Evaluation of wound healing and anti-inflammatory activity of hydro-alcoholic extract and solvent fractions of the leaves of Clerodendrum myricoides (Lamiaceae) in mice.

BACKGROUND: Wounds significantly affect people's quality of life and the clinical and financial burden of healthcare systems around the world. Many of the current drugs used to treat wounds have problems such as; allergies and drug resistance. Hence, the exploration of new therapeutic agents from natural origin may avert this problem. Clerodendrum myricoides have long been used to treat wounds in Ethiopia. Despite this, nothing has so far been reported about the wound healing and anti-inflammatory activity of C. myricoides. This study aimed to evaluate the wound healing and anti-inflammatory activity of 80% methanol extract and solvent fractions of C. myricoides leaves in mice. METHODS: Leaves of C. myricoides were extracted using the maceration technique. The extract was formulated as 5% and 10% w/w ointments. The wound healing activity of the extract was evaluated using excision, incision, and burn wound models whereas the healing activities of solvent fractions were evaluated using the excision wound model. A carrageenan-induced paw edema model was used for the anti-inflammatory test. RESULTS: In the dermal toxicity test, 2000 mg/kg of 10% extract was found to be safe. In excision and burn wound models, treatment with 10% and 5% extract showed a significant (p<0.001) wound contraction. Solvent fractions of the extract significantly reduced wound contraction. A significant reduction in periods of epithelialization and favorable histopathology changes were shown by extract ointments. In incision wounds, 10% (p<0.001) and 5% (p<0.01) extracts significantly increase skin-breaking strength. After one hour of treatment, 400 mg/kg (p<0.001) and 200 mg/kg (p<0.05) showed significant reduction in paw edema. CONCLUSION: Results of this study indicate that 80% methanol extract and the solvent fraction of the leaves of C. myricoides possess wound-healing and anti-inflammatory activity and support traditional claims.

Pediatric lymphatic leishmaniasis: a case report.

BACKGROUND: There are three main forms of leishmaniases: visceral (the most serious form because it is almost always fatal without treatment), cutaneous (the most common, usually causing skin ulcers), and mucocutaneous (affecting mouth, nose, and throat). Leishmaniasis is caused by protozoan parasites, which are transmitted by the bite of infected female phlebotomine sandflies. The disease affects some of the world's poorest people and is associated with malnutrition, population displacement, poor housing, a weak immune system, and lack of financial resources. An estimated 700,000 to 1 million new cases occur annually. Only a small fraction of those infected by parasites causing leishmaniasis will eventually develop the disease. We report a case of exclusive lymph node involvement in leishmaniasis, presenting as localized lymphadenopathies. The diagnosis of lymphatic leishmaniasis was confirmed by the presence of Leishmania donovani bodies in fine needle aspiration cytology, and positive anti-rK39 antibodies. The bone marrow aspiration was negative for Leishmania donovani bodies. Abdominal ultrasound was done and there was no organomegaly. Furthermore, localized lymphadenopathies may provide a diagnostic challenge by clinically mimicking a lymphoma or other causes of lymphadenopathy. Due to its rarity and its tendency to pose a clinical diagnostic challenge, we decided to report a case of lymphatic leishmaniasis. CASE PRESENTATION: A 12-year-old Amara male patient presented to the University of Gondar comprehensive specialized hospital, Northwestern Ethiopia, with six discrete right lateral cervical lymphadenopathies, the largest measuring 3 × 2 cm2, with no cutaneous lesion. Fine needle aspiration cytology confirmed the diagnosis of leishmaniasis in lymph node, and he was put on sodium stibogluconate (20 mg/kg body weight/day) and paromomycin (15 mg/kg body weight/day) injections, which are given intramuscularly for 17 days. Having completed his medication at the University of Gondar comprehensive specialized hospital, he had a smooth course and was discharged with appointment scheduled for follow-up after 3 months. CONCLUSION: In the clinical evaluation of a patient with isolated lymphadenopathies, leishmaniasis must be considered as a differential diagnosis in immunocompetent subjects in endemic areas for early diagnostic workup and management.

Fibroadenoma in axillary accessory breast tissue: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Accessory breast(s) is defined as the presence of more than two breasts with or without a nipple and areola in human beings. It may occur anywhere along the primitive embryonic milk lines, which extend from the axilla to the groin. Accessory breast tissue can potentially undergo the same physiological and pathological processes as the normally located breast, including lactational change, fibroadenoma, and carcinoma. Although common in the normally located breast tissue, the incidence of fibroadenoma in accessory breast tissue is rare. Furthermore, if the swelling occurs in the axilla or groin, it may present a diagnostic challenge by clinically mimicking a lymphoma or other causes of lymphadenopathy. Owing to its rarity and its tendency to pose a clinical diagnostic challenge, we decided to report a case of fibroadenoma in axillary accessory breast. CASE PRESENTATION: A 28-year-old Ethiopian female patient came to University of Gondar comprehensive specialized hospital with a complaint of left axillary swelling of 3 years duration. There was no history of cough, fever, weight loss, or night sweating. On physical examination, there was an approximately 5 × 4 cm, firm, well-defined, mobile, nontender solitary mass in the left axilla that was completely separated from the left breast. Fine-needle aspiration cytology suggested a diagnosis of fibroadenoma in axillary accessory breast tissue. The mass was completely excised, and histopathologic examination confirmed the diagnosis. Her recovery was uneventful. She was informed about the diagnosis, reassured, and discharged from care. CONCLUSION: In the clinical evaluation of a patient with axillary swelling, accessory breast tissue disorders such as fibroadenoma must be considered as a differential diagnosis for early diagnostic workup and management. Moreover, this case underscores the fact that, similar to normal breast tissue, accessory breast tissue is also susceptible to the same pathologic disease processes including neoplasms such as fibroadenoma.

Histopathological pattern of primary bone tumours at the Black Lion Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a retrospective cross-sectional, 2015-2019.

Introduction: there is few data on epidemiology or clinico-pathology of primary bone tumours in Ethiopia. Bone tumors often have a similar presentation and clinical approach, but they present individual characteristics that are important for treatment and prognosis. This study aimed to provide a brief overview of histopathological pattern of primary bone tumours and the distribution of specific diagnosis by age, sex and anatomic locations. Methods: a retrospective descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2015 to October 2019 in the Department of Pathology, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University based on surgical biopsy results. Results: there were 335 patients; 158 (47%) had benign tumours and 177 (53%) had malignant tumours. Osteochondroma was the most common benign bone tumour with 32.3% followed by giant cell tumour 16.5%, chondroma 11% and others 40.2%. Osteosarcoma constitutes 62% of all primary malignant bone neoplasms, followed by ewing sarcoma 15.2%, chondrosarcoma 11.3%, and others 11.5%. Most age group affected by primary bone tumours were 10-29 yrs and most common locations of presentation for primary malignant bone tumours were distal femur and proximal tibia. Conclusion: the present study results parallel the findings previously reported in literature and show a similar distribution of primary bone tumors as in the other developed and underdeveloped countries.