Staying in service with posttraumatic headache: A retrospective cohort study of patient outcome.

OBJECTIVE: To predict the probability of a military outcome (medical discharge/retirement) in patients with mild traumatic brain injury from a clinical analysis of predetermined patient and headache characteristics. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study sampled all new patients referred for headache evaluation at the Brain Injury Clinic of the Womack Army Medical Center, Ft. Bragg, NC (August 2008-January 2010). Headache characteristics were extracted and analyzed. Multivariable binary logistic regressions were conducted to predict probability of medical discharge/retirement. RESULTS: Ninety-five soldiers (age 31.3 ± 7.4 years, male 93.7%) reported 166 headaches. The most common injury cited was a blast (53.7%). Patients with a continuous headache have almost 4 times the odds of a medically related discharge/retirement compared to patients without such a headache (continuous headache regression coefficient estimate: p < 0.042, odds ratio 3.98, 95% Wald confidence interval 1.05-15.07). Results suggest that, compared to service members who did not have a continuous headache, patients with headache histories with severe holocephalic pain who medicate to keep functioning had the highest probability of medical discharge/retirement. CONCLUSIONS: Certain headache characteristics may be predictive of military outcomes after mild traumatic brain injury, and we propose a profile that may be useful in that prediction. These data could be useful in future attempts to assess and treat patients with posttraumatic headache and to advise longer-term planning for return to duty or discharge.

Which Matters More? A Retrospective Cohort Study of Headache Characteristics and Diagnosis Type in Soldiers with mTBI/Concussion.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the diagnostic types and characteristics of headaches in soldiers with mild traumatic brain injury during the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq. BACKGROUND: Persistent post-traumatic headache interferes with returns to activity or duty. The most commonly cited headache diagnosis after concussion is migraine. We hypothesize that headache diagnosis type, eg, migraine, is not sufficient to predict relationships with occupational outcomes after concussion. METHODS: The study sample consisted of all new patients referred for headache evaluation at the Brain Injury Center at Womack Army Medical Center over a 1-year time period. The design was retrospective and observational. Clinical data reported included demographics, causes of injury, headache characteristics, and headache diagnosis type. After reviewing records for retention or severance from military service, the primary occupational outcome measure was departure from service due to medical cause as determined by a Medical Evaluation Board (MEB). The primary outcome measure was to test the strength of association between leaving service for MEB and headache characteristics or diagnosis. RESULTS: A total of 95 patients (94% male) with concussion described 166 distinct headache types, the most common being migraine (60%) and trigeminal autonomic cephalalgia (24%). A total of 25% of all patients remained on active duty. A continuous headache of any type was present in 75% of patients and of these, 23% remained on active duty. Of the 51% of patients who had both a continuous and non-continuous headache, 17% remained on active duty (P < .001). Therefore, we report that a continuous headache, regardless of diagnosis type was associated with negative occupational outcomes. Regardless of headache duration, headache diagnosis type alone was not associated with soldiers' separations from service. CONCLUSIONS: Persistent post-traumatic headache is most likely to present with continuous pain. Migraine is the most common primary diagnosis type. The presence of a continuous headache was strongly associated with negative occupational outcomes. Primary headache diagnosis type was not. Headache characteristics, therefore, may be more important than diagnosis type when determining active duty status. Further prospective research is indicated.

Headache in military service members with a history of mild traumatic brain injury: A cohort study of diagnosis and classification.

Introduction Headaches after concussion are highly prevalent, relatively persistent and are being treated like primary headaches, especially migraine. Methods We studied all new patients seen between August 2008 and December 2009 assessed by a civilian headache specialist at the TBI Center at Womack Army Medical Center, Fort Bragg, NC. We report sample demographics, injuries and headache characteristics, including time from injury to headache onset, detailed descriptions and International Classification of Headache Disorders second edition primary headache diagnosis type. Results A total of 95 soldiers reported 166 headaches. The most common injury cited was a blast (53.7%). Most subjects (76.8%) recalled the onset of any headache within 7 days of injury. The most commonly diagnosed headache was a continuous type with migraine features ( n = 31 (18.7%)), followed by chronic migraine (type 1.5.1, n = 14 (8.4%)), migraine with aura (type 1.2.1, n = 10 (6.0%)), hemicrania continua (type 4.7, n = 12 (7.2%)), chronic cluster (type 3.1.2, n = 6 (3.6%)) and headaches not otherwise classifiable (type 14.1, n = 5 (3.0%)) also present. The most clinically important was a continuous headache with migraine features. Conclusion We present a series of patients seen in a military treatment facility for headache diagnosis after concussion in whom we found migraine, as well as uncommon primary headache types, at frequencies that were much higher than expected.

Onabotulinum toxin a for the treatment of headache in service members with a history of mild traumatic brain injury: a cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: Post-traumatic headache (PTH) of the migraine type is a common complication of mild traumatic brain injury (including blast injuries) in active duty service members. Persistent and near-daily headache occur. Usual preventive medications may have unacceptable side effects. Anecdotal reports suggest that onabotulinum toxin A (OBA) might be an effective treatment in these patients. METHODS: This study is a real-time retrospective consecutive case series of all patients treated with OBA at the Concussion Care Clinic of Womack Army Medical Center, Ft. Bragg, NC, between August 2008 and August 2012. Clinical treatment and pharmacy records were corroborated with the electronic medical records in the Armed Forces Health Longitudinal Technology Application to determine demographics, current headache and treatment characteristics, and clinical and occupational outcomes. RESULTS: Sixty-four subjects (63 male) with mean age of 31.3 + 7.5 (range 20-59) years were evaluated and treated. Blast injuries were most common (n = 36; 56.3%) and 7 patients (11%) reported a prior history of headache. Most patients (36; 56.3%) described more than 1 headache type and 48 (75%) patients had continuous pain. The most prevalent treating diagnosis was mixed continuous headache with migraine features on more than 15 days per month (n = 26; 40.6%). The mean time from injury to the first injections was 10.8 + 21.9 (1-96) months. Forty (62.5%) patients received the Food and Drug Administration-approved chronic migraine injection protocol. Forty-one (64%) patients reported being better. Two patients discontinued for side effects. Twenty-seven (41%) remained on active duty. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate that active duty military patients with headaches related to concussions may benefit from treatment with OBA. Further studies are indicated.

Dietary considerations in migraine management: does a consistent diet improve migraine?

The clinical expression of migraine is significantly impacted by dietary and gastrointestinal issues. This includes gut dysfunction during and between attacks, food triggers, increase in migraine with obesity, comorbid GI and systemic inflammation influenced by diet, and specific food allergies such as dairy and gluten. Practitioners often encourage migraineurs to seek consistency in their lifestyle behaviors, and environmental exposures, as a way of avoiding sudden changes that may precipitate attacks. However, rigorous evidence linking consistency of diet with improvement in migraine is very limited and is, at best, indirect, being based mainly on the consistency of avoiding suspected food triggers. A review of current data surrounding the issue of dietary consistency is presented from the perspective of migraine as an illness (vulnerable state), as a disease (symptom expression traits), and with a view toward the role of local and systemic inflammation in its genesis. Firm recommendations await further investigation.

Headaches in soldiers with mild traumatic brain injury: findings and phenomenologic descriptions.

OBJECTIVE: The primary goal of this study was to use headache criteria-based classification for headache types described by service members. BACKGROUND: Headache is common in soldiers returning from the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq. To date, few papers have provided detailed descriptions of these headaches. METHODS: The first 25 patients seen by a certified headache specialist at the Traumatic Brain Injury Center at Womack Army Medical Center, Fort Bragg, NC, between August 2008 and December 2009 are reported. RESULTS: Service members described a total of 55 headaches. Most, but not all, headaches began within 1 week after injury. Migraine type was most common. Aura occurred in 5 soldiers. Continuous headaches were described in 88%. Uncommon headache types including cluster type were diagnosed. Additional symptoms and service outcomes are described. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that headaches occurring after various types of head injury, including explosions, can be assigned primary and secondary headache diagnoses using standard classifications not necessarily available to larger survey-based studies.