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1.
Aging Cell ; : e14153, 2024 Mar 22.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38520065

RESUMO

The APOE4 allele is recognized as a significant genetic risk factor to Alzheimer's disease (AD) and influences longevity. Nonetheless, some APOE4 carriers exhibit resistance to AD even in advanced age. Humanin, a mitochondrial-derived peptide comprising 24 amino acids, has variants linked to cognitive resilience and longevity. Our research uncovered a unique humanin variant, P3S, specifically enriched in centenarians with the APOE4 allele. Through in silico analyses and subsequent experimental validation, we demonstrated a strong affinity between humanin P3S and APOE4. Utilizing an APOE4-centric mouse model of amyloidosis (APP/PS1/APOE4), we observed that humanin P3S significantly attenuated brain amyloid-beta accumulation compared to the wild-type humanin. Transcriptomic assessments of mice treated with humanin P3S highlighted its potential mechanism involving the enhancement of amyloid beta phagocytosis. Additionally, in vitro studies corroborated humanin P3S's efficacy in promoting amyloid-beta clearance. Notably, in the temporal cortex of APOE4 carriers, humanin expression is correlated with genes associated with phagocytosis. Our findings suggest a role of the rare humanin variant P3S, especially prevalent among individuals of Ashkenazi descent, in mitigating amyloid beta pathology and facilitating phagocytosis in APOE4-linked amyloidosis, underscoring its significance in longevity and cognitive health among APOE4 carriers.

2.
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab ; 326(3): E207-E214, 2024 Mar 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38170165

RESUMO

Mitochondrial open reading frame of the 12S ribosomal RNA type-c (MOTS-c), a mitochondrial microprotein, has been described as a novel regulator of glucose and lipid metabolism. In addition to its role as a metabolic regulator, MOTS-c prevents skeletal muscle atrophy in high fat-fed mice. Here, we examined the preventive effect of MOTS-c on skeletal muscle mass, using an immobilization-induced muscle atrophy model, and explored its underlying mechanisms. Male C57BL/6J mice (10 wk old) were randomly assigned to one of the three experimental groups: nonimmobilization control group (sterilized water injection), immobilization control group (sterilized water injection), and immobilization and MOTS-c-treated group (15 mg/kg/day MOTS-c injection). We used casting tape for the immobilization experiment. After 8 days of the experimental period, skeletal muscle samples were collected and used for Western blotting, RNA sequencing, and lipid and collagen assays. Immobilization reduced ∼15% of muscle mass, whereas MOTS-c treatment attenuated muscle loss, with only a 5% reduction. MOTS-c treatment also normalized phospho-AKT, phospho-FOXO1, and phospho-FOXO3a expression levels and reduced circulating inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1b (IL-1ß), interleukin-6 (IL-6), chemokine C-X-C motif ligand 1 (CXCL1), and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), in immobilized mice. Unbiased RNA sequencing and its downstream analyses demonstrated that MOTS-c modified adipogenesis-modulating gene expression within the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) pathway. Supporting this observation, muscle fatty acid levels were lower in the MOTS-c-treated group than in the casted control mice. These results suggest that MOTS-c treatment inhibits skeletal muscle lipid infiltration by regulating adipogenesis-related genes and prevents immobilization-induced muscle atrophy.NEW & NOTEWORTHY MOTS-c, a mitochondrial microprotein, attenuates immobilization-induced skeletal muscle atrophy. MOTS-c treatment improves systemic inflammation and skeletal muscle AKT/FOXOs signaling pathways. Furthermore, unbiased RNA sequencing and subsequent assays revealed that MOTS-c prevents lipid infiltration in skeletal muscle. Since lipid accumulation is one of the common pathologies among other skeletal muscle atrophies induced by aging, obesity, cancer cachexia, and denervation, MOTS-c treatment could be effective in other muscle atrophy models as well.


Assuntos
Micropeptídeos , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt , Masculino , Camundongos , Animais , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/metabolismo , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Atrofia Muscular/etiologia , Atrofia Muscular/prevenção & controle , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo , Água , Lipídeos
3.
Mol Psychiatry ; 29(2): 505-517, 2024 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38167865

RESUMO

Mitochondrial DNA single nucleotide polymorphisms (mtSNPs) have been associated with a reduced risk of developing Parkinson's disease (PD), yet the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. In this study, we investigate the functional role of a PD-associated mtSNP that impacts the mitochondrial-derived peptide (MDP) Small Humanin-like Peptide 2 (SHLP2). We identify m.2158 T > C, a mtSNP associated with reduced PD risk, within the small open reading frame encoding SHLP2. This mtSNP results in an alternative form of SHLP2 (lysine 4 replaced with arginine; K4R). Using targeted mass spectrometry, we detect specific tryptic fragments of SHLP2 in neuronal cells and demonstrate its binding to mitochondrial complex 1. Notably, we observe that the K4R variant, associated with reduced PD risk, exhibits increased stability compared to WT SHLP2. Additionally, both WT and K4R SHLP2 show enhanced protection against mitochondrial dysfunction in in vitro experiments and confer protection against a PD-inducing toxin, a mitochondrial complex 1 inhibitor, in a mouse model. This study sheds light on the functional consequences of the m.2158 T > C mtSNP on SHLP2 and provides insights into the potential mechanisms by which this mtSNP may reduce the risk of PD.


Assuntos
Mitocôndrias , Doença de Parkinson , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Doença de Parkinson/genética , Doença de Parkinson/metabolismo , Animais , Camundongos , Humanos , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único/genética , Mitocôndrias/metabolismo , DNA Mitocondrial/genética , Fatores de Proteção , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Neurônios/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Masculino , Complexo I de Transporte de Elétrons/metabolismo , Complexo I de Transporte de Elétrons/genética , Peptídeos/genética , Peptídeos/metabolismo , Proteínas Mitocondriais/genética , Proteínas Mitocondriais/metabolismo , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intracelular
4.
Genes (Basel) ; 14(2)2023 01 21.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36833212

RESUMO

Sports genetics research began in the late 1990s and over 200 variants have been reported as athletic performance- and sports injuries-related genetic polymorphisms. Genetic polymorphisms in the α-actinin-3 (ACTN3) and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) genes are well-established for athletic performance, while collagen-, inflammation-, and estrogen-related genetic polymorphisms are reported as genetic markers for sports injuries. Although the Human Genome Project was completed in the early 2000s, recent studies have discovered previously unannotated microproteins encoded in small open reading frames. Mitochondrial microproteins (also called mitochondrial-derived peptides) are encoded in the mtDNA, and ten mitochondrial microproteins, such as humanin, MOTS-c (mitochondrial ORF of the 12S rRNA type-c), SHLPs 1-6 (small humanin-like peptides 1 to 6), SHMOOSE (Small Human Mitochondrial ORF Over SErine tRNA), and Gau (gene antisense ubiquitous in mtDNAs) have been identified to date. Some of those microproteins have crucial roles in human biology by regulating mitochondrial function, and those, including those to be discovered in the future, could contribute to a better understanding of human biology. This review describes a basic concept of mitochondrial microproteins and discusses recent findings about the potential roles of mitochondrial microproteins in athletic performance as well as age-related diseases.


Assuntos
Traumatismos em Atletas , Desempenho Atlético , Humanos , DNA Mitocondrial/genética , Mitocôndrias/genética , Peptídeos/genética , Envelhecimento , Actinina/genética , Micropeptídeos
6.
Mol Psychiatry ; 28(4): 1813-1826, 2023 04.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36127429

RESUMO

Mitochondrial DNA variants have previously associated with disease, but the underlying mechanisms have been largely elusive. Here, we report that mitochondrial SNP rs2853499 associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD), neuroimaging, and transcriptomics. We mapped rs2853499 to a novel mitochondrial small open reading frame called SHMOOSE with microprotein encoding potential. Indeed, we detected two unique SHMOOSE-derived peptide fragments in mitochondria by using mass spectrometry-the first unique mass spectrometry-based detection of a mitochondrial-encoded microprotein to date. Furthermore, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) SHMOOSE levels in humans correlated with age, CSF tau, and brain white matter volume. We followed up on these genetic and biochemical findings by carrying out a series of functional experiments. SHMOOSE acted on the brain following intracerebroventricular administration, differentiated mitochondrial gene expression in multiple models, localized to mitochondria, bound the inner mitochondrial membrane protein mitofilin, and boosted mitochondrial oxygen consumption. Altogether, SHMOOSE has vast implications for the fields of neurobiology, Alzheimer's disease, and microproteins.


Assuntos
Doença de Alzheimer , Humanos , Doença de Alzheimer/genética , Doença de Alzheimer/metabolismo , Proteínas tau/genética , Proteínas tau/metabolismo , Peptídeos beta-Amiloides/metabolismo , Fragmentos de Peptídeos/metabolismo , DNA Mitocondrial/genética , Biomarcadores/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Micropeptídeos
7.
J Clin Invest ; 132(9)2022 05 02.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35499074

RESUMO

The mechanisms that explain mitochondrial dysfunction in aging and healthspan continue to be studied, but one element has been unexplored: microproteins. Small open reading frames in circular mitochondria DNA can encode multiple microproteins, called mitochondria-derived peptides (MDPs). Currently, eight MDPs have been published: humanin, MOTS-c, and SHLPs 1-6. This Review describes recent advances in microprotein discovery with a focus on MDPs. It discusses what is currently known about MDPs in aging and how this new understanding could add to the way we understand age-related diseases including type 2 diabetes, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases at the genomic, proteomic, and drug-development levels.


Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Proteômica , Humanos , Mitocôndrias , Peptídeos
8.
Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj ; 1866(1): 130017, 2022 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34624450

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Autophagy, a highly conserved homeostatic mechanism, is essential for cell survival. The decline of autophagy function has been implicated in various diseases as well as aging. Although mitochondria play a key role in the autophagy process, whether mitochondrial-derived peptides are involved in this process has not been explored. METHODS: We developed a high through put screening method to identify potential autophagy inducers among mitochondrial-derived peptides. We used three different cell lines, mice, c.elegans, and a human cohort to validate the observation. RESULTS: Humanin, a mitochondrial-derived peptide, increases autophagy and maintains autophagy flux in several cell types. Humanin administration increases the expression of autophagy-related genes and lowers accumulation of harmful misfolded proteins in mice skeletal muscle, suggesting that humanin-induced autophagy potentially contributes to the improved skeletal function. Moreover, autophagy is a critical role in humanin-induced lifespan extension in C. elegans. CONCLUSIONS: Humanin is an autophagy inducer. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE: This paper presents a significant, novel discovery regarding the role of the mitochondrial derived peptide humanin in autophagy regulation and as a possible therapeutic target for autophagy in various age-related diseases.


Assuntos
Autofagia/fisiologia , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intracelular/metabolismo , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , Envelhecimento , Animais , Caenorhabditis elegans/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular , Sobrevivência Celular , Células HEK293 , Homeostase , Humanos , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intracelular/fisiologia , Longevidade , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Mitocôndrias/metabolismo , Músculo Esquelético/fisiologia , Peptídeos/metabolismo
9.
Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj ; 1866(2): 130048, 2022 02.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34728329

RESUMO

Human skeletal muscle fiber is heterogenous due to its diversity of slow- and fast-twitch fibers. In human, slow-twitched fiber gene expression is correlated to MOTS-c, a mitochondria-derived peptide that has been characterized as an exercise mimetic. Within the MOTS-c open reading frame, there is an East Asian-specific m.1382A>C polymorphism (rs111033358) that changes the 14th amino acid of MOTS-c (i.e., K14Q), a variant of MOTS-c that has less biological activity. Here, we examined the influence of the m.1382A>C polymorphism causing MOTS-c K14Q on skeletal muscle fiber composition and physical performance. The myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms (MHC-I, MHC-IIa, and MHC-IIx) as an indicator of muscle fiber composition were assessed in 211 Japanese healthy individuals (102 men and 109 women). Muscular strength was measured in 86 physically active young Japanese men by using an isokinetic dynamometer. The allele frequency of the m.1382A>C polymorphism was assessed in 721 Japanese athletes and 873 ethnicity-matched controls. The m.1382A>C polymorphism genotype was analyzed by TaqMan SNP Genotyping Assay. Individuals with the C allele of the m.1382A>C exhibited a higher proportion of MHC-IIx, an index of fast-twitched fiber, than the A allele carriers. Men with the C allele of m.1382A>C exhibited significantly higher peak torques of leg flexion and extension. Furthermore, the C allele frequency was higher in the order of sprint/power athletes (6.5%), controls (5.1%), and endurance athletes (2.9%). Additionally, young male mice were injected with the MOTS-c neutralizing antibody once a week for four weeks to mimic the C allele of the m.1382A>C and assessed for protein expression levels of MHC-fast and MHC-slow. Mice injected with MOTS-c neutralizing antibody showed a higher expression of MHC-fast than the control mice. These results suggest that the C allele of the East Asian-specific m.1382A>C polymorphism leads to the MOTS-c K14Q contributes to the sprint/power performance through regulating skeletal muscle fiber composition.


Assuntos
DNA Mitocondrial
10.
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab ; 320(4): E680-E690, 2021 04 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33554779

RESUMO

Obesity and type 2 diabetes are metabolic diseases, often associated with sarcopenia and muscle dysfunction. MOTS-c, a mitochondrial-derived peptide, acts as a systemic hormone and has been implicated in metabolic homeostasis. Although MOTS-c improves insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle, whether MOTS-c impacts muscle atrophy is not known. Myostatin is a negative regulator of skeletal muscle mass and also one of the possible mediators of insulin resistance-induced skeletal muscle wasting. Interestingly, we found that plasma MOTS-c levels are inversely correlated with myostatin levels in human subjects. We further demonstrated that MOTS-c prevents palmitic acid-induced atrophy in differentiated C2C12 myotubes, whereas MOTS-c administration decreased myostatin levels in plasma in diet-induced obese mice. By elevating AKT phosphorylation, MOTS-c inhibits the activity of an upstream transcription factor for myostatin and other muscle wasting genes, FOXO1. MOTS-c increases mTORC2 and inhibits PTEN activity, which modulates AKT phosphorylation. Further upstream, MOTS-c increases CK2 activity, which leads to PTEN inhibition. These results suggest that through inhibition of myostatin, MOTS-c could be a potential therapy for insulin resistance-induced skeletal muscle atrophy as well as other muscle wasting phenotypes including sarcopenia.NEW & NOTEWORTHY MOTS-c, a mitochondrial-derived peptide reduces high-fat-diet-induced muscle atrophy signaling by reducing myostatin expression. The CK2-PTEN-mTORC2-AKT-FOXO1 pathways play key roles in MOTS-c action on myostatin expression.


Assuntos
Proteínas Mitocondriais/fisiologia , Atrofia Muscular/metabolismo , Miostatina/sangue , Miostatina/fisiologia , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Animais , Células Cultivadas , Dieta Hiperlipídica , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Proteínas Mitocondriais/sangue , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , Músculo Esquelético/patologia , Atrofia Muscular/sangue , Atrofia Muscular/etiologia , Miostatina/metabolismo , Ácido Palmítico , Transdução de Sinais/fisiologia , Adulto Jovem
11.
Aging (Albany NY) ; 13(2): 1692-1717, 2021 01 19.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33468709

RESUMO

Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) is an emerging public health problem in Asia. Although ethnic specific mtDNA polymorphisms have been shown to contribute to T2D risk, the functional effects of the mtDNA polymorphisms and the therapeutic potential of mitochondrial-derived peptides at the mtDNA polymorphisms are underexplored. Here, we showed an Asian-specific mitochondrial DNA variation m.1382A>C (rs111033358) leads to a K14Q amino acid replacement in MOTS-c, an insulin sensitizing mitochondrial-derived peptide. Meta-analysis of three cohorts (n = 27,527, J-MICC, MEC, and TMM) show that males but not females with the C-allele exhibit a higher prevalence of T2D. In J-MICC, only males with the C-allele in the lowest tertile of physical activity increased their prevalence of T2D, demonstrating a kinesio-genomic interaction. High-fat fed, male mice injected with MOTS-c showed reduced weight and improved glucose tolerance, but not K14Q-MOTS-c treated mice. Like the human data, female mice were unaffected. Mechanistically, K14Q-MOTS-c leads to diminished insulin-sensitization in vitro. Thus, the m.1382A>C polymorphism is associated with susceptibility to T2D in men, possibly interacting with exercise, and contributing to the risk of T2D in sedentary males by reducing the activity of MOTS-c.


Assuntos
DNA Mitocondrial , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/genética , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Proteínas Mitocondriais/genética , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Células 3T3-L1 , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Animais , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/metabolismo , Feminino , Glucose/metabolismo , Humanos , Insulina/metabolismo , Resistência à Insulina/fisiologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/metabolismo
12.
Sci Rep ; 11(1): 3, 2021 01 08.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33420163

RESUMO

SARS-CoV-2 induces a muted innate immune response compared to other respiratory viruses. Mitochondrial dynamics might partially mediate this effect of SARS-CoV-2 on innate immunity. Polypeptides encoded by open reading frames of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 have been shown to localize to mitochondria and disrupt Mitochondrial Antiviral Signaling (MAVS) protein signaling. Therefore, we hypothesized that SARS-CoV-2 would distinctly regulate the mitochondrial transcriptome. We analyzed multiple publicly available RNASeq data derived from primary cells, cell lines, and clinical samples (i.e., BALF and lung). We report that SARS-CoV-2 did not dramatically regulate (1) mtDNA-encoded gene expression or (2) MAVS expression, and (3) SARS-CoV-2 downregulated nuclear-encoded mitochondrial (NEM) genes related to cellular respiration and Complex I.


Assuntos
COVID-19/virologia , DNA Mitocondrial/genética , Mitocôndrias/genética , SARS-CoV-2 , Transcriptoma , Linhagem Celular , Humanos , Mitocôndrias/virologia
13.
Geroscience ; 43(3): 1113-1121, 2021 06.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32910336

RESUMO

A decline in mitochondrial quality and activity has been associated with normal aging and correlated with the development of a wide range of age-related diseases. Here, we review the evidence that a decline in the levels of mitochondrial-derived peptides contributes to aging and age-related diseases. In particular, we discuss how mitochondrial-derived peptides, humanin and MOTS-c, contribute to specific aspects of the aging process, including cellular senescence, chronic inflammation, and cognitive decline. Genetic variations in the coding region of humanin and MOTS-c that are associated with age-related diseases are also reviewed, with particular emphasis placed on how mitochondrial variants might, in turn, regulate MDP expression and age-related phenotypes. Taken together, these observations suggest that mitochondrial-derived peptides influence or regulate a number of key aspects of aging and that strategies directed at increasing mitochondrial-derived peptide levels might have broad beneficial effects.


Assuntos
Envelhecimento , Senescência Celular , Mitocôndrias , Envelhecimento Cognitivo , Humanos , Inflamação , Peptídeos , Fatores de Transcrição
14.
Transl Med Aging ; 4: 132-140, 2020.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32844137

RESUMO

Recent advancements in genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic techniques have prompted fresh inquiry in the field of aging. Here, we outline the application of these techniques in the context of the mitochondrial genome and suggest their potential for use in exploring the biological mechanisms of the aging immune system.

15.
Transl Vis Sci Technol ; 9(6): 25, 2020 05.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32821522

RESUMO

Purpose: Over 9.5 million Latinos could be affected by cataracts by 2050. However, no known cataract genetic risk alleles have been identified in Latinos. Moreover, no mitochondrial genome-wide association studies (MiWAS) have been conducted on cataracts in a Latino cohort despite the association between mitochondrial dysfunction and cataracts. Our purpose was to identify a mitochondrial DNA variant that associated with cataracts in a large-scale Latino population. Methods: We conducted an MiWAS to identify mitochondrial single-nucleotide polymorphisms that modify cataract risk in nearly 3500 individuals enrolled in the Los Angles Latino Eye Study cohort, the largest Latino-specific cohort with comprehensive cataract data. Our analytic strategy for MiWAS included logistic regression on cataract occurrence while controlling for mitochondrial genetic ancestry, age, and biological sex. Results: We found that MitoG228A (rs41323649) alternative allele carriers experienced a five times greater risk for cataracts compared with reference allele carriers. Alternative allele carriers also developed cataracts earlier in life compared with reference allele carriers. Intracohort cross-validation with 10-fold resampling and five repeats showed that the effect of MitoG228A remained significant. Conclusions: MitoG228A increased risk for cataracts five-fold in approximately 3500 Latinos. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first cataract MiWAS on a large-scale Latino population. This association needs to be validated in an independent cohort. Translational Relevance: Our discovery hypothesis-generating study suggest MitoG228A has potential to be used as a risk factor in the clinic and as a target for therapeutics. With validation via an independent cohort, MitoG228A could be used to estimate cataract risk for a Latino to reduce complications later in life.


Assuntos
Catarata , Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla , Alelos , Catarata/epidemiologia , Hispânico ou Latino/genética , Humanos , Mitocôndrias
16.
Aging (Albany NY) ; 12(12): 11185-11199, 2020 06 23.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32575074

RESUMO

Humanin is a member of a new family of peptides that are encoded by short open reading frames within the mitochondrial genome. It is conserved in animals and is both neuroprotective and cytoprotective. Here we report that in C. elegans the overexpression of humanin is sufficient to increase lifespan, dependent on daf-16/Foxo. Humanin transgenic mice have many phenotypes that overlap with the worm phenotypes and, similar to exogenous humanin treatment, have increased protection against toxic insults. Treating middle-aged mice twice weekly with the potent humanin analogue HNG, humanin improves metabolic healthspan parameters and reduces inflammatory markers. In multiple species, humanin levels generally decline with age, but here we show that levels are surprisingly stable in the naked mole-rat, a model of negligible senescence. Furthermore, in children of centenarians, who are more likely to become centenarians themselves, circulating humanin levels are much greater than age-matched control subjects. Further linking humanin to healthspan, we observe that humanin levels are decreased in human diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and MELAS (Mitochondrial Encephalopathy, Lactic Acidosis, and Stroke-like episodes). Together, these studies are the first to demonstrate that humanin is linked to improved healthspan and increased lifespan.


Assuntos
Doença de Alzheimer/sangue , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intracelular/metabolismo , Longevidade/fisiologia , Síndrome MELAS/sangue , Mitocôndrias/metabolismo , Adulto , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Doença de Alzheimer/metabolismo , Animais , Animais Geneticamente Modificados , Caenorhabditis elegans/genética , Proteínas de Caenorhabditis elegans/metabolismo , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Criança , Estudos de Coortes , DNA Mitocondrial/genética , Feminino , Fatores de Transcrição Forkhead/metabolismo , Dosagem de Genes , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intracelular/sangue , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intracelular/genética , Síndrome MELAS/metabolismo , Macaca mulatta , Camundongos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Modelos Animais , Ratos-Toupeira , Gravidez , Adulto Jovem
17.
Exp Cell Res ; 393(2): 112056, 2020 08 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32387288

RESUMO

Mitochondrial-derived peptides (MDPs) are a novel class of bioactive microproteins that modify cell metabolism. The the eight MDPs that been characterized (e.g., humanin, MOTS-c, SHLPs1-6) attenuate disease pathology including Alzheimer's disease, prostate cancer, macular degeneration, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. The association between disease and human genetic variation in MDPs is underexplored, although two polymorphisms in humanin and MOTS-c associate with cognitive decline and diabetes, respectively, suggesting a precise role for MDPs in disease-modification. There could be hundreds of additional MDPs that have yet to be discovered. Altogether, MDPs could explain unanswered biological and metabolic questions and are part of a growing field of novel microproteins encoded by small open reading frames. In this review, the current state of MDPs are summarized with an emphasis on biological and therapeutic implications.


Assuntos
DNA Mitocondrial/genética , Mitocôndrias/metabolismo , Fases de Leitura Aberta/genética , Peptídeos/genética , Doenças Cardiovasculares/genética , Genômica/métodos , Humanos , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intracelular/genética , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intracelular/metabolismo , Mitocôndrias/genética , Proteínas Mitocondriais/genética , Proteínas Mitocondriais/metabolismo , Peptídeos/metabolismo
18.
Physiol Rep ; 7(13): e14171, 2019 07.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31293078

RESUMO

MOTS-c is an exercise mimetic and improves insulin sensitivity in aged and diet-induced obese mice. Although plasma markers are good markers for the metabolic condition, whether MOTS-c changes plasma markers in diet-induced obese mice has not been examined. Here, we used an unbiased metabolomics approach to examine the effect of MOTS-c on plasma markers of metabolic dysfunction. We found that three pathways - sphingolipid metabolism, monoacylglycerol metabolism, and dicarboxylate metabolism - were reduced in MOTS-c-injected mice. Interestingly, these pathways are upregulated in obese and T2D models. MOTS-c improves insulin sensitivity and increases beta-oxidation to prevent fat accumulation in DIO mice through these pathways. These results provide us a better understanding of the mechanism of how MOTS-c improves insulin sensitivity and reduces the body weight and fatty liver and opens a new venue for further study.


Assuntos
Resistência à Insulina , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas Mitocondriais/farmacologia , Monoglicerídeos/sangue , Esfingolipídeos/sangue , Adiposidade/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Injeções Intraperitoneais , Insulina/sangue , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Proteínas Mitocondriais/administração & dosagem
19.
Metabolomics ; 15(6): 88, 2019 06 06.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31172328

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: The mitochondrial-derived peptides (MDPs) are a novel group of natural occurring peptides that have important signaling functions and biological activity. Both humanin and small-humanin-like peptide 2 (SHLP2) have been reported to act as insulin sensitizers and modulate metabolism. OBJECTIVES: By using a metabolomic approach, this study explores how the plasma metabolite profile is regulated in response to humanin and SHLP2 treatment in a diet-induced obesity (DIO) mouse model. The results also shed light on the potential mechanism underlying MDPs' insulin sensitization effects. METHODS: Plasma samples were obtained from DIO mice subjected to vehicle (water) treatment, or peptide treatment with either humanin analog S14G (HNG) or SHLP2 (n = 6 per group). Vehicle or peptides were given as intraperitoneal (IP) injections twice a day at dose of 2.5 mg/kg/injection for 3 days. Metabolites in plasma samples were comprehensively identified and quantified using UPLC-MS/MS. RESULTS: HNG and SHLP2 administration significantly altered the concentrations of amino acid and lipid metabolites in plasma. Among all the metabolic pathways, the glutathione and sphingolipid metabolism responded most strongly to the peptide treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The present study indicates that humanin and SHLP2 can lower several markers associated with age-related metabolic disorders. With the previous understanding of the effects of humanin and SHLP2 on cardiovascular function, insulin sensitization, and anti-inflammation, this metabolomic discovery provides a more comprehensive molecular explanation of the mechanism of action for humanin and SHLP2 treatment.


Assuntos
Fármacos Antiobesidade/uso terapêutico , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intracelular/uso terapêutico , Metaboloma/efeitos dos fármacos , Obesidade/metabolismo , Peptídeos/uso terapêutico , Aminoácidos/sangue , Aminoácidos/metabolismo , Animais , Dieta/efeitos adversos , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos/efeitos dos fármacos , Lipídeos/sangue , Masculino , Metabolômica , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Obesos , Obesidade/sangue , Obesidade/tratamento farmacológico , Obesidade/etiologia
20.
Sci Rep ; 9(1): 5546, 2019 04 03.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30944385

RESUMO

Senescent cells that accumulate in multiple tissues with age are thought to increase pathological phenotypes. The removal of senescent cells can improve lifespan and/or healthspan in mouse models. Global hypomethylation and local hypermethylation in DNA are hallmarks of aging but it is unclear if such age-dependent methylation changes affect specific genes that regulate cellular senescence. Because mitochondria play important roles in aging and senescence, we tested if age-associated methylation changes in nuclear-encoded mitochondrial proteins were involved in regulating cellular senescence. Here, we examined the role of hypermethylation of the G-rich sequence factor 1 (GRSF1) promoter region, a mitochondrial RNA binding protein, in replication- and doxorubicin-induced cellular senescence. GRSF1 expression was lower in senescent fibroblasts, and GRSF1 knockdown induced senescence in human primary fibroblasts. These results suggest that the age-dependent hypermethylation of GRSF1 reduces its expression, which can potentially contribute to cellular senescence during aging.


Assuntos
Envelhecimento/fisiologia , Senescência Celular/fisiologia , Proteínas de Ligação a Poli(A)/genética , Animais , Células Cultivadas , Metilação de DNA , Feminino , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Técnicas de Silenciamento de Genes , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Músculo Esquelético/citologia , Músculo Esquelético/fisiologia , Proteínas de Ligação a Poli(A)/metabolismo , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas
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