of Poroto, Province of Trujillo, Region of La Libertad, can be associated with the presence of flavonoid and spermidines.

Las cáscaras de piña tienen varias propiedades beneficiosas, incluida la actividad antioxidante. Investigamos el efecto antioxidante de cinco exfoliaciones diferentes de extracto liofilizado de piña, no adsorbidas y adsorbidas en Amberlita. Se examinaron utilizando los contenidos fenólicos totales (TPC), el efecto antioxidante mediante la eliminación del radical 1,1-difenil-2-picril-hidrazilo (DPPH) y el poder férrico antioxidante reductor (FRAP). Además, analizamos la composición química por HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS. Los principales constituyentes de las cáscaras de piña se identificaron tentativamente como glucósidos de quercetina y N,N'- diferuloylspermidina. Concluimos que la actividad antioxidante en las cáscaras de piña del Distrito de Poroto, Provincia de Trujillo, Región de La Libertad, puede estar asociada con la presencia de flavonoides y espermidinas.

Chemical composition by HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS: Estrogenic and antioxidant effects of Mangifera indica L. cv. "Kent" leave extracts on ovariectomized rats / Composición química por HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS: efectos estrogénicos y antioxidantes de extractos de Mangifera indica L. cv. "Kent" en ratas ovariectomizadas

The chemical composition of Mangifera indica L. cv. "Kent" leaves was determined by HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS. Polyphenolic compounds characterized as benzophenone derivatives were the main components found in extracts (1, maclurin 3-C-(2-O-galloyl)-D- glucoside isomer; 2, maclurin 3-C---D-glucoside; 3, iriflophenone 3-C---D-glucoside; 5, maclurin 3-C-(2,3-di-O-galloyl)---D-glucoside; 6, iriflophenone 3-C-(2-O-galloyl)---D-glucoside; 7, methyl-iriflophenone 3-C-(2,6-di-O-galloyl)---D-glucoside) and xanthones (4, mangiferin and 8, 6-O-galloyl-mangiferin). The estrogenic and antioxidant effects of aqueous extracts from Mangifera indica L. cv. "Kent" leaves on ovariectomized rats were determined by uterotrophic assay and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in erythrocytes, bone, liver, and stomach. We conclude that the polyphenolic compounds from extracts act as exogenous antioxidant agents against oxidative damage in ovariectomized rats.

La composición química de las hojas de Mangifera indica L. cv. "Kent" se determinó por HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS. Compuestos polifenólicos caracterizados como derivados de benzofenona fueron los componentes principales encontrados en los extractos (1, isómero de la maclurina 3-C-(2-O-galoyil)-D-glucósido; 2, maclurina 3-C-ß-D-glucósido; 3, iriflofenona 3-C-ß-D-glucósido; 5, maclurina 3-C-(2,3-di-O-galloíl)-ß-D-glucósido; 6, iriflofenona 3-C-(2-O-galloil)-ß-D-glucósido; 7, metil-iriflofenona 3-C-(2,6-di-O- galloyl)-ß-D-glucósido) y xantonas (4, mangiferina y 8, 6-O-galoyil-mangiferina). Los efectos estrogénicos y antioxidantes de los extractos acuosos de hojas de Mangifera indica L. cv. "Kent" en ratas ovariectomizadas se determinaron mediante ensayo uterotrófico y la medición de los niveles de malondialdehído (MDA) en eritrocitos, huesos, hígado y estómago. Concluimos que los compuestos polifenólicos de los extractos actúan como agentes antioxidantes exógenos contra el daño oxidativo en ratas ovariectomizadas.

Efecto antiespasmódico de Rubus roseus y Mentha pulegium sobre íleon aislado de cobayo (Cavia porcellus) / Antispasmodic effect of Rubus roseus and Mentha pulegium on guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) isolated ileum

Objetivo. El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar el potencial efecto antiespasmódico de Rubus roseus y Mentha pulegium en íleon aislado de cobayo (Cavia porcellus) Materiales y Métodos. Los segmentos de íleon se precontrajeron con acetilcolina (ACh; 4 × 10−6 M) y cloruro de potasio (KCl; 4 × 10-4 M) luego se evaluó la respuesta de los decoctos de Rubus roseus (Rr) Mentha pulegium (Mp) en el baño de órganos aislado en concentraciones crecientes (no acumulativas), como controles positivos se utilizaron nifedipino 5 × 10-8 M (antagonista de canales de Ca2+ voltaje dependientes); atropina sulfato 5,5 × 10-9 M (antagonista muscarínico no selectivo), y N-butilbromuro de hioscina 3 x 10-3 M (antagonista muscarínico M3 selectivo). Se cuantificó la amplitud y la frecuencia de contracción (durante diez minutos) después de la administración de los decoctos. Resultados. Los decoctos de Rubus roseus y Mentha pulegium reducen las contracciones inducidas por acetilcolina (p < 0,001) y KCl (p < 0,01) similares a nifedipino (Mp: 4 y 8 mg/mL); atropina sulfato (Rr: 0,2-4 mg/mL; Mp: 0,8 y 1,6 mg/mL) y N-butilbromuro de hioscina (Mp: 2,4 y 8 mg/mL). Por otro lado, ambos decoctos reducen la frecuencia de contracción inducidas por Ach (p < 0,001) y KCl (p < 0,001). Conclusión. Los decoctos de Rubus roseus y Mentha pulegium tienen efecto antiespasmódico en íleon aislado de cobayo (Cavia porcellus).

Objective. This study aimed to investigate the potential antispasmodic effect of Rubus roseus and Mentha pulegium on isolated guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) ileum. Materials and Methods. The ileum segments were pre-contracted with acetylcholine (ACh, 4 × 10-6 M) and potassium chloride (KCl, 4 × 10-4 M) then the response of the Rubus roseus (Rr) and Mentha pulegium (Mp) decocts was evaluated in the organ bath isolated in increasing concentrations (non-cumulative), as positive controls were used nifedipine 5 × 10-8 M (antagonist of voltage dependent Ca2+ channels) atropine sulfate 5,5 × 10-9 M (non-selective muscarinic antagonist) and 3 x 10-3 M hyoscine N-butylbromide (selective M3 muscarinic antagonist). The amplitude and the frequency of contraction were quantified (during 10 minutes) after the administration of the decocts. Results. The decocts of Rubus roseus and Mentha pulegium decrease the contractions induced by acetylcholine (p < 0.001) and KCl (p <0.01) comparable to nifedipine (Mp: 4 and 8 mg/mL), atropine sulfate (Rr: 0.2 - 4 mg/mL, Mp: 0.8 and 1.6 mg/mL) and hyoscine N-butylbromide (Mp: 2.4 and 8 mg/mL). On the other hand, both decocts reduce the frequency of contraction induced by Ach (p <0.001) and KCl (p <0.001). Conclusions. The decocts of Rubus roseus and Mentha pulegium have an antispasmodic effect on isolated guinea pig ileum (Cavia porcellus).

Capacidad antioxidante in vitro del liofilizado de la pulpa y cáscara del rizoma de Zingiber officinale Roscoe (jengibre) / In vitro antioxidant capacity of freeze dried pulp and peel of the rhizome of Zingiber officinale Roscoe (ginger)

Objetivo. Evaluar la capacidad antioxidante in vitro del liofilizado de la pulpa y cáscara del rizoma de Zingiber officinale Roscoe (jengibre) mediante los ensayos DPPH, FRAP y TBARS. Materiales y métodos. Se separó la pulpa y la cáscara de los rizomas de Z. officinale, se preparó un macerado con solución hidroalcohólica (70:30 EtOH:H2O), y luego de rotaevaporar, se liofilizó. La capacidad antioxidante de los liofilizados se evaluó según porcentaje de inhibición del radical DPPH y el poder antioxidante de reducción férrica (FRAP), así como la capacidad de inhibir la peroxidación lipídica in vitro mediante el ensayo TBARS. Resultados. Los extractos liofilizados de la pulpa y cáscara evidenciaron moderada capacidad antioxidante, siendo similar según porcentaje de inhibición del radical DPPH (46,5 y 45,6% respectivamente). Sin embargo, mediante el ensayo FRAP la cáscara presentó una capacidad antioxidante de 31,09 µg/mL expresados como equivalentes de trolox (ET) en comparación a la pulpa (22,96 µg ET/mL). Además, solo el liofilizado de cáscara del rizoma de Z. officinale a bajas concentraciones (0,1, 0,2 y 0,3 mg/mL) es capaz de reducir significativamente (p < 0,01) la peroxidación lipídica in vitro. Conclusión. La cáscara del rizoma de Z. officinale posee mayor capacidad antioxidante en comparación con la pulpa según los ensayos FRAP y TBARS; sin embargo, la inhibición de radicales DPPH fue la misma tanto en la cáscara como en la pulpa.

Objective. To evaluate the in vitro antioxidant capacity of the freeze-dried pulp and peel of the rhizomes of Zingiber officinale Roscoe (ginger) using the DPPH, FRAP and TBARS assays. Materials and Methods. The pulp and peel were separated from the rhizomes of Z. officinale, then a macerate was prepared with a hydroalcoholic solution (70:30 EtOH: H2O), and after rotary evaporation, lyophilized. The antioxidant capacity of lyophilisates was evaluated according to the percentage of DPPH radical inhibition and the ferric reduction antioxidant power (FRAP), as well as the ability to inhibit lipid peroxidation in vitro using the TBARS assay. Results. Freeze-dried pulp and peel extracts showed moderate antioxidant capacity, being similar according to the percentage of DPPH radical inhibition (46.5% and 45.6% respectively). However, utilizing the FRAP assay, the peel presented an antioxidant capacity of 31.09 µg/mL expressed as Trolox Equivalents (ET) compared to the pulp (22.96 µg ET / mL). Also, only the freeze-dried peel of Z. officinale at low concentrations (0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 mg / mL) can significantly reduce p < 0.01 lipid peroxidation in vitro. Conclusion. The rhizome peel of Z. officinale has a higher antioxidant capacity compared to the pulp according to the FRAP and TBARS assays, however; DPPH radical inhibition was the same in both the peel and pulp.